Who was Confucius? - Bryan W. Van Norden

1,545,716 views ใƒป 2015-10-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:09
Most people recognize his name
0
9110
2122
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื•
00:11
and know that he is famous for having said something,
1
11232
4461
ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื•,
00:15
but considering the long-lasting impact his teachings have had on the world,
2
15693
4139
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
00:19
very few people know who Confucius really was,
3
19832
4211
ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช,
00:24
what he really said,
4
24043
1677
ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืžืจ,
00:25
and why.
5
25720
1892
ื•ืœืžื”.
00:27
Amid the chaos of 6th Century BCE China,
6
27612
3636
ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
00:31
where warring states fought endlessly among themselves for supremacy,
7
31248
4326
ืฉื ืื•ืžื•ืช ื ืœื—ืžื• ืœืœื ื”ืคืกืง ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
00:35
and rulers were frequently assassinated,
8
35574
2601
ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
00:38
sometimes by their own relatives,
9
38175
2316
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื”ื,
00:40
Confucius exemplified benevolence and integrity,
10
40491
3754
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฉืจื”,
00:44
and through his teaching,
11
44245
1318
ื•ื“ืจืš ืชื•ืจืชื•
00:45
became one of China's greatest philosophers.
12
45563
3339
ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ.
00:48
Born to a nobleman but raised in poverty from a very young age
13
48902
3955
ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืœืืฆื™ืœ ืื‘ืœ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืžื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ
00:52
following the untimely death of his father,
14
52857
2663
ืขืงื‘ ืžื•ืชื• ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื•,
00:55
Confucius developed what would become
15
55520
1828
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ืคื™ืชื— ืžื” ืฉื™ื”ืคื•ืš
00:57
a lifelong sympathy for the suffering of the common people.
16
57348
4209
ืœืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืกื‘ืœื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
01:01
Barely supporting his mother and disabled brother
17
61557
2820
ื”ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืื™ืžื• ื•ื‘ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื ื›ื”
01:04
as a herder and account keeper at a granary,
18
64377
2827
ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ ื›ืจื•ืขื” ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืกื,
01:07
and with other odd jobs,
19
67204
1671
ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
01:08
it was only with the help of a wealthy friend
20
68875
2571
ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื
01:11
that Confucius was able to study at the Royal Archives,
21
71446
3856
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
01:15
where his world view would be formed.
22
75302
2820
ืฉื ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืฉืงืคืช ืขื•ืœืžื•.
01:18
Though the ancient texts there were regarded by some
23
78122
2791
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืžื”
01:20
as irrelevant relics of the past,
24
80913
2449
ื›ืฉืจื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:23
Confucius was inspired by them.
25
83362
2497
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืžื”ื ื”ืฉืจืื”.
01:25
Through study and reflection,
26
85859
1475
ื“ืจืš ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืจืคืœืงืฆื™ื”,
01:27
Confucius came to believe that human character is formed in the family
27
87334
4495
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”
01:31
and by education in ritual, literature, and history.
28
91829
4629
ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื˜ื›ืกื™ื, ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
01:36
A person cultivated in this way works to help others,
29
96458
3373
ืื“ื ืฉืžื˜ื•ืคื— ื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
01:39
guiding them by moral inspiration rather than brute force.
30
99831
4115
ื•ืžื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืœื ื›ื•ื— ื’ืก.
01:43
To put his philosophy into practice,
31
103946
2496
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•,
01:46
Confucius became an advisor to the ruler of his home state of Lu.
32
106442
5054
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ืคืš ืœื™ื•ืขืฅ ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืชื• ืœื•.
01:51
But after another state sent Lu's ruler a troop of dancing girls as a present
33
111496
4522
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœื—ื” ืœืฉืœื™ื˜ ืœื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืจืงื“ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžืชื ื”
01:56
and the ruler ignored his duties while enjoying the girls in private,
34
116018
4646
ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื”ืชืขืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
02:00
Confucius resigned in disgust.
35
120664
2869
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืขืœ.
02:03
He then spent the next few years traveling from state to state,
36
123533
3117
ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื– ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”,
02:06
trying to find a worthy ruler to serve, while holding fast to his principles.
37
126650
5684
ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฉืจืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืื•ื—ื– ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื‘ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:12
It wasn't easy.
38
132334
1732
ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ.
02:14
In accordance with his philosophy, and contrary to the practice of the time,
39
134066
3881
ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื•,
02:17
Confucius dissuaded rulers from relying on harsh punishments and military power
40
137947
5518
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ืฉื™ื›ื ืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืขื•ื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื— ืฆื‘ืื™
02:23
to govern their lands
41
143465
1763
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืื“ืžืชื,
02:25
because he believed that a good ruler
42
145228
1768
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืฉืœื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื‘
02:26
inspires others to spontaneously follow him
43
146996
3079
ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™
02:30
by virtue of his ethical charisma.
44
150075
3049
ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ืžื” ื”ืืชื™ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:33
Confucius also believed
45
153124
1321
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื’ื
02:34
that because the love and respect we learn in the family
46
154445
3112
ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”
02:37
are fundamental to all other virtues,
47
157557
2574
ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:40
personal duties to family sometimes supersede obligations to the state.
48
160131
5132
ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืขื•ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื”.
02:45
So when one duke bragged that his subjects were so upright
49
165263
3571
ืื– ื›ืฉื“ื•ื›ืก ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืจื‘ืจื‘ ืฉื”ื ืชื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื
02:48
that a son testified against his own father
50
168834
3055
ืฉื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื“ ื ื’ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•
02:51
when his father stole a sheep,
51
171889
1830
ื›ืฉืื‘ื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ ื›ื‘ืฉื”,
02:53
Confucius informed the duke
52
173719
1898
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœื“ื•ื›ืก
02:55
that genuinely upright fathers and sons protected one another.
53
175617
4843
ืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:00
During his travels, Confucius almost starved,
54
180460
2667
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืกืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื›ืžืขื˜ ืจืขื‘ ืœืžื•ื•ืช,
03:03
he was briefly imprisoned,
55
183127
1667
ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืœื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ,
03:04
and his life was threatened at several points.
56
184794
3185
ื•ืื™ื™ืžื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื.
03:07
But he was not bitter.
57
187979
1569
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื™ืจ.
03:09
Confucius had faith that heaven had a plan for the world,
58
189548
3534
ืœืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืœื,
03:13
and he taught that a virtuous person
59
193082
1799
ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืฉืื“ื ืžื•ืกืจื™
03:14
could always find joy in learning and music.
60
194881
3882
ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:18
Failing to find the ruler he sought,
61
198763
2317
ื›ืฉื›ืฉืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉ,
03:21
Confucius returned to Lu
62
201080
2057
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื—ื–ืจ ืœืœื•
03:23
and became a teacher and philosopher so influential,
63
203137
3182
ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืžื•ืจื” ื•ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืคื™ืข,
03:26
that he helped shaped Chinese culture
64
206319
2689
ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื–ืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช
03:29
and we recognize his name worldwide, even today.
65
209008
3983
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
03:32
For the disciples of Confucius,
66
212991
1576
ืœื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก,
03:34
he was the living embodiment of a sage who leads others through his virtue,
67
214567
5113
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืขืœื•ืชื™ื•,
03:39
and they recorded his sayings,
68
219680
1819
ื•ื”ื ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ืืžื™ืจื•ืชื™ื•,
03:41
which eventually were edited into a book we know in English as "The Analects."
69
221499
5487
ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ืขืจื›ื• ืœืกืคืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื›"ืื ืœืงื˜ื™ื."
03:46
Today, millions of people worldwide adhere to the principles of Confucianism,
70
226986
4561
ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื–ื,
03:51
and though the precise meaning of his words has been debated for millennia,
71
231547
4037
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื“ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ื,
03:55
when asked to summarize his teachings in a single phrase,
72
235584
3434
ื›ืฉืžืชื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“,
03:59
Confucius himself said,
73
239018
1868
ืงื•ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืžืจ,
04:00
"Do not inflict upon others that which you yourself would not want."
74
240886
5834
"ืืœ ืชืขืฉื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉืœื ืชืจืฆื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืœื›ื."
04:06
2,500 years later, it's still sage advice.
75
246720
4146
2,500 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื” ื—ื›ืžื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7