The surprisingly charming science of your gut | Giulia Enders

1,061,874 views ・ 2017-11-24

TED


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譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Wilde Luo
00:13
A few years ago,
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幾年前,
00:14
I always had this thing happening to me,
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我一直被某件事纏身,
00:17
especially at family gatherings
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特別是在家庭聚會時,
00:19
like teas with aunts and uncles or something like this.
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比如和姑姑叔叔喝茶之類的場合。
00:22
When people come up to you,
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當人們走向你
00:23
and they ask you, "So, what are you doing?"
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並問道:「你做什麼工作?」
00:27
And I would have this magical one-word reply,
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而我會以一個魔法般的詞來回應,
00:30
which would make everybody happy:
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總能讓每個人都開心滿意:
00:33
"Medicine.
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「醫學。
00:34
I'm going to be a doctor."
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我將會成為醫生。」
00:35
Very easy, that's it, everybody's happy and pleased.
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非常簡單,就這樣, 大家都開心愉快。
00:39
And it could be so easy,
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雖然很容易,
00:41
but this effect really only lasts for 30 seconds with me,
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但這個效應對我來說 只會持續三十秒,
00:45
because that's then the time when one of them would ask,
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因為時間一到,就會有個人發問:
00:49
"So, in what area of medicine?
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「所以,是醫學的哪個領域?
00:51
What specialty do you want to go into?"
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你想要專攻哪方面?」
00:54
And then I would have to strip down in all honesty and just say,
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接著,我就得很坦誠地說:
00:58
"OK, so I'm fascinated with the colon.
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「好的,我被結腸深深吸引。
01:02
It all started with the anus,
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它是從肛門開始,
01:03
and now it's basically the whole intestinal tract."
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基本上它就是整個腸道。」
01:06
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:08
And this would be the moment when the enthusiasm trickled,
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就在這個時刻, 熱情就開始變得稀落了,
01:12
and it would maybe also get, like, awkwardly silent in the room,
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也可能會在房間中出現尷尬的沉默,
01:16
and I would think this was terribly sad,
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我會覺得這非常讓人感傷,
01:18
because I do believe our bowels are quite charming.
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因為我真心覺得 我們的腸子相當迷人。
01:22
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:23
And while we're in a time where many people are thinking about
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雖然在這個時代,許多人會去想
01:27
what new superfood smoothie to make
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要做什麼冰沙超級食物 (superfood) ,
01:29
or if gluten is maybe bad for them,
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或者麩質是否對身體有害,
01:32
actually, hardly anyone seems to care about the organ where this happens,
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但事實上,似乎很少有人會在乎 承擔這些活動的身體器官、
01:37
the concrete anatomy and the mechanisms behind it.
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具體的解剖學以及其背後的機制。
01:40
And sometimes it seems to me
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有時,就我看來,
01:41
like we're all trying to figure out this magic trick,
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就像我們都在試著看穿 這個魔術把戲,
01:45
but nobody's checking out the magician,
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卻沒有人去看魔術師,
01:47
just because he has, like,
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只因為他有著
01:48
an embarrassing hairstyle or something.
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令人尷尬的髮型之類的。
01:52
And actually,
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其實,
01:54
there are reasons science disliked the gut for a long time;
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科學界長期以來 不喜歡腸道的原因很多,
01:58
I have to say this.
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我必須得這麼說。
01:59
So, it's complex.
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它很複雜。
02:00
There's a lot of surface area --
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它有巨大的表面積,
02:02
about 40 times the area of our skin.
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差不多是皮膚表面積的四十倍。
02:04
Then, in such a tight pipe,
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在這麼緊的管道中,
02:06
there are so many immune cells that are being trained there.
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有非常多的免疫細胞在那裡受訓。
02:09
We have 100 trillion bacteria doing all sorts of things --
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有一百兆個細菌在做各種事情,
02:12
producing little molecules.
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產生小分子。
02:13
Then there's about 20 different hormones,
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還有大約二十種不同的賀爾蒙,
02:16
so we are on a very different level than our genitals, for example.
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所以,例如和生殖器相比, 它又是很不一樣的層級。
02:19
And the nervous system of our gut is so complex
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而腸子的神經系統非常複雜,
02:23
that when we cut out a piece,
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當我們切下一小片時,
02:24
it's independent enough that when we poke it,
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它是獨立的,當我們戳它,
02:27
it mumbles back at us, friendly.
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它會很友善地咕噥回應我們。
02:29
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:32
But at least those reasons are also the reasons why it's so fascinating
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但至少,那些理由也是
它為什麼如此迷人且重要的原因。
02:37
and important.
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02:39
It took me three steps to love the gut.
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我花了三個步驟,來愛上腸子。
02:42
So today, I invite you to follow me on those three steps.
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今天,我邀請各位跟著我 一起經歷這三個步驟。
02:47
The very first was just looking at it
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第一步,就是看著它,
02:49
and asking questions like, "How does it work?"
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然後問像這樣的問題: 「它如何運作?」
02:53
and "Why does it have to look so weird for that sometimes?"
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及「為什麼它得長得如此怪異?」
02:57
And it actually wasn't me asking the first kind of these questions,
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其實並不是我自己 問前面第一種問題,
03:01
but my roommate.
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而是我室友。
03:02
After one heavy night of partying,
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在一場宿醉的狂歡之夜後,
03:05
he came into our shared-room kitchen,
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他來到我們共用的廚房,
03:08
and he said, "Giulia, you study medicine. How does pooping work?"
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他說:「茱莉亞,你讀的是醫學。 拉屎是怎麼運作的?」
03:13
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:15
And I did study medicine but I had no idea,
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我的確讀醫學,但我不知道答案,
03:18
so I had to go up to my room and look it up in different books.
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所以我回房查不同的書籍。
03:21
And I found something interesting, I thought, at that time.
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在那時我認為自己 發現了很有趣的東西。
03:24
So it turns out, we don't only have this outer sphincter,
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結果是,我們不只有這個外括約肌,
03:28
we also have an inner sphincter muscle.
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我們還有內括約肌。
我們都知道外括約肌, 我們可以控制它,
03:30
The outer sphincter we all know, we can control it,
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03:32
we know what's going on there;
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我們知道那裡的狀況;
03:34
the inner one, we really don't.
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內括約肌,我們就不了解了。
03:35
So what happens is,
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是這樣的:
03:37
when there are leftovers from digestion,
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當消化之後還有殘餘物,
03:39
they're being delivered to the inner one first.
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它們會先被運送到內括約肌。
03:42
This inner one will open in a reflex
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內括約肌會反射性地打開,
03:44
and let through a little bit for testing.
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讓一點點殘餘物通過,做測試用。
03:46
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:48
So, there are sensory cells
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那裡有感覺細胞
03:50
that will analyze what has been delivered: Is it gaseous or is it solid?
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分析被運送來的是氣體還是固體?
03:56
And they will then send this information up to our brain,
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接著這資訊會被送到大腦,
03:59
and this is the moment when our brain knows,
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這時,我們的大腦就會知道:
04:01
"Oh, I have to go to the toilet."
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「喔,我得去上廁所。」
04:03
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:06
The brain will then do what it's designed to do
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頭腦接著就會用它不可思議的意識,
04:08
with its amazing consciousness.
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著手做它該做的事。
04:10
It will mediate with our surroundings,
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它會在我們和環境之間調停,
04:13
and it will say something like,
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說像這樣的話:
04:14
"So, I checked.
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「我確認了。
04:16
We are at this TEDx conference -- "
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我們正在 TEDx 會議上──」
04:18
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:23
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
04:25
Gaseous?
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氣體?
04:26
Maybe, if you're sitting on the sides,
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也許可以,如果你的座位是在邊沿,
04:28
and you know you can pull it off silently.
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且你知道你可以安靜地釋放的話。
04:32
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:34
But solid --
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但固體──
04:35
maybe later.
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也許晚點吧。
04:36
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:37
Since our outer sphincter and the brain is connected with nervous cells,
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因為我們的外括約肌和頭腦 是通過神經細胞連結的,
04:43
they coordinate, cooperate,
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它們互相協調、合作,
04:45
and they put it back in a waiting line --
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它們會把固體推回,讓其等候,
04:47
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:50
for other times,
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在其他時間釋放,
04:51
like, for example, when we're at home sitting on the couch,
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比如,當我們在家 坐在沙發上的時候,
04:54
we have nothing better to do,
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我們沒別的事要做,
04:55
we are free to go.
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我們就可以釋放了。
04:57
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:01
Us humans are actually one of the very few animals that do this
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沒有幾種動物能夠 如此進階且乾淨地排便,
05:06
in such an advanced and clean way.
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而我們人類是其一。
05:08
To be honest, I had some newfound respect
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老實說,我對於這位 出色的內括約肌同志
05:11
for that nice, inner sphincter dude --
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又增添了新的敬意。
05:14
not connected to nerves
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它沒有和神經連結──
05:15
that care too much about the outer world or the time --
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而神經太在乎外在世界或時間了──
05:19
just caring about me for once.
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多麽難得,它獨獨關心我。
05:21
I thought that was nice.
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我覺得那樣很棒。
05:23
And I used to not be a great fan of public restrooms,
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我以前對公共廁所敬謝不敏,
05:27
but now I can go anywhere,
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但我現在在哪都能解放,
05:29
because I consider it more
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因為當內括約肌在我的 日議程中提出一條建議時,
05:30
when that inner muscle puts a suggestion on my daily agenda.
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我會多多體貼它一下。
05:34
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:36
And also I learned something else, which was:
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我也學到了其他的:
05:38
looking closely at something I might have shied away from --
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近看某樣我可能羞於面對的東西,
05:43
maybe the weirdest part of myself --
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也許是我身體最怪異的那部份,
05:46
left me feeling more fearless,
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會讓我覺得更無懼,
05:48
and also appreciating myself more.
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也更懂得欣賞我自己。
05:51
And I think this happens a lot of times
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我認為,這種情況其實常常會發生,
05:53
when you look at the gut, actually.
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就在你看著腸子的時候。
05:55
Like those funny rumbling noises that happen
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比如當你剛好在一群朋友之中時,
它發出那好笑的咕嚕聲,
05:58
when you're in a group of friends
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05:59
or at the office conference table,
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或是在辦公室的會議中,
06:01
going, like, "Merrr, merrr..."
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發出:「嚒嚒嚒…」
06:04
This is not because we're hungry.
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這並不是因為我們餓了。
06:06
This is because our small intestine is actually a huge neat freak,
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這是因為我們的小腸其實 是個很愛乾淨的怪胎,
06:10
and it takes the time in between digestion to clean everything up,
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它會在兩次消化之間的 空檔進行大掃除,
06:15
resulting in those eight meters of gut -- really, seven of them --
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造成那八公尺的腸子── 其實是其中的七公尺──
06:18
being very clean and hardly smelling like anything.
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變得非常乾淨,幾乎沒有味道。
06:22
It will, to achieve this, create a strong muscular wave
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為了做到這一點, 它會造成很強力的肌肉抖動,
06:26
that moves everything forward that's been leftover after digestion.
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把消化後的殘餘物通通向前推。
06:30
This can sometimes create a sound,
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有時候就會產生聲音,
06:32
but doesn't necessarily have to always.
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但不見得一定如此。
06:35
So what we're embarrassed of is really a sign
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所以這讓我們感到尷尬的聲音, 其實是個徵兆,
06:38
of something keeping our insides fine and tidy.
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表示有某樣東西在保持 我們內部的健康和清潔。
06:41
Or this weird, crooked shape of our stomach --
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我們胃部這個怪異彎曲的形狀
06:44
a bit Quasimodo-ish.
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有點「鐘樓怪人」的風範。
06:46
This actually makes us be able to put pressure on our belly
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這形式其實是讓我們 能夠對我們的腹部加壓,
06:50
without vomiting,
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且不會造成嘔吐,
06:51
like when we're laughing
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比如當我們大笑、
06:52
and when we're doing sports,
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當我們做運動時,
06:54
because the pressure will go up and not so much sideways.
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能夠讓壓力向上,而不太會向旁邊。
06:57
This also creates this air bubble
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這過程也會產生氣泡,
06:59
that's usually always very visible in X-rays, for example,
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例如在 X 光下,可以看得很清楚,
07:03
and can sometimes, with some people,
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有些人有些時候,
07:05
when it gets too big,
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氣泡會太大,
07:07
create discomfort or even some sensations of pain.
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會造成不適,甚至有痛的感覺。
07:10
But for most of the people, is just results
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但對大部份人來說,最終結果是,
07:12
that it's far easier to burp when you're laying on your left side
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就是當你左側臥時, 會比右側臥更容易打嗝。
07:15
instead of your right.
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07:18
And soon I moved a bit further
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不久後我更進一步,
07:20
and started to look at the whole picture of our body and health.
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開始觀察我們的整個身體以及健康。
07:23
This was actually after I had heard
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這其實是在我聽說
07:26
that someone I knew a little bit had killed himself.
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某個我稍微認識的人自殺之後的事,
07:29
It happened that I had been sitting next to that person the day before,
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剛好在前一天我曾坐在那個人旁邊,
07:34
and I smelled that he had very bad breath.
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我聞到他有嚴重的口臭。
07:37
And when I learned of the suicide the next day,
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當我知道他隔天自殺時,
07:40
I thought: Could the gut have something to do with it?
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我心想:有沒有可能和腸子有關?
07:43
And I frantically started searching if there were scientific papers
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我瘋狂地開始尋找是否存在
07:46
on the connection of gut and brain.
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涉及腸子與頭腦間關聯的科學文獻。
07:48
And to my surprise, I found many.
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讓我驚訝的是,我找到很多。
07:51
It turns out it's maybe not as simple as we sometimes think.
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結果是,實情並非 我們想的那麼簡單。
07:55
We tend to think our brain makes these commands
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我們通常認為大腦會下指令,
07:57
and then sends them down to the other organs,
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把指令送到其他器官,
07:59
and they all have to listen.
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它們都得聽命。
08:01
But really, it's more that 10 percent of the nerves that connect brain and gut
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但實情比較像是 10% 連結大腦和腸子的神經
08:06
deliver information from the brain to the gut.
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會把資訊從大腦傳到腸子。
08:09
We know this, for example, in stressful situations,
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我們知道,比如在有壓力的狀態下,
08:13
when there are transmitters from the brain that are being sensed by our gut,
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我們的腸子感知到了 來自大腦的神經遞質,
08:17
so the gut will try to lower all the work,
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腸子就會減緩所有的工作,
08:20
and not be working and taking away blood and energy
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不再工作,也不再 消耗太多血液和能量,
08:25
to save energy for problem-solving.
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就能儲存能量來解決問題。
08:27
This can go as far as nervous vomiting or nervous diarrhea
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這有可能呈現的形式包括 神經性嘔吐或神經性腹瀉,
08:31
to get rid of food that it then doesn't want to digest.
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目的是要擺脫掉 它拒絶消化的食物。
08:34
Maybe more interestingly,
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可能更有趣的是
08:36
90 percent of the nervous fibers that connect gut and brain
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90% 連結腸子和大腦的神經纖維
08:39
deliver information from our gut to our brain.
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會把資訊從我們的腸子傳送給大腦。
08:43
And when you think about it a little bit,
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若你稍微想想,
08:45
it does make sense, because our brain is very isolated.
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這的確合理,因為 我們的大腦是很孤立的。
08:48
It's in this bony skull surrounded by a thick skin,
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它位於被厚皮膚包裹的頭骨之內,
08:53
and it needs information to put together a feeling
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它需要資訊才能夠整合出
08:56
of "How am I, as a whole body, doing?"
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「我的整個身體的狀況如何?」的感覺。
08:59
And the gut, actually, is possibly the most important advisor for the brain
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而腸子實際上可能是大腦最重要的顧問,
09:04
because it's our largest sensory organ,
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因為它是我們最大的感覺器官,
09:07
collecting information not only on the quality of our nutrients,
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收集的資訊不只是 我們的營養品質好壞,
09:10
but really also on how are so many of our immune cells doing,
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還包括我們這麼多 免疫細胞的狀況如何,
09:14
or things like the hormones in our blood that it can sense.
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或像是它能感受到的 血液中賀爾蒙的情況。
09:17
And it can package this information, and send it up to the brain.
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它能把這些資訊打包 之後送到大腦去。
09:21
It can, there, not reach areas like visual cortex or word formations --
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而它不會到達大腦中像是 視覺皮質或是言語形成的區域,
09:25
otherwise, when we digest,
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否則當我們消化時
09:27
we would see funny colors or we would make funny noises -- no.
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可能會看到奇怪的顏色 或是發出奇怪的聲音。
而我們不會。
09:32
But it can reach areas for things like morality,
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但它會到達包括像是道德、
09:35
fear or emotional processing
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恐懼、情緒處理,
09:36
or areas for self-awareness.
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或是自我意識的區域。
09:39
So it does make sense
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這確實合理,
09:40
that when our body and our brain are putting together this feeling
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當我們的身體和大腦在整合出
「我整身的狀況如何」的感覺時,
09:44
of, "How am I, as a whole body, doing?"
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09:46
that the gut has something to contribute to this process.
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腸子對於這個過程做出了一些貢獻。
09:52
And it also makes sense
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還有一點也是合理的,
09:53
that people who have conditions like irritable bowel syndrome
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人們如果患了像大腸激躁症
09:56
or inflammatory bowel disease
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或發炎性腸道疾病之類的,
09:58
have a higher risk of having anxiety or depression.
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他們得焦慮症或 憂鬱症的風險也比較高。
10:01
I think this is good information to share,
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我認為這個資訊值得分享,
10:04
because many people will think,
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因為許多人會認為:
10:05
"I have this gut thing, and maybe I also have this mental health thing."
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「如果我的腸子有問題, 也許我的心理健康也有問題。」
10:09
And maybe -- because science is not clear on that right now --
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也許──因為科學尚不瞭解這一點──
10:12
it's really just that the brain is feeling sympathy with their gut.
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也許只是他們的大腦在同情腸子。
10:17
This has yet to grow in evidence until it can come to practice.
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這方面還需要證據才能夠走向實踐。
10:21
But just knowing about these kinds of research
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但是僅僅知道這一類的研究,
10:24
that's out there at the moment
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它們正在某處進行著,
10:26
helps me in my daily life.
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就對我的日常生活很有幫助。
10:28
And it makes me think differently of my moods
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它讓我對我的心情有不同的看法,
10:30
and not externalize so much all the time.
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不再把很多事情都歸為外因。
10:33
I feel oftentimes during the day we are a brain and a screen,
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我常常覺得,在白天我們就像是 一個大腦加上一塊螢幕,
10:37
and we will tend to look for answers right there
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我們往往會向外界尋找情緒的根源,
10:40
and maybe the work is stupid or our neighbor --
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也許原因是愚蠢的工作或鄰里關係,
10:43
but really, moods can also come from within.
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但其實心情也可能是內在造成的。
10:45
And just knowing this helped me,
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光是知道這點,就對我有幫助,
10:47
for example, when I sometimes wake up too early,
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比如,有時我太早醒來,
10:50
and I start to worry and wander around with my thoughts.
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我會開始擔心,並胡思亂想。
10:53
Then I think, "Stop. What did I eat yesterday?
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接著我會想:「停。我昨天吃了什麼?
10:56
Did I stress myself out too much?
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我讓我自己太過焦慮嗎?
10:58
Did I eat too late or something?"
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我太晚才吃東西嗎?」之類的。
11:00
And then maybe get up and make myself a tea,
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接著,也許就起床泡壺茶,
11:02
something light to digest.
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弄點清淡的食物來消化。
11:04
And as simple as that sounds,
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聽起來很簡單,
11:06
I think it's been surprisingly good for me.
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但對我是非常有用的。
11:10
Step three took me further away from our body,
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第三步讓我從人的身體出發 走向了更遠的地方,
11:15
and to really understanding bacteria differently.
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並真正地對細菌有了不同的理解。
11:18
The research we have today is creating a new definition
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我們現今的研究
對於真正的乾淨下了新的定義。
11:22
of what real cleanliness is.
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11:25
And it's not the hygiene hypothesis --
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不是衛生假說(hygiene hypothesis),
我想很多人可能知道這假說。
11:28
I think many maybe know this.
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11:30
So it states that when you have too little microbes in your environment
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它說的是,當你環境中的微生物過少,
11:33
because you clean all the time,
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因為你隨時在清理,
11:35
that's not really a good thing,
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那並不是好事,
11:37
because people get more allergies or autoimmune diseases then.
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因為人們會因此較為容易過敏 或患自體免疫疾病。
11:40
So I knew this hypothesis,
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我知道這個假說,
我心想,只著眼於腸子內的清潔衛生,
11:43
and I thought I wouldn't learn so much
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11:44
from looking at cleanliness in the gut.
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我是不會學習到多少東西的。
11:47
But I was wrong.
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但我錯了。
11:49
It turns out,
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結果發現,
11:51
real cleanliness is not about killing off bacteria right away.
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真正的清潔並不是要把細菌殺光。
11:55
Real cleanliness is a bit different.
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真正的清潔有點不同。
11:57
When we look at the facts,
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我們來看看事實,
11:59
95 percent of all bacteria on this planet don't harm us -- they can't,
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地球上 95% 的細菌不會 也不能傷害我們,
12:04
they don't have the genes to do so.
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它們的基因使然。
12:06
Many, actually, help us a lot,
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許多細菌其實對我們很有幫助,
12:08
and scientists at the moment are looking into things like:
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目前科學家在研究像這類的題材:
12:12
Do some bacteria help us clean the gut?
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有某些細菌在協助我們清理腸子嗎?
12:14
Do they help us digest?
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它們協助我們消化嗎?
12:16
Do they make us put on weight or have a lean figure
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儘管我們吃得很多,
12:18
although we're eating lots?
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它們會讓我們變胖或變瘦嗎?
12:20
Are others making us feel more courageous or even more resilient to stress?
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其他細菌是否會讓我們更加勇敢 或是更容易從壓力中恢復?
12:25
So you see, there are more questions when it comes to cleanliness.
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所以你看,當談到清潔, 有更多的問題要解決。
12:30
And, actually, the thing is, it's about a healthy balance, I think.
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其實,我認為重點是健康的平衡。
12:33
You can't avoid the bad all the time.
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你不可能永遠避開壞事。
12:35
This is simply not possible;
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不可能就是不可能;
12:37
there's always something bad around.
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周遭總會有壞事。
12:40
So what really the whole deal is when you look at a clean gut,
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所以,當你看著乾淨的腸子時,
12:44
it's about having good bacteria, enough of them,
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重點是裡面要有足夠多的有益細菌,
12:48
and then some bad.
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還要有一些有害細菌。
12:50
Our immune system needs the bad, too,
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我們的免疫系統也需要有害細菌,
12:52
so it knows what it's looking out for.
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所以它才能知道它要小心留意什麼。
12:54
So I started having this different perspective on cleanliness
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所以我開始對清潔有了不同的觀點,
12:58
and a few weeks later,
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幾週後,
12:59
I held a talk at my university,
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我在我的大學做了一場演說,
13:01
and I made a mistake by 1,000.
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我在數字上犯了錯誤, 足足相差1000 倍。
13:04
And I went home and I realized in that moment,
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回到家,我了解到在那一刻,
13:06
I was like, "Ah! I made a mistake by 1,000.
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我的反應是:「啊! 我犯了個 1000 倍的錯誤。
13:09
Oh God, that's so much, and that's so embarrassing."
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天啊,那好嚴重,且好難堪。」
13:12
And I started to think about this, I was like, "Ugh!"
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我開始想到這點,然後就:「呃!」
13:15
And after a while I said,
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一會兒之後,我說:
13:16
"OK, I made this one mistake,
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「好,我犯了一個錯誤,
13:18
but then I also told so many good and right and helpful things,
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但我也說了許多好的東西、 對的東西、有用的東西,
13:22
so I think it's OK, you know?
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所以我想是沒關係的,對吧?
13:24
It's a clean thing."
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這是潔淨的。」
13:25
And then I was like, "Oh, wait.
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接著我又說:「喔,等等,
13:27
Maybe I took my perspective on cleanliness further."
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也許就在剛才,我對清潔的 觀點又進了一步。」
13:31
And it's my theory at the moment that maybe we all do.
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那時,我的理論是, 也許我們都是如此。
13:33
Take it a bit further than just cleaning our living room,
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再進一步,不只是清理我們的客廳,
13:36
where maybe we make it to sort like a life hygiene.
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也許我們可以做到 有點像是「人生的衛生」。
13:39
Knowing that this is about fostering the good
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重點不只是要試著 保護自己不受壞事影響,
13:43
just as much as trying to shelter yourself from the bad
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同時也要去促進好事,
13:47
had a very calming effect on me.
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知道這點,對我有安定的效果。
13:49
So in that sense,
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就那個意義來說,
13:51
I hope today I told you mostly good and helpful things,
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我希望今天我告訴各位的 大部份是好的、有用的東西,
13:54
and thank you for your time,
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謝謝你們花時間傾聽。
13:56
for listening to me.
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13:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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