Janette Sadik-Khan: New York's streets? Not so mean any more

譯者: Bert Chen 審譯者: Jessie Lee

The work of a transportation commissioner

運輸委員的工作

isn't just about stop signs and traffic signals.

不僅和停止標記與交通號誌有關

It involves the design of cities

其中涉及城市設計

and the design of city streets.

與城市街道的設計規劃

Streets are some of the most valuable resources

街道是城市裡最有價值的資源之一

that a city has, and yet it's an asset

它同時也是一份資產

that's largely hidden in plain sight.

而這份資產大量地隱身在我們的視域中

And the lesson from New York

過去六年裡從紐約習得的經驗

over the past six years

過去六年裡從紐約習得的經驗

is that you can update this asset.

就是你可以將這份資產與時俱進

You can remake your streets quickly, inexpensively,

你可以用經濟實惠又快速的方式重新構築街道

it can provide immediate benefits,

它能產生立即性的效益

and it can be quite popular.

而且可以相當受到大家歡迎

You just need to look at them a little differently.

你只要以稍稍不同的角度去檢視它

This is important because we live in an urban age.

這點很重要，因為我們生活在城市時代

For the first time in history,

這是歷史上第一次

most people live in cities,

大多數的人都居住在城市裡

and the U.N. estimates that over the next 40 years,

聯合國估計接下來的四十年

the population is going to double on the planet.

全球人口將會成長至現在的兩倍

So the design of cities is a key issue for our future.

所以城市設計是未來一項重要的議題

Mayor Bloomberg recognized this

彭博市長意識到

when he launched PlaNYC in 2007.

2007 年他發起「規畫紐約」計畫時

The plan recognized that cities

該項計畫認可了城市

are in a global marketplace,

是包含在全球市場之中

and that if we're going to continue to grow and thrive

如果我們想繼續成長、繁榮興盛

and to attract the million more people

並且吸引超過百萬以上

that are expected to move here,

希望移居到紐約的人口

we need to focus on the quality of life

我們就必須注重生活品質

and the efficiency of our infrastructure.

與基礎建設的效能

For many cities, our streets have been

對許多城市而言，我們的街道

in a kind of suspended animation for generations.

處於某種假死狀態已經好幾個世代了

This is a picture of Times Square in the '50s,

這是一張五零年代時代廣場的照片

and despite all of the technological innovation,

儘管經過所有的科技革新、

cultural changes, political changes,

文化變遷、政治變革

this is Times Square in 2008.

這是 2008 年時代廣場的照片

Not much has changed in those 50 years.

經過了五十年並沒有太大的改變

So we worked hard to refocus our agenda,

所以我們努力重新調整我們的議程

to maximize efficient mobility,

將高效流動性提升至最大

providing more room for buses, more room for bikes,

提供公車、自行車、

more room for people to enjoy the city,

群眾更多的空間來享受城市生活

and to make our streets as safe as they can be

讓我們的街道能夠以最安全的方式

for everybody that uses them.

讓大家來使用

We set out a clear action plan

我們開始進行一個明確的行動計畫

with goals and benchmarks.

以有目標、有基準的方式

Having goals is important,

有目標是一件很重要的事

because if you want to change and steer the ship

因為如果你想要改變並導引

of a big city in a new direction,

這艘名為「大城市」的船到一個新的方向

you need to know where you're going and why.

你必須知道你要前往何處以及為何這麼做

The design of a street can tell you everything

一條街道的設計能告訴你

about what's expected on it.

所有我們對這條街道的期待

In this case, it's expected that you shelter in place.

就這件案子而言，便是擁有棲憩的空間

The design of this street is really

這條街道的設計就真的是

to maximize the movement of cars

將汽車的移動速度最大化

moving as quickly as possible

能夠盡可能地快速移動

from point A to point B,

從 A 點到 B 點

and it misses all the other ways

然而這樣會錯失所有其他

that a street is used.

使用街道的方式

When we started out, we did some early surveys

當我們開始計畫時，我們事先勘查

about how our streets were used,

我們如何使用街道

and we found that New York City was largely

而我們發現紐約的街道

a city without seats.

多數都沒有座椅

Pictures like this, people perched

就像這張圖片，人們都坐在

on a fire hydrant, not the mark of a world-class city.

消防栓上，這不是世界級城市該出現的景像

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It's not great for parents with kids.

這對帶小孩的家長不好、

It's not great for seniors. It's not great for retailers.

對年長者不好、對零售業也不好

It's probably not good for the fire hydrants.

這可能對消防栓也不好

Certainly not good for the police department.

想當然爾對當地警局也不好

So we worked hard to change that balance,

所以我們努力改變那種對比

and probably the best example of our new approach

而或許我們新方法的最好例子

is in Times Square.

就是在時代廣場

Three hundred and fifty thousand people a day

每天有三十五萬人

walk through Times Square,

會經過時代廣場

and people had tried for years to make changes.

人們已經努力數年想做些改變

They changed signals, they changed lanes,

他們改變號誌、改變車道

everything they could do to make Times Square work better.

盡可能讓時代廣場變得更好

It was dangerous, hard to cross the street.

以前要跨越馬路到對向街道 是件困難又危險的事

It was chaotic.

交通一片混亂

And so, none of those approaches worked,

因此沒有任何一項方法管用

so we took a different approach, a bigger approach,

所以我們用另一種的方法，規模比較大的方法

looked at our street differently.

以不同的角度來看我們的街道

And so we did a six-month pilot.

且試用了六個月

We closed Broadway from 42nd Street to 47th Street

我們關閉百老匯的 42 街到 47 街

and created two and a half acres

開闢出一塊 2.5 英畝

of new pedestrian space.

新的行人空間

And the temporary materials are an important part

使用臨時性器材是該計劃的重點

of the program, because we were able to show

因為我們能夠向大家呈現

how it worked.

它如何作用

And I work for a data-driven mayor, as you probably know.

我們的市長很重視數據，你們大概也知道

So it was all about the data.

因此一切以數據為主

So if it worked better for traffic, if it was better for mobility,

如果交通因此改善了、車流更順暢、

if it was safer, better for business, we would keep it,

更安全、商家生意更興隆，我們就會繼續施行

and if it didn't work, no harm, no foul,

如果這項計畫沒有成效，沒關係

we could put it back the way that it was,

我們可以回歸舊有的方式

because these were temporary materials.

因為這些都只是暫時性的材料

And that was a very big part of the buy-in,

而這是此項新政策非常重大的一部份

much less anxiety when you think that something

少了很多困擾，當你認為

can be put back.

可以回復原本的方式

But the results were overwhelming.

但那效果卻是壓倒性的成功

Traffic moved better. It was much safer.

交通順暢，也比以前更安全了

Five new flagship stores opened.

新開了五間旗艦店

It's been a total home run.

這個計畫真是大大的成功

Times Square is now one of the top 10

時代廣場現在是

retail locations on the planet.

全球排名十大零售點之一

And this is an important lesson,

這是一個很重要的課題

because it doesn't need to be a zero-sum game

因它不必是一方得利另一方損失的零和局面

between moving traffic and creating public space.

在改變的交通現況與創造公共空間之間

Every project has its surprises,

每項計畫都有它令人驚艷的地方

and one of the big surprises with Times Square

時代廣場最令人驚訝的一點就是

was how quickly people flocked to the space.

人們聚集的速度非常快

We put out the orange barrels,

我們放置橘色筒狀路障

and people just materialized immediately into the street.

人們就突然出現聚集在街道上

It was like a Star Trek episode, you know?

看起來就像是星際大戰影集

They weren't there before, and then zzzzzt!

他們之前還沒有出現在那裡，然後...嗞!

All the people arrived.

大家一下子都來了

Where they'd been, I don't know, but they were there.

群眾從何而來我不知道，但就出現在那裡了

And this actually posed an immediate challenge for us,

事實上這給了我們一個立即性的挑戰

because the street furniture had not yet arrived.

因為街道設施還沒有送來

So we went to a hardware store

所以我們去五金行

and bought hundreds of lawn chairs,

買幾百張折疊椅

and we put those lawn chairs out on the street.

我們將這些折疊椅放在街道上

And the lawn chairs became the talk of the town.

這些折疊椅變成城裡的流行話題

It wasn't about that we'd closed Broadway to cars.

不是在談論我們禁止車輛駛入百老匯

It was about those lawn chairs.

而是在談論這些折疊椅

"What did you think about the lawn chairs?"

「這些折疊椅你覺得怎麼樣？

"Do you like the color of the lawn chairs?"

你喜歡折疊椅的顏色嗎？」

So if you've got a big, controversial project,

所以如果你有一項大型且具爭議性的計畫

think about lawn chairs.

可以考慮擺一些摺疊椅看看

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

This is the final design for Times Square,

這就是時代廣場最終的設計

and it will create a level surface,

這將會建造平坦的路面、

sidewalk to sidewalk,

人行道相互連接、

beautiful pavers that have studs in them

美麗的地面鋪飾還有飾釘穿插其中

to reflect the light from the billboards,

來反射廣告看板的光

creating a great new energy on the street,

為街道創造出一種全新的能量

and we think it's going to really create

我們認為這將會真的創造出

a great place, a new crossroads of the world

一個很棒的地方、世界的一個新的十字路口

that is worthy of its name.

才配得上它的名字

And we will be cutting the ribbon on this,

我們將進行剪綵

the first phase, this December.

第一階段在十二月

With all of our projects, our public space projects,

我們所有的計畫、公共空間規畫

we work closely with local businesses

我們密切地與當地企業

and local merchant groups

和當地商家團體合作

who maintain the spaces, move the furniture,

他們會負責維護空間、移動擺設、

take care of the plants.

照顧花草

This is in front of Macy's, and they were

這是在梅西百貨公司前面，梅西百貨是

a big supporter of this new approach,

這個新方案的一大支持者

because they understood that more people on foot

因為他們知道如果有更多人用步行的方式

is better for business.

對商業發展會更好

And we've done these projects all across the city

我們已在這城市裡很多地方執行這些計畫

in all kinds of neighborhoods.

在所有鄰近區域

This is in Bed-Stuy, Brooklyn,

這是布魯克林的貝史蒂

and you can see the short leg that was there,

你們可以看見那邊有矮柱在那裡

used for cars, that's not really needed.

那是給車子用的，但不是真的需要

So what we did is we painted over the street,

所以我們就用油漆粉刷街道

put down epoxy gravel, and connected the triangle

鋪上環氧樹脂砂礫路面並連接這三角形行人島

to the storefronts on Grand Avenue,

到格蘭大道的店面

created a great new public space,

創造一個全新的公共空間

and it's been great for businesses

這對格蘭德大道上店家的生意非常好

along Grand Avenue.

這對格蘭德大道上店家的生意非常好

We did the same thing in DUMBO, in Brooklyn,

在布魯克林的 DUMBO 我們也作了同樣的事情

and this is one of our first projects that we did,

而這是我們第一期計畫的其中一項工程

and we took an underutilized,

我們用一個未經充分利用

pretty dingy-looking parking lot

看起來又相當破舊的停車場

and used some paint and planters

用一些油漆和盆栽

to transform it over a weekend.

花一個週末的時間改造它

And in the three years since we've implemented the project,

在我們實施這項計畫的三年內

retail sales have increased 172 percent.

零售額增加 172%

And that's twice that of adjacent areas in the same neighborhood.

是同區鄰近地帶的兩倍之多

We've moved very, very quickly

我們的進度非常快

with paint and temporary materials.

用油漆和暫時性的材料

Instead of waiting

而不是等著

through years of planning studies

數年的規劃研究

and computer models to get something done,

與電腦模型來完成一些事

we've done it with paint and temporary materials.

我們用油漆和暫時性材料就辦到了

And the proof is not in a computer model.

這項證據並不是在電腦模型裡

It is in the real-world performance of the street.

而是呈現在真實世界的街頭上

You can have fun with paint.

油漆是很有趣的

All told, we've created over 50 pedestrian plazas

總之，我們已創造了五十多個行人徒步區

in all five boroughs across the city.

在紐約市的五個行政區

We've repurposed 26 acres of active car lanes

我們將佔地 26 英畝的現有車道

and turned them into new pedestrian space.

變成全新的行人空間

I think one of the successes is in its emulation.

我認為其中一個成功之處就是仿效競爭

You're seeing this kind of approach,

你看見這類的方法

since we've painted Times Square,

從我們粉刷時代廣場起

you've seen this approach in Boston, in Chicago,

你已看到這種方法在波士頓、芝加哥、

in San Francisco, in Mexico City,

舊金山、墨西哥市、

Buenos Aires, you name it.

布宜諾斯艾利斯， 你講得出來的都可以看到

This is actually in Los Angeles,

事實上這是在洛杉磯

and they actually copied even the green dots

他們甚至模仿我們的綠點設計

that we had on the streets.

那原先是我們在街道上的創意

But I can't underscore enough

但我無法再多加強調

how much more quickly this enables you to move

到底能讓你們進展多快

over traditional construction methods.

以傳統施工的方式

We also brought this quick-acting approach

我們也將這種速成的方法

to our cycling program,

套用在我們的自行車計畫

and in six years turned cycling

並且在六年內將騎自行車

into a real transportation option in New York.

變成一項實際的紐約大眾運輸選擇

I think it's fair to say --

我認為這麼說也不為過

(Applause) --

（掌聲）

it used to be a fairly scary place to ride a bike,

以前要在這裡騎自行車是相當恐怖的

and now New York has become

現在紐約已經成為

one of the cycling capitals in the United States.

美國的自行車都市之一了

And we moved quickly to create an interconnected

我們迅速地創造一個相互連接的

network of lanes.

車道網絡

You can see the map in 2007.

你可以看這張 2007 年的地圖

This is how it looked in 2013

現在 2013 年看起來是這樣

after we built out 350 miles of on-street bike lanes.

在我們建造了 350 哩的街道自行車道之後

I love this because it looks so easy.

我很喜歡因為它看起來真簡單

You just click it, and they're there.

你只要點一下滑鼠，它們就出現在那兒了

We also brought new designs to the street.

我們也引進新的街道設計方法

We created the first parking-protected bike lane

我們首創停車保護自行車道

in the United States.

在美國

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We protected bikers by floating parking lanes,

我們藉由流動停車道來保護自行車騎士

and it's been great.

效果非常好

Bike volumes have spiked.

自行車數量爆增

Injuries to all users, pedestrians, cyclists, drivers,

對所有用路人，行人、自行車騎士、開車的人的傷害

are all down 50 percent.

都下降了 50%

And we've built 30 miles of these protected bike lanes,

我們已經建造了 30 哩長的自行車專用道

and now you're seeing them pop up

現在你可以看見這些自行車道如雨後春筍

all over the country.

出現在全國各地

And you can see here that this strategy has worked.

你會發現這個策略是有效的

The blue line is the number of cyclists,

這條藍線代表騎自行車的人數

soaring.

正快速增加

The green line is the number of bike lanes.

綠色的線代表自行車車道的數量

And the yellow line is the number of injuries,

而黃線代表受傷人數

which has remained essentially flat.

基本上都是維持水平

After this big expansion, you've seen

你發現這麼大的成長之後

no net increase in injuries,

受傷人數淨值並未增長

and so there is something to that axiom

所以這裡的公理就是

that there is safety in numbers.

這些數據是安全的

Not everybody liked the new bike lanes,

並不是每個人都喜歡這些新的自行車道

and there was a lawsuit and somewhat

過去曾發生過一件訴訟案

of a media frenzy a couple years ago.

幾年前引發媒體狂熱

One Brooklyn paper called this bike lane

某家布魯克林報紙將這條

that we have on Prospect Park West

設在展望公園西側的自行車道

"the most contested piece of land

稱作是

「加薩走廊之外競爭最激烈的一塊土地」

outside of the Gaza Strip."

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And this is what we had done.

而這是我們完成的

So if you dig below the headlines, though,

所以如果你看完標題後繼續往下看

you'll see that the people were far ahead of the press,

你會發現熱衷民眾遠勝於記者、

far ahead of the politicians.

遠勝於政治人物

In fact, I think most politicians would be happy

事實上我認為多數政治人物會很開心

to have those kind of poll numbers.

有這樣的民調數字

Sixty-four percent of New Yorkers support these bike lanes.

有 64% 的紐約人支持這些自行車道

This summer, we launched Citi Bike,

今年夏天我們開始施行 Citi Bike 〔譯註︰Citi Bike 為紐約市的公用自行車系統〕

the largest bike share program in the United States,

這是美國規模最大的自行車分享計畫

with 6,000 bikes

有六千輛自行車

and 330 stations located next to one another.

與 330 個站點，每個站點都彼此相鄰

Since we've launched the program,

從我們開始施行這項計畫以來

three million trips have been taken.

騎乘次數已達三百萬趟

People have ridden seven million miles.

共七百萬哩

That's 280 times around the globe.

相當於繞了地球 280 圈

And so with this little blue key,

所以只要有這把藍色小鑰匙

you can unlock the keys to the city

你就能開啟通往城市的鑰匙

and this brand new transportation option.

與斬新交通運輸的選擇

And daily usage just continues to soar.

每日使用率不斷攀升

What has happened is the average daily ridership

現在平均每日騎乘次數

on the streets of New York is 36,000 people.

在紐約街上是三萬六千人次

The high that we've had so far is 44,000 in August.

目前最高紀錄是八月，有四萬四千人次

Yesterday, 40,000 people used Citi Bike in New York City.

昨天在紐約有四萬人使用 Citi Bike

The bikes are being used six times a day.

這些腳踏車平均一日被使用六次

And I think you also see it in the kinds of riders

我想你也有看到這樣的騎士

that are on the streets.

騎在街上

In the past, it looked like the guy on the left,

過去，就像左邊這張照片裡的人一樣

ninja-clad bike messenger.

穿得像忍者的自行車信差

And today, cyclists look

而今天，自行車騎士

like New York City looks.

彷彿是紐約市的樣貌

It's diverse -- young, old, black, white,

很多樣化的 - 年輕人、年長者、黑人朋友、白人朋友

women, kids, all getting on a bike.

女人、小孩，都在騎腳踏車

It's an affordable, safe, convenient way to get around.

這是個經濟實惠、安全又方便的代步方式

Quite radical.

相當根本的方式

We've also brought this approach to our buses,

我們也將這種方法套用在公車系統上

and New York City has the largest bus fleet in North America,

紐約市有北美最大規模的公車車隊

the slowest bus speeds.

但車速卻是北美最慢的

As everybody knows,

大家都知道的

you can walk across town faster

用步行的方式從城的一邊到另一邊

than you can take the bus.

比搭公車還要快

And so we focused on the most congested areas

所以我們著重在

of New York City,

紐約最擁擠的區域

built out six bus rapid transit lines,

建造六條公車快速運輸路線

57 miles of new speedy bus lanes.

57 哩的新公車快速車道

You pay at a kiosk before you get on the bus.

上公車之前先在自助式服務亭付費

We've got dedicated lanes that keep cars out

我們設有專用車道以防汽車進入

because they get ticketed by a camera

因為他們會被照相開罰單

if they use that lane,

若他們開進那條車道

and it's been a huge success.

這項措施非常成功

I think one of my very favorite moments

我認為我最喜歡的時刻之一

as transportation commissioner was the day

就是身為一位運輸委員

that we launched Citi Bike,

我們開辦 Citi Bike 的那天

and I was riding Citi Bike up First Avenue

我騎 Citi Bike 上第一大道

in my protected bike lane,

騎在我規劃的自行車專用道上

and I looked over and I saw pedestrians

我四處看看，而我看到行人

standing safely on the pedestrian islands,

安全地站在行人島上

and the traffic was flowing,

車潮川流不息

birds were singing --

鳥兒在歌唱

(Laughter) --

（笑聲）

the buses were speeding up their dedicated lanes.

公車在專用車道上加速行駛

It was just fantastic.

感覺真的很棒

And this is how it looked six years ago.

而六年前看起來是這個樣子的

And so, I think that the lesson that we have

所以我認為我們

from New York is that it's possible

從紐約這個例子學到的就是

to change your streets quickly,

快速改變街道是可以辦到的

it's not expensive, it can provide immediate benefits,

這麼做並不昂貴也能立即見效

and it can be quite popular.

大家也非常喜歡

You just need to reimagine your streets.

你只需要重新想像街道

They're hidden in plain sight.

而那就隱身在我們的眼前

Thank you.

謝謝大家

(Applause)

（掌聲）