Anne-Marie Slaughter: Can we all "have it all"?

譯者: Hsun Ying Tsai 審譯者: Caleb Shih

So my moment of truth

我的人生轉捩點，並沒有一次全部發生

did not come all at once.

In 2010, I had the chance to be considered

在2010年，我很榮幸被提名為 美國國務院的政策計劃主任

for promotion from my job

as director of policy planning

at the U.S. State Department.

This was my moment to lean in,

這是我該挺身而進的時刻

to push myself forward

讓我向前跨一大步

for what are really only a handful

因為這是千載難逢的頂尖外交政策工作

of the very top foreign policy jobs,

and I had just finished a big, 18-month project

我才剛為國務卿柯林頓女士 順利完成一項18個月的大型專案

for Secretary Clinton, successfully,

and I knew I could handle a bigger job.

我知道我可以勝任更重大的工作

The woman I thought I was

要是以前的我一定會說「好！」

would have said yes.

But I had been commuting for two years

可是，我在過去兩年經常在 華盛頓州和紐澤西州兩地往返

between Washington and Princeton, New Jersey,

由於我先生和兩個十歲的兒子住在那裏

where my husband and my two teenage sons lived,

and it was not going well.

而這件事進展的不是很順利

I tried on the idea of eking out another two years

我想要擠出兩年的時間在華盛頓工作

in Washington, or maybe uprooting my sons

或是把我兒子和丈夫 從他們的學校及公司遷移至此

from their school and my husband from his work

and asking them to join me.

請求他們和我一起努力

But deep down, I knew

在我心深處，其實我知道 回家才是正確的決定

that the right decision was to go home,

even if I didn't fully recognize the woman

即便我發現我已經 無法認識那個做決定的我了

who was making that choice.

That was a decision based on love

這是個基於愛與責任的決定

and responsibility.

I couldn't keep watching my oldest son

我無法看著我大兒子一直做錯誤的決定

make bad choices

without being able to be there for him

而我卻在他需要我的時候不在他的身邊

when and if he needed me.

But the real change came more gradually.

然而真正的改變卻慢慢地顯現出來

Over the next year,

事隔了一年

while my family was righting itself,

家人的生活步調慢慢走上軌道

I started to realize

我才發現

that even if I could go back into government,

即便我可以回到政府工作

I didn't want to.

而我卻不想

I didn't want to miss the last five years

我不想錯過過去五年 在家裡陪兒子的那段時間

that my sons were at home.

I finally allowed myself to accept

我終於能讓自己去接受

what was really most important to me,

對我來說什麼才是最重要的事

not what I was conditioned to want

而不是決定自己想要的事

or maybe what I conditioned myself to want,

或是習慣自己所做的決定

and that decision led to a reassessment

這樣的決定讓我重新評估

of the feminist narrative that I grew up with

那伴隨並支持我成長的女權故事

and have always championed.

我也一直把它奉為圭臬

I am still completely committed

至今我仍完全信奉著性別平等的理想

to the cause of male-female equality,

but let's think about what that equality really means,

但讓我們先來思考平等究竟意味著什麼

and how best to achieve it.

以及如何盡可能實現它

I always accepted the idea

我總是相信著一種想法

that the most respected and powerful people

那就是最受尊敬及有權力的人

in our society are men at the top of their careers,

在社會上都是位於高階職位的男性

so that the measure of male-female equality

所以在衡量男女平等這事情上

ought to be how many women are in those positions:

照理是探討多少女性人在高階職位上

prime ministers, presidents, CEOs,

像是首相、總裁、高階經理

directors, managers, Nobel laureates, leaders.

部長、經理人、諾貝爾獎得主、領導者

I still think we should do everything we possibly can

我們仍然覺得應該努力去實現那個目標

to achieve that goal.

But that's only half of real equality,

但這只是平等的一半而已

and I now think we're never going to get there

我現在認為這永遠無法實現

unless we recognize the other half.

除非我們能了解剩下另一半

I suggest that real equality,

我覺得真正的平等

full equality,

完全的平等

does not just mean valuing women

不代表我們用男性的標準 去實現那個目標

on male terms.

It means creating a much wider range

這代表要創造出更廣義的觀點

of equally respected choices

來看待並尊重男女之間的平等選擇

for women and for men.

And to get there, we have to change our workplaces,

要達成這樣的目標，我們必須改善工作規範

our policies and our culture.

制度以及文化

In the workplace,

就工作場所而言

real equality means valuing family

真正的平等代表重視家庭

just as much as work,

等同於重視工作

and understanding that the two reinforce each other.

並且懂得這兩者相輔相成

As a leader and as a manager,

身為領導人及經理人 我身體力行這句名言

I have always acted on the mantra,

if family comes first,

如果家庭是第一順位，那工作就不是其次

work does not come second --

life comes together.

生活本身兩者兼顧

If you work for me, and you have a family issue,

如果你為我工作，而你有家庭問題

I expect you to attend to it,

我希望你能照顧好家庭

and I am confident,

這一點我很有把握

and my confidence has always been borne out,

事實上每次都能驗證

that the work will get done, and done better.

工作不只會做得好，還會越做越好

Workers who have a reason to get home

勞工若有充分的理由 需要回家照顧孩子跟家人

to care for their children or their family members

are more focused, more efficient,

能擁有更高的專注力及工作效率

more results-focused.

也更重視工作的成果

And breadwinners who are also caregivers

如養家餬口的人同時身兼照顧者

have a much wider range

擁有更多的經驗和人脈

of experiences and contacts.

Think about a lawyer who spends part of his time

試想有位律師花時間參加孩子學校的活動

at school events for his kids

talking to other parents.

同時也可以和其他家長交談

He's much more likely to bring in

比起從未離開辦公室的律師能帶來更多客戶

new clients for his firm

than a lawyer who never leaves his office.

And caregiving itself

而看護者的工作性質需要耐心

develops patience --

a lot of patience --

非常多的耐心

and empathy, creativity, resilience, adaptability.

以及同理心、創造力、韌性、適應力

Those are all attributes that are ever more important

這些特質對高速化、平行化、 網路化的全球經濟更加重要

in a high-speed, horizontal,

networked global economy.

The best companies actually know this.

頂尖的公司都知道這些特質

The companies that win awards

曾因彈性工作環境得獎過的美國公司

for workplace flexibility in the United States

include some of our most successful corporations,

有些還是最成功的企業

and a 2008 national study

以及一份2008年 針對改變工作環境的調查

on the changing workforce

showed that employees

都顯示出員工在彈性 且有效率的工作環境下更加投入

in flexible and effective workplaces

are more engaged with their work,

they're more satisfied and more loyal,

也有更高的滿意度及忠誠度

they have lower levels of stress

壓力程度較低

and higher levels of mental health.

心理也比較健康

And a 2012 study of employers

2012年一項對於員工所做的研究

showed that deep, flexible practices

顯示出有高度彈性的作法

actually lowered operating costs

其實可以降低營運成本

and increased adaptability

在全球服務經濟體下更可以增進適應力

in a global service economy.

So you may think

你也許會覺得只有在美國 會有工作家庭失衡的問題

that the privileging of work over family

is only an American problem.

Sadly, though, the obsession with work

可惜的是，現在不只是美國人才會有這種問題

is no longer a uniquely American disease.

Twenty years ago,

20年前，我帶家人第一次去義大利

when my family first started going to Italy,

we used to luxuriate in the culture of siesta.

我們享受當地午睡的文化

Siesta is not just about avoiding the heat of the day.

午睡的習慣不只是躲避中午的熱氣

It's actually just as much

這帶來的意義等同於家庭聚餐的溫暖

about embracing the warmth of a family lunch.

Now, when we go, fewer and fewer businesses

現在當我們又拜訪當地，已經沒有那麼多商店

close for siesta,

有午休的時間了

reflecting the advance of global corporations

這反映出國際企業的發展 和高度競爭環境中

and 24-hour competition.

So making a place for those we love

所以，為我們所愛的人挪出點時間

is actually a global imperative.

其實是全世界都迫切需要的

In policy terms,

就政策面來說

real equality means recognizing

真正的平等代表著要意識到 女性一直以來所做的工作

that the work that women have traditionally done

is just as important

跟男性一直以來的工作是一樣重要的

as the work that men have traditionally done,

no matter who does it.

不論是誰做的

Think about it: Breadwinning and caregiving

試想：養家糊口和照顧家人對於生存一樣重要

are equally necessary for human survival.

At least if we get beyond a barter economy,

至少不在以物易物的經濟體系下

somebody has to earn an income

有人必須要賺到收入

and someone else has to convert that income

其他家人就必須轉換該收入

to care and sustenance for loved ones.

用來照顧和供給他們所愛的家人

Now most of you, when you hear me

大部分人聽到我說養家糊口和照顧家人

talk about breadwinning and caregiving,

instinctively translate those categories

就會直接聯想成男性和女性的工作

into men's work and women's work.

And we don't typically challenge

而我們通常不會質疑 為什麼男人的工作較具優勢

why men's work is advantaged.

But consider a same-sex couple

如果是同性的情侶

like my friends Sarah and Emily.

像是我的朋友莎拉和艾蜜莉

They're psychiatrists.

他們都是精神科醫生

They got married five years ago,

他們五年前結婚

and now they have two-year-old twins.

現在有對兩歲的雙胞胎

They love being mothers,

他們都喜歡當媽媽，也喜歡他們的工作

but they also love their work,

and they're really good at what they do.

他們也很擅長於自己的工作

So how are they going to divide up

所以他們要怎麼分配

breadwinning and caregiving responsibilities?

養家糊口和照顧小孩的責任呢?

Should one of them stop working

是否該有任何一方停止工作

or reduce hours to be home?

或是降低工作時數待在家呢?

Or should they both change their practices

或著是雙方改變工作習慣

so they can have much more flexible schedules?

才能擁有更彈性的時間呢?

And what criteria should they use

而又需要用哪種準則

to make that decision?

才能讓他們做出決定呢?

Is it who makes the most money

應該是賺最多錢的人

or who is most committed to her career?

還是最投入工作的人呢?

Or who has the most flexible boss?

或者是誰的上司最隨和?

The same-sex perspective helps us see

用同性婚姻的觀點可以讓我們看到

that juggling work and family

應付工作及家人

are not women's problems,

不只是女性的問題而已

they're family problems.

這應該是家庭的問題

And Sarah and Emily are the lucky ones,

而莎拉和艾蜜莉是幸運的情侶

because they have a choice

因為他們可以決定

about how much they want to work.

他們有多想要投入工作

Millions of men and women

數百萬的男女

have to be both breadwinners and caregivers

都需要身兼賺錢養家及照顧家人的角色

just to earn the income they need,

這樣才能賺到所需的薪水

and many of those workers are scrambling.

而很多勞工覺得很困擾

They're patching together care arrangements

他們拼湊起托育的安排

that are inadequate

有些安排不恰當

and often actually unsafe.

常常有些安排很危險

If breadwinning and caregiving are really equal,

假使賺錢養家跟照顧孩子一樣的重要

then why shouldn't a government

那我們的政府為什麼投入社會福利基金

invest as much in an infrastructure of care

as the foundation of a healthy society

用來照顧人們的健康

as it invests in physical infrastructure

無法跟經濟支柱的實體建設一樣多?

as the backbone of a successful economy?

The governments that get it --

懂得這一點的政府

no surprises here --

其實你們都猜的到

the governments that get it,

這些政府分別是

Norway, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands,

挪威、瑞典、丹麥及荷蘭

provide universal child care,

都提供全面性的托育制度

support for caregivers at home,

政府支持在家和學校托育以及幼兒教育

school and early childhood education,

protections for pregnant women,

保護懷孕婦女

and care for the elderly and the disabled.

照顧老年仁及身殘者

Those governments invest in that infrastructure

這些政府投資這種基礎建設

the same way they invest in roads and bridges

和他們投資在道路、橋墩

and tunnels and trains.

隧道和火車的錢一樣多

Those societies also show you

這些社會也讓你看到

that breadwinning and caregiving

賺錢養家和照顧家人是相輔相成的

reinforce each other.

They routinely rank among the top 15 countries

這些國家通常是最具經濟競爭力的前15名

of the most globally competitive economies,

but at the same time,

不過同時

they rank very high on the OECD Better Life Index.

他們在OECD美好生活指數中也名列前茅

In fact, they rank higher than other governments,

事實上，比起其他政府，像是我的國家美國

like my own, the U.S., or Switzerland,

或是瑞士的名次都還要來得高

that have higher average levels of income

這些國家平均收入水平頗高

but lower rankings on work-life balance.

不過在工作與生活的平衡上做得不好

So changing our workplaces

所以改變我們的工作環境

and building infrastructures of care

並且建立起照護基礎建設

would make a big difference,

就可以帶來改變

but we're not going to get equally valued choices

要是我們沒有先改變自己的文化

unless we change our culture,

就無法平等取得有價值的選擇

and the kind of cultural change required

而所謂的文化改變需要

means re-socializing men.

就是讓男性再度社會化

(Applause)

(掌聲)

Increasingly in developed countries,

在已開發國家

women are socialized to believe that our place

社會中的女性相信自己

is no longer only in the home,

不再只會待在家而已

but men are actually still where they always were.

而男性卻還待在原處

Men are still socialized to believe

社會中的男性深信他們需要養家賺錢

that they have to be breadwinners,

that to derive their self-worth

他們的自我價值取決於職場上的升遷

from how high they can climb over other men

on a career ladder.

The feminist revolution still has a long way to go.

女性主義的革命還有一大段路要努力

It's certainly not complete.

它顯然尚未完成

But 60 years after

在《女性的奧秘》一書出版六十年後

"The Feminine Mystique" was published,

many women actually have

很多女性其實比起男性擁有更多的選擇

more choices than men do.

We can decide to be a breadwinner,

我們可以選擇當養家賺錢的人

a caregiver, or any combination of the two.

照顧孩子的人，或是兩者皆是

When a man, on the other hand,

另一方面

decides to be a caregiver,

如果男性選擇照顧孩子

he puts his manhood on the line.

他的男子氣概就岌岌可危了

His friends may praise his decision,

他的朋友可能會稱讚他的決定

but underneath, they're scratching their heads.

但暗地裡卻不以為然

Isn't the measure of a man

我們看待男性的標準

his willingness to compete with other men

不就是男性間互相競爭取得權力和聲望嗎?

for power and prestige?

And as many women hold that view as men do.

越來越多女性也有這樣的觀點

We know that lots of women

我們知道許多女性 仍然把男性的吸引力的標準

still judge the attractiveness of a man

based in large part on how successful he is

放在職場上的成就

in his career.

A woman can drop out of the work force

女性可以輕易離開職場 卻還是充滿吸引力的伴侶

and still be an attractive partner.

For a man, that's a risky proposition.

對男性而言這是很冒險的作法

So as parents and partners,

我身為家長也是工作夥伴

we should be socializing our sons

我們應該讓我們的兒子和丈夫變得更社會化

and our husbands

to be whatever they want to be,

讓他們成為想要的角色

either caregivers or breadwinners.

不論是養家賺錢或是照顧孩子的人

We should be socializing them to make caregiving

我們應該告訴他們照顧孩子是很酷的事

cool for guys.

(Applause)

(掌聲)

I can almost hear lots of you thinking, "No way."

我知道你們會覺得「不可能」

But in fact, the change is actually already happening.

事實上，這樣的改變真的在發生

At least in the United States,

至少在美國

lots of men take pride in cooking,

很多男性對於烹飪引以為傲

and frankly obsess over stoves.

甚至對爐子很著迷

They are in the birthing rooms.

有些男性會去產房

They take paternity leave when they can.

盡量爭取陪產假

They can walk a baby or soothe a toddler

他們會帶小寶寶散步或是安撫學步的孩子

just as well as their wives can,

跟他們的太太一樣厲害

and they are increasingly

這些男性做的家事也越來越多了

doing much more of the housework.

Indeed, there are male college students now

事實上，現在有很多男大學生

who are starting to say,

開始想要當「家庭主夫」

"I want to be a stay-at-home dad."

That was completely unthinkable

這種事情在50年前甚至是30年前

50 or even 30 years ago.

都無法絕對想像

And in Norway, where men have

在挪威，男性正常就有三個月的陪產假

an automatic three month's paternity leave,

but they lose it if they decide not to take it,

如果不想放陪產假，這假期就會消失

a high government official told me

一位高階政府官員告訴我

that companies are starting to look

公司會開始關注有潛力的男性員工

at prospective male employees

and raise an eyebrow if they didn't in fact

並且質疑這些不願意放假陪小孩的男員工

take their leave when they had kids.

That means that it's starting to seem

這代表說無法完全投入當爸爸的員工

like a character defect

是被視為有個性缺陷

not to want to be a fully engaged father.

So I was raised

我從小就相信

to believe that championing women's rights

倡導女性的權力

meant doing everything we could

就是要我們竭盡所能

to get women to the top.

讓女性站在最高處

And I still hope that I live long enough

我仍希望我能活得夠老

to see men and women equally represented

才能看到男女在職場上取得平等地位

at all levels of the work force.

But I've come to believe that we have to value family

我也相信我們對家庭的重視不亞於我們對工作的重視

every bit as much as we value work,

and that we should entertain the idea

我們也應該懷抱著一個想法

that doing right by those we love

為我們所愛的人做正確的事

will make all of us better at everything we do.

會讓我們所有事情做得更好

Thirty years ago, Carol Gilligan,

30年前，一位傑出心理學家

a wonderful psychologist, studied adolescent girls

卡羅爾·吉利根研究青春期少女

and identified an ethic of care,

並且發現關懷倫理

an element of human nature every bit as important

這種人性的特質就跟正義一樣的重要

as the ethic of justice.

It turns out that "you don't care"

原來「漠不關心」

is just as much a part of who we are

其實就跟我們覺得「這不公平」一樣的重要

as "that's not fair."

Bill Gates agrees.

比爾蓋茲也這麼認為

He argues that the two great forces of human nature

他覺得這兩種強大的人性

are self-interest and caring for others.

是自我主義同時也關懷他人

Let's bring them both together.

讓我們將這兩種天性結合在一起

Let's make the feminist revolution

讓我們將女權革命變成人類革命

a humanist revolution.

As whole human beings,

全人類都會變成更好的照顧者以及養家的人

we will be better caregivers and breadwinners.

You may think that can't happen,

你可能會覺得這無法實現

but I grew up in a society

但是在我成長的社會

where my mother put out small vases

我的母親以前會在晚餐派對上放置菸灰缸

of cigarettes for dinner parties,

where blacks and whites used separate bathrooms,

那時黑人和白人用不同的廁所

and where everybody claimed to be heterosexual.

當時人們都宣稱自己是異性戀

(觀眾笑聲)

Today, not so much.

現今，即便做得還不夠多

The revolution for human equality

人類平等的革命

can happen.

還是會發生

It is happening.

現在正在發生

It will happen.

未來也會發生

How far and how fast is up to us.

要走得多遠和多快發生都取決於我們

Thank you.

謝謝大家

(Applause)

(掌聲)