Meet the dazzling flying machines of the future | Raffaello D'Andrea

8,619,838 views ・ 2016-03-11

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Allen Kuo 審譯者: Helen Chang
00:12
What started as a platform for hobbyists
0
12920
1976
我們從一個愛好者平台開始,
00:14
is poised to become a multibillion-dollar industry.
1
14920
2936
有望發展成一個數十億元的產業。
00:17
Inspection, environmental monitoring, photography and film and journalism:
2
17880
4056
偵查、環境監控、攝影、 電影和新聞業──
00:21
these are some of the potential applications for commercial drones,
3
21960
3176
這些都是商用無人飛行器的潛在機會,
而它們的實現
00:25
and their enablers are the capabilities being developed
4
25160
2616
得仰賴全球許多研究機構 所研發的各種功能。
00:27
at research facilities around the world.
5
27800
1936
00:29
For example, before aerial package delivery
6
29760
2616
舉個例,在空中包裹運送
00:32
entered our social consciousness,
7
32400
1816
進入我們的社會認知之前,
00:34
an autonomous fleet of flying machines built a six-meter-tall tower
8
34240
3976
一組自動化飛行機隊 就曾將一個6公尺高、
00:38
composed of 1,500 bricks
9
38240
1936
由1500個磚塊構成的塔,
00:40
in front of a live audience at the FRAC Centre in France,
10
40200
2936
就在法國當代藝術中心的 現場觀眾面前蓋了起來。
00:43
and several years ago, they started to fly with ropes.
11
43160
2576
而在那幾年之前, 它們從帶著繩索飛行開始。
00:45
By tethering flying machines,
12
45760
1416
透過繩索連結飛行器,
它們可以在非常狹小的空間內 用很高的速度及加速度飛行。
00:47
they can achieve high speeds and accelerations in very tight spaces.
13
47200
3776
00:51
They can also autonomously build tensile structures.
14
51000
3096
它們還能自動建造高張力的結構。
00:54
Skills learned include how to carry loads,
15
54120
2416
它們學會的技能包含如何裝載貨物、
00:56
how to cope with disturbances,
16
56560
1456
如何應付亂流、
00:58
and in general, how to interact with the physical world.
17
58040
3096
以及概括而言, 如何和實體世界互動。
01:01
Today we want to show you some new projects that we've been working on.
18
61160
3336
今天我們想讓各位看一些 我們正在進行的新專案。
01:04
Their aim is to push the boundary of what can be achieved
19
64520
2936
它們的目標是擴展自主飛行 所能達成的境界。
01:07
with autonomous flight.
20
67480
1536
01:09
Now, for a system to function autonomously,
21
69040
2456
那麼,要讓系統能自動運作,
01:11
it must collectively know the location of its mobile objects in space.
22
71520
4456
它必須知道所有移動物體 在空間上的位置。
01:16
Back at our lab at ETH Zurich,
23
76000
1896
在我們蘇黎世聯邦工學院的實驗室裡,
01:17
we often use external cameras to locate objects,
24
77920
2856
我們常用外部的攝影機來定位物體,
01:20
which then allows us to focus our efforts
25
80800
1976
這讓我們能全神貫注,
01:22
on the rapid development of highly dynamic tasks.
26
82800
2656
將精力用在快速開發高度動態的任務。
01:25
For the demos you will see today, however,
27
85480
2056
然而,今天各位看到的展示,
01:27
we will use new localization technology developed by Verity Studios,
28
87560
3296
我們將使用Verity Studios 所開發的新定位技術,
01:30
a spin-off from our lab.
29
90880
1616
他們是我們實驗室的一個分支機構。
01:32
There are no external cameras.
30
92520
1616
不用任何的外部攝影機,
01:34
Each flying machine uses onboard sensors to determine its location in space
31
94160
5056
每一個飛行器都用內建的感應器 判斷自己的位置,
01:39
and onboard computation to determine what its actions should be.
32
99240
3440
並用內建的電腦判斷該採取的動作。
01:43
The only external commands are high-level ones
33
103280
2176
只有高階的指令來自外部,
01:45
such as "take off" and "land."
34
105480
1520
例如「起飛」和「降落」。
02:10
This is a so-called tail-sitter.
35
130560
1896
這是一個所謂的立式起落機。
02:12
It's an aircraft that tries to have its cake and eat it.
36
132480
3456
它就像一台什麼都想做到的飛機。
02:15
Like other fixed-wing aircraft, it is efficient in forward flight,
37
135960
3256
如同其他固定機翼的飛機, 它可以很有效率地向前飛行,
02:19
much more so than helicopters and variations thereof.
38
139240
3215
效果比直升機或之類的飛行器好得多。
02:22
Unlike most other fixed-wing aircraft, however,
39
142479
2417
但它又和固定機翼的飛機不一樣,
02:24
it is capable of hovering,
40
144920
1496
它可以在空中盤旋,
02:26
which has huge advantages for takeoff, landing
41
146440
3136
這讓它在起飛、降落 和一些通用動作上有很大的優勢。
02:29
and general versatility.
42
149600
1240
02:31
There is no free lunch, unfortunately.
43
151480
2096
很不幸地,天下沒有白吃的午餐。
02:33
One of the limitations with tail-sitters
44
153600
1936
立式起落機一個很大的限制
02:35
is that they're susceptible to disturbances such as wind gusts.
45
155560
2976
就是它們對於陣風之類的干擾很敏感。
02:38
We're developing new control architectures and algorithms
46
158560
2696
我們正在開發新的控制架構和演算法
試著突破這個限制。
02:41
that address this limitation.
47
161280
1400
02:50
The idea is for the aircraft to recover
48
170560
2256
我們的想法是讓這個飛行器
02:52
no matter what state it finds itself in,
49
172840
2640
無論遭遇什麼情況都能復原。
03:03
and through practice, improve its performance over time.
50
183400
2920
而且透過練習,還能逐漸提高效能。
03:15
(Applause)
51
195600
4400
(掌聲)
03:22
OK.
52
202000
1200
好的。
03:33
When doing research,
53
213480
1216
進行研究時,
03:34
we often ask ourselves fundamental abstract questions
54
214720
2976
我們經常問自己一些基本的抽象問題,
03:37
that try to get at the heart of a matter.
55
217720
2560
讓我們能直搗問題核心。
03:41
For example, one such question would be,
56
221240
2216
比方說,其中一個問題是,
03:43
what is the minimum number of moving parts needed for controlled flight?
57
223480
4016
要控制飛行, 最少要有幾個會動的零件?
03:47
Now, there are practical reasons
58
227520
1576
我們有很實際的理由
探索這個問題的答案。
03:49
why you may want to know the answer to such a question.
59
229120
2616
03:51
Helicopters, for example,
60
231760
1256
以直升機為例,
03:53
are affectionately known as machines with a thousand moving parts
61
233040
3856
大家都認為這是一種 由上千個活動零件組成的機器,
03:56
all conspiring to do you bodily harm.
62
236920
2680
每個零件都可能會導致你受傷。
04:00
It turns out that decades ago,
63
240640
1856
事實是在數十年前,
04:02
skilled pilots were able to fly remote-controlled aircraft
64
242520
3176
技巧高超的駕駛就已能 遙控駕駛這種飛行器了,
04:05
that had only two moving parts:
65
245720
1896
而這個飛行器只有兩個會動的東西:
04:07
a propeller and a tail rudder.
66
247640
1840
螺旋槳和尾翼。
04:10
We recently discovered that it could be done with just one.
67
250000
3120
我們最近發現,其實只需要一個。
04:13
This is the monospinner,
68
253600
1256
這是「單軸機」,
04:14
the world's mechanically simplest controllable flying machine,
69
254880
3256
世上結構最簡單的可控式飛行機器,
04:18
invented just a few months ago.
70
258160
1776
幾個月前才發明的。
04:19
It has only one moving part, a propeller.
71
259960
3136
它只有一個會動的零件,就是螺旋槳。
04:23
It has no flaps, no hinges, no ailerons,
72
263120
3576
沒有襟翼,沒有絞鍊,沒有副翼,
04:26
no other actuators, no other control surfaces,
73
266720
2535
沒有其他的驅動器和控制面板,
04:29
just a simple propeller.
74
269279
1281
就只有一個簡單的螺旋槳。
04:31
Even though it's mechanically simple,
75
271320
2055
即使在結構上非常簡單,
04:33
there's a lot going on in its little electronic brain
76
273399
2497
它小小的電腦裡卻裝了很多東西,
04:35
to allow it to fly in a stable fashion and to move anywhere it wants in space.
77
275920
4216
讓它可以穩定飛行 並移動到任何想去的位置。
04:40
Even so, it doesn't yet have
78
280160
1456
儘管如此,它還沒有
04:41
the sophisticated algorithms of the tail-sitter,
79
281640
2336
像立式起落機那種複雜的演算法,
04:44
which means that in order to get it to fly,
80
284000
2000
也就是說如果要讓它飛起來,
04:46
I have to throw it just right.
81
286024
1720
我得用很精確的方式把它丟出去。
04:48
And because the probability of me throwing it just right is very low,
82
288800
4016
但考量到我成功丟出它的機率非常低,
04:52
given everybody watching me,
83
292840
1896
因為這麼有多人在盯著我,
04:54
what we're going to do instead
84
294760
1456
所以我打算還是讓你們 看看昨晚錄的影片就好。
04:56
is show you a video that we shot last night.
85
296240
2176
04:58
(Laughter)
86
298440
1560
(笑聲)
05:10
(Applause)
87
310320
3320
(掌聲)
05:23
If the monospinner is an exercise in frugality,
88
323080
3736
如果單軸機是一種簡潔的應用,
05:26
this machine here, the omnicopter, with its eight propellers,
89
326840
3456
那這台有8個螺旋槳的「全向直升機」
05:30
is an exercise in excess.
90
330320
2080
就是一種「超額」的應用。
05:32
What can you do with all this surplus?
91
332920
2136
這些額外的配備可以做什麼?
05:35
The thing to notice is that it is highly symmetric.
92
335080
2381
值得注意的是,它的結構高度對稱,
05:37
As a result, it is ambivalent to orientation.
93
337920
2856
因此它沒有一定的方向性。
05:40
This gives it an extraordinary capability.
94
340800
2696
這讓它擁有不同凡響的能力,
05:43
It can move anywhere it wants in space
95
343520
2216
可以移動到空間中的任何位置,
05:45
irrespective of where it is facing
96
345760
2736
不用考慮它面對哪個方向,
05:48
and even of how it is rotating.
97
348520
1800
甚至不用管它如何旋轉。
05:51
It has its own complexities,
98
351040
1376
它有其複雜性,
05:52
mainly having to do with the interacting flows
99
352440
2656
主要和它的8個螺旋槳 之間的互動有關。
05:55
from its eight propellers.
100
355120
1240
05:56
Some of this can be modeled, while the rest can be learned on the fly.
101
356680
3856
這些互動有一部分可透過程式達成, 其他的則可從飛行中自行學習。
06:00
Let's take a look.
102
360560
1200
我們來看看吧。
06:44
(Applause)
103
404760
3760
(掌聲)
06:52
If flying machines are going to enter part of our daily lives,
104
412720
2905
如果飛行機器要成為 我們日常生活的一部份,
06:55
they will need to become extremely safe and reliable.
105
415649
2477
它們就得變得非常安全可靠。
06:58
This machine over here
106
418760
1376
那邊那台機器
07:00
is actually two separate two-propeller flying machines.
107
420160
3136
實際上由兩個分開的雙軸飛行器構成。
07:03
This one wants to spin clockwise.
108
423320
1736
其中一個試圖順時針旋轉,
07:05
This other one wants to spin counterclockwise.
109
425080
2496
另一個則試圖逆時針旋轉。
07:07
When you put them together,
110
427600
1336
當你將它們結合,
07:08
they behave like one high-performance quadrocopter.
111
428960
2600
就會變成一個高效能的四軸飛行器。
07:23
If anything goes wrong, however --
112
443640
1656
然而,如果有東西出錯,
07:25
a motor fails, a propeller fails, electronics, even a battery pack --
113
445320
4456
像是馬達故障、螺旋槳故障, 電子零件,甚至電池組件故障,
07:29
the machine can still fly, albeit in a degraded fashion.
114
449800
3336
它還是可以用效能較低的方式飛行。
07:33
We're going to demonstrate this to you now by disabling one of its halves.
115
453160
3520
我們來示範一下 關掉它其中一個飛行器會怎樣。
07:56
(Applause)
116
476240
3160
(掌聲)
08:03
This last demonstration
117
483320
1336
最後要展示的
08:04
is an exploration of synthetic swarms.
118
484680
2440
是人造螢火蟲群的研究成果。
08:07
The large number of autonomous, coordinated entities
119
487560
2976
為數眾多自動化且互相配合的機群
08:10
offers a new palette for aesthetic expression.
120
490560
2736
為美的展現帶來一種全新型態。
08:13
We've taken commercially available micro quadcopters,
121
493320
2976
我們利用商品化的微型四軸飛行器,
08:16
each weighing less than a slice of bread, by the way,
122
496320
2496
順道一提,每個都比一片麵包還輕,
08:18
and outfitted them with our localization technology
123
498840
2416
我們為它們裝上自己的定位科技
08:21
and custom algorithms.
124
501280
1576
和客製化的演算法。
08:22
Because each unit knows where it is in space
125
502880
2096
因為每個飛行器都知道自己的位置,
08:25
and is self-controlled,
126
505000
1376
又都可以自我控制,
08:26
there is really no limit to their number.
127
506400
2200
所以它們的數量完全沒有限制。
08:55
(Applause)
128
535840
3440
(掌聲)
09:19
(Applause)
129
559360
4480
(掌聲)
10:18
(Applause)
130
618040
3640
(掌聲)
10:35
Hopefully, these demonstrations will motivate you to dream up
131
635960
3096
希望這些展示讓各位能夠想像
10:39
new revolutionary roles for flying machines.
132
639080
2400
飛行機器能在未來扮演的革命性角色,
10:42
That ultrasafe one over there for example
133
642560
2096
例如我們那個超安全的飛行器,
10:44
has aspirations to become a flying lampshade on Broadway.
134
644680
3016
它想必很渴望成為百老匯的飛行燈罩。
10:47
(Laughter)
135
647720
2056
(笑聲)
10:49
The reality is that it is difficult to predict
136
649800
2176
事實上,要預測新興科技 帶來的影響是很困難的。
10:52
the impact of nascent technology.
137
652000
1640
10:54
And for folks like us, the real reward is the journey and the act of creation.
138
654120
4856
而對我們這樣的人來說,
創造新事物的旅程和行動, 才是真正的回報。
10:59
It's a continual reminder
139
659000
1416
它不斷提醒我們,
11:00
of how wonderful and magical the universe we live in is,
140
660440
2920
我們生活的這個宇宙 有多精彩和神奇。
11:03
that it allows creative, clever creatures
141
663840
2936
它讓有創造力、聰明的生物
11:06
to sculpt it in such spectacular ways.
142
666800
2520
將其雕塑成如此壯闊的面貌。
11:09
The fact that this technology
143
669800
1776
而這個科技
11:11
has such huge commercial and economic potential
144
671600
3416
所擁有的龐大經濟和商業潛力,
11:15
is just icing on the cake.
145
675040
1416
不過是錦上添花罷了。
11:16
Thank you.
146
676480
1216
謝謝各位。
11:17
(Applause)
147
677720
3240
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7