Who was Confucius? - Bryan W. Van Norden

1,523,307 views ใƒป 2015-10-27

TED-Ed


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Won Jang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:09
Most people recognize his name
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:11
and know that he is famous for having said something,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์ง€์š”.
00:15
but considering the long-lasting impact his teachings have had on the world,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ผ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ
00:19
very few people know who Confucius really was,
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ์ง€
00:24
what he really said,
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๊ณต์ž๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€
00:25
and why.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
Amid the chaos of 6th Century BCE China,
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ํ˜ผ๋ˆ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์› ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์›์ „ 6์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”
00:31
where warring states fought endlessly among themselves for supremacy,
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์ „์Ÿ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ํŒจ๊ถŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ธ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:35
and rulers were frequently assassinated,
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ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋“ค์€ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ์•”์‚ด๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
sometimes by their own relatives,
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์นœ์ ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ง€์š”.
00:40
Confucius exemplified benevolence and integrity,
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ธ(ไป)๊ณผ ์˜(็พฉ)์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
00:44
and through his teaching,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
00:45
became one of China's greatest philosophers.
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์ค‘๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
Born to a nobleman but raised in poverty from a very young age
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฅ˜์ธต์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ ์†์—์„œ ์ž๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:52
following the untimely death of his father,
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ฐ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์…จ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
00:55
Confucius developed what would become
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๋•๋ถ„์— ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ๋™์•ˆ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ”๋˜
00:57
a lifelong sympathy for the suffering of the common people.
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๊ณ ํ†ต๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์ •์‹ฌ์„ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Barely supporting his mother and disabled brother
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์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์™€ ๋ชธ์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ณด์‚ดํ”ผ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
01:04
as a herder and account keeper at a granary,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ชฉ๋™, ์ฐฝ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์™ธ์˜ ์žก๋‹คํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:07
and with other odd jobs,
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01:08
it was only with the help of a wealthy friend
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•œ ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋„์›€ ๋•๋ถ„์—
01:11
that Confucius was able to study at the Royal Archives,
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์™•์‹ค์˜ ์„œ๊ณ ์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
01:15
where his world view would be formed.
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์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:18
Though the ancient texts there were regarded by some
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๋ช‡ ๋ช‡์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
01:20
as irrelevant relics of the past,
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์„œ์ ๋“ค์„ ์“ธ๋ชจ์—†๋Š” ์œ ๋ฌผ์ •๋„๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์ง€๋งŒ
01:23
Confucius was inspired by them.
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์ด ์„œ์ ๋“ค์—์„œ ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Through study and reflection,
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ํƒ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ˆ™๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ
01:27
Confucius came to believe that human character is formed in the family
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ
01:31
and by education in ritual, literature, and history.
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์˜๋ก€, ๋ฌธํ•™, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:36
A person cultivated in this way works to help others,
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋„์™€์„œ
01:39
guiding them by moral inspiration rather than brute force.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํญ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋„๋•์  ์˜๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์œ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋Œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์ง€์š”.
01:43
To put his philosophy into practice,
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ์‹คํ–‰์— ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ž
01:46
Confucius became an advisor to the ruler of his home state of Lu.
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ธ ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆฌ๋˜ ํ†ต์น˜์ž์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฌธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:51
But after another state sent Lu's ruler a troop of dancing girls as a present
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ†ต์น˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฌดํฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋‚ธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ
01:56
and the ruler ignored his duties while enjoying the girls in private,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง์ฑ…์„ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌดํฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋†€์•„๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
02:00
Confucius resigned in disgust.
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋–จ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚˜๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:03
He then spent the next few years traveling from state to state,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋…”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
trying to find a worthy ruler to serve, while holding fast to his principles.
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์ž์‹ ์˜ ์›์น™์„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์„ฌ๊ธธ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์ง€์š”.
02:12
It wasn't easy.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
In accordance with his philosophy, and contrary to the practice of the time,
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๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
02:17
Confucius dissuaded rulers from relying on harsh punishments and military power
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ๋‹ค์Šค๋ฆด ๋•Œ
๊ฐ€ํ˜นํ•œ ํ˜•๋ฒŒ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์— ์˜์กดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๊ณ  ์„ค๋“ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
to govern their lands
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02:25
because he believed that a good ruler
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์ง€๋„์ž๋ผ๋ฉด
02:26
inspires others to spontaneously follow him
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
02:30
by virtue of his ethical charisma.
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๋„๋•์  ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ง€์š”.
02:33
Confucius also believed
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ
02:34
that because the love and respect we learn in the family
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๊ฐ€์กฑ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๊ณผ ์กด๊ฒฝ์‹ฌ์ด
02:37
are fundamental to all other virtues,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฏธ๋•์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ณ 
02:40
personal duties to family sometimes supersede obligations to the state.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€
๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:45
So when one duke bragged that his subjects were so upright
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋Š๋‚  ํ•œ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์„ฑ๋“ค์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด๋ผ
02:48
that a son testified against his own father
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์–ด๋Š ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–‘์„ ํ›”์ณค์„ ๋•Œ
02:51
when his father stole a sheep,
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๊ทธ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ฆ์–ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž๋ž‘ํ•˜์ž
02:53
Confucius informed the duke
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์•„๋“ค๊ณผ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š”
02:55
that genuinely upright fathers and sons protected one another.
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์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ตฐ์ฃผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ตํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
During his travels, Confucius almost starved,
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ตถ์ฃผ๋ฆฐ ์ƒํƒœ์˜€๊ณ 
03:03
he was briefly imprisoned,
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์ž ์‹œ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
03:04
and his life was threatened at several points.
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๊ฝค ์ž์ฃผ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:07
But he was not bitter.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ตดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
Confucius had faith that heaven had a plan for the world,
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด ๋งŒ๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋œป์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:13
and he taught that a virtuous person
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๊ณ ๊ท€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ฐฐ์›€๊ณผ ์Œ์•…์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์›€์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
could always find joy in learning and music.
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03:18
Failing to find the ruler he sought,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋˜ ํ†ต์น˜์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์ž
03:21
Confucius returned to Lu
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๊ณ ํ–ฅ ๋…ธ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„์™”๊ณ 
03:23
and became a teacher and philosopher so influential,
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์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ์Šค์Šน์ด์ž ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด
03:26
that he helped shaped Chinese culture
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์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
and we recognize his name worldwide, even today.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:32
For the disciples of Confucius,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์ œ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
03:34
he was the living embodiment of a sage who leads others through his virtue,
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ด๋„๋Š” ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์กด์žฌ์˜€๊ณ 
03:39
and they recorded his sayings,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต์ž์˜ ๋ง์”€๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:41
which eventually were edited into a book we know in English as "The Analects."
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์—ฎ์–ด์ง„ ๋ง์”€๋“ค์€ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ '๋…ผ์–ด'๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
03:46
Today, millions of people worldwide adhere to the principles of Confucianism,
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ , ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์œ ๊ต์˜ ์›์น™์„ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
and though the precise meaning of his words has been debated for millennia,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธด ๋ง์”€๋“ค์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์ฒœ๋…„์ด ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:55
when asked to summarize his teachings in a single phrase,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
03:59
Confucius himself said,
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๊ณต์ž๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
"Do not inflict upon others that which you yourself would not want."
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"๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์›์น˜ ์•Š๋Š” ์ผ์€ ๋‚จ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ"
04:06
2,500 years later, it's still sage advice.
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์ด ๋ง์€ 2500๋…„์ด์ง€๋‚œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ๋ง์”€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ง€์š”.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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