Yves Morieux: As work gets more complex, 6 rules to simplify

494,570 views ・ 2014-01-23

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Regina Chu 審譯者: William Choi
00:12
I have spent the last years
0
12739
2000
我花了過去幾年時間
00:14
trying to resolve two enigmas:
1
14739
2659
試著解決兩個謎題:
00:17
Why is productivity so disappointing
2
17398
4361
為什麼所有跟我合作過的公司
00:21
in all the companies where I work?
3
21759
1882
其生產力總是這麼令人失望?
00:23
I have worked with more than 500 companies.
4
23641
3694
我與超過 500 家公司合作過,
00:27
Despite all the technological advances --
5
27335
2445
不管那些先進科技—
00:29
computers, I.T., communications, telecommunications,
6
29780
3292
電腦、資訊科技、傳播、電信
00:33
the Internet.
7
33072
2361
及網路;
00:35
Enigma number two:
8
35433
1398
謎題二:
00:36
Why is there so little engagement at work?
9
36831
3032
為什麼員工沒有完全投入工作?
00:39
Why do people feel so miserable,
10
39863
2104
為什麼大家覺得這麼痛苦,
00:41
even actively disengaged?
11
41967
3650
甚至要積極地擺脫現狀?
00:45
Disengaging their colleagues.
12
45617
1524
不願投入與同事合作,
00:47
Acting against the interest of their company.
13
47141
4731
做出損害公司利益的事,
00:51
Despite all the affiliation events,
14
51872
4104
儘管有那些員工聯誼活動,
00:55
the celebration, the people initiatives,
15
55976
3997
慶祝活動、員工倡議、
00:59
the leadership development programs to train
16
59973
2599
領導力發展課程
01:02
managers on how to better motivate their teams.
17
62572
4384
來訓練經理人如何更有效 激發團隊士氣。
01:06
At the beginning, I thought there was
18
66956
1738
一開始,我以為那是
01:08
a chicken and egg issue:
19
68694
1969
先有雞還是先有蛋的問題:
01:10
Because people are less engaged, they are less productive.
20
70663
2552
因為大家不投入,所以生產力也較差,
01:13
Or vice versa, because they are less productive,
21
73215
2237
或反之,因為生產力較差,
01:15
we put more pressure and they are less engaged.
22
75452
2191
就算我們施加更多壓力 他們也不願投入。
01:17
But as we were doing our analysis
23
77643
1868
但當我們進行分析時,
01:19
we realized that there was a common root cause
24
79511
1921
就瞭解到有一個共同根源
01:21
to these two issues
25
81432
1383
造成這兩個問題,
01:22
that relates, in fact, to the basic pillars of management.
26
82815
4556
而事實上與基本的管理支柱有關。
01:27
The way we organize is based on two pillars.
27
87371
3170
我們組織的方式基於二個支柱,
01:30
The hard -- structure, processes, systems.
28
90541
2753
硬性 — 結構、流程、系統,
01:33
The soft --
29
93294
1224
軟性 —
01:34
feelings, sentiments, interpersonal relationships, traits, personality.
30
94518
5455
感覺、情緒、人際關係、特質、個性,
01:39
And whenever a company
31
99973
1472
無論何時一間公司
01:41
reorganizes, restructures, reengineers,
32
101445
3710
改組、重組、重新設計,
01:45
goes through a cultural transformation program,
33
105155
2448
經歷文化轉型計畫,
01:47
it chooses these two pillars.
34
107603
2030
都要選擇這兩種支柱。
01:49
Now, we try to refine them,
35
109633
2049
現在,我們試著改進它們,
01:51
we try to combine them.
36
111682
1896
嘗試著結合它們,
01:53
The real issue is --
37
113578
1628
真正的問題是 —
01:55
and this is the answer to the two enigmas --
38
115206
2037
這也是兩個謎題的解答 —
01:57
these pillars are obsolete.
39
117243
2934
這些支柱已經過時,
02:00
Everything you read in business books is based
40
120177
2682
你在企業書上讀到的一切都是
02:02
either on one or the other
41
122859
1665
建立在其中一個基礎上
02:04
or their combination.
42
124524
1267
或兩者的組合體,
02:05
They are obsolete.
43
125791
1314
它們已經過時了。
02:07
How do they work
44
127105
2297
當你在企業的新複雜度前,
02:09
when you try to use these approaches
45
129402
2287
試著使用這些方法,
02:11
in front of the new complexity of business?
46
131689
2148
怎麼可能還有用啊?
02:13
The hard approach, basically is that you start from strategy,
47
133837
2997
強硬的方式基本上就是從策略、
02:16
requirements, structures, processes, systems, KPIs, scorecards,
48
136834
3629
條件、結構、流程 系統、關鍵績效指標、記分卡、
02:20
committees, headquarters, hubs, clusters,
49
140463
2877
委員會、總部、中心、群組開始,
02:23
you name it.
50
143340
1110
各式各樣你說得出的,
02:24
I forgot all the metrics, incentives, committees, middle offices and interfaces.
51
144450
5431
我還忘了提那些度規、激勵措施、 委員會、中間部門及介面,
02:29
What happens basically on the left,
52
149881
1995
基本上在左邊的那些
02:31
you have more complexity, the new complexity of business.
53
151876
3264
複雜性更大,是企業的新複雜度,
02:35
We need quality, cost, reliability, speed.
54
155140
4287
我們需要品質、成本、信度、速度,
02:39
And every time there is a new requirement,
55
159427
2386
而每次有新的條件,
02:41
we use the same approach.
56
161813
1479
我們就用同樣的措施,
02:43
We create dedicated structure processed systems,
57
163292
3113
我們設立專門的結構流程系統,
02:46
basically to deal with the new complexity of business.
58
166405
3238
在根本上處理企業的新複雜度,
02:49
The hard approach creates just complicatedness
59
169643
3739
強硬的方案只會產生
02:53
in the organization.
60
173382
1838
組織的複雜度。
02:55
Let's take an example.
61
175220
1578
讓我們舉個例,
02:56
An automotive company, the engineering division
62
176798
2896
一家汽車製造公司的工程部門
02:59
is a five-dimensional matrix.
63
179694
1792
使用一個五維矩陣,
03:01
If you open any cell of the matrix,
64
181486
2032
如果你看看矩陣內任何一個小組,
03:03
you find another 20-dimensional matrix.
65
183518
3013
就會發現另一個二十維的矩陣,
03:06
You have Mr. Noise, Mr. Petrol Consumption,
66
186531
2863
噪音先生、油耗先生、
03:09
Mr. Anti-Collision Properties.
67
189394
1958
防撞性能先生,
03:11
For any new requirement,
68
191352
1830
如出現任何新的條件,
03:13
you have a dedicated function
69
193182
1875
就有專門的功能小組
03:15
in charge of aligning engineers against
70
195057
2789
負責指揮工程師
03:17
the new requirement.
71
197846
1548
應付這項新條件。
03:19
What happens when the new requirement emerges?
72
199394
2599
當新的條件出現時會怎麼樣?
03:21
Some years ago, a new requirement
73
201993
2092
幾年前,一項新條件
03:24
appeared on the marketplace:
74
204085
1847
在市場出現,
03:25
the length of the warranty period.
75
205932
2151
就是保固期限。
03:28
So therefore the new requirement is repairability,
76
208083
2935
那麼這項新的條件就是可維修性,
03:31
making cars easy to repair.
77
211018
1500
讓維修汽車變得容易,
03:32
Otherwise when you bring the car to the garage to fix the light,
78
212518
4006
不然當你要修燈把車送到修車廠,
03:36
if you have to remove the engine
79
216524
2257
如果你必須拆掉引擎
03:38
to access the lights,
80
218781
1329
才能碰到燈,
03:40
the car will have to stay one week in the garage
81
220110
2439
車輛必須留在修車廠一星期,
03:42
instead of two hours, and the warranty budget will explode.
82
222549
2887
而不是兩小時,那麼保固預算會爆掉,
03:45
So, what was the solution using the hard approach?
83
225436
2945
使用強硬方式的解決方案是什麼?
03:48
If repairability is the new requirement,
84
228381
3050
如果可維修性是新的條件,
03:51
the solution is to create a new function,
85
231431
2089
解決方案即是建立一個新的函數
03:53
Mr. Repairability.
86
233520
2173
可維修性先生,
03:55
And Mr. Repairability creates the repairability process.
87
235693
3943
而可維修性先生建立 可維修性的流程,
03:59
With a repairability scorecard, with a repairability metric
88
239636
3858
設計可維修性記分卡,可維修性度規,
04:03
and eventually repairability incentive.
89
243494
2814
最終則是可維修性激勵方案,
04:06
That came on top of 25 other KPIs.
90
246308
3764
這可在其他二十五項關鍵績效指標上,
04:10
What percentage of these people is variable compensation?
91
250072
3506
這些人領取變動薪酬佔百分之幾?
04:13
Twenty percent at most, divided by 26 KPIs,
92
253578
3827
最多百分之二十, 除以二十六項關鍵績效指標,
04:17
repairability makes a difference of 0.8 percent.
93
257405
4097
可維修性可多拿 0.8%。
04:21
What difference did it make in their actions,
94
261502
2060
他們會做些什麼行動
04:23
their choices to simplify? Zero.
95
263562
2622
去選擇簡化流程?沒有。
04:26
But what occurs for zero impact? Mr. Repairability, process,
96
266184
3665
到底零影響會帶來什麼事? 可維修性先生、流程、
04:29
scorecard, evaluation, coordination with the 25 other coordinators
97
269849
4673
記分卡、評估 與其餘二十五個協調者協調
04:34
to have zero impact.
98
274522
1896
帶來零影響。
04:36
Now, in front of the new complexity of business,
99
276418
2541
現在,在企業的新複雜度前,
04:38
the only solution is not drawing boxes
100
278959
2937
唯一的解決方案不是畫框框,
04:41
with reporting lines.
101
281896
2426
並連上從屬關係線,
04:44
It is basically the interplay.
102
284322
3085
它基本上是交互作用,
04:47
How the parts work together.
103
287407
2571
不同的部門如何一起合作、
04:49
The connections, the interactions, the synapses.
104
289978
4732
各式各樣的連接、交互作用、突觸,
04:54
It is not the skeleton of boxes, it is the nervous system
105
294710
4503
這不是程序框框,該是具適應性
04:59
of adaptiveness and intelligence.
106
299213
3037
及智能的神經系統,
05:02
You know, you could call it cooperation, basically.
107
302250
2900
你知道,基本上你可以稱之為合作。
05:05
Whenever people cooperate,
108
305150
2539
無論何時只要大家合作,
05:07
they use less resources. In everything.
109
307689
3928
就可減少使用資源, 所有事都一樣。
05:11
You know, the repairability issue
110
311617
2532
你知道,可維修性問題
05:14
is a cooperation problem.
111
314149
2752
是一個關於合作的問題。
05:16
When you design cars, please take into account
112
316901
3221
當你設計不同的汽車時,請考慮到
05:20
the needs of those who will repair the cars
113
320122
2708
那些提供售後服務的修車人
05:22
in the after sales garages.
114
322830
3107
在修車場裡的需要,
05:25
When we don't cooperate we need more time,
115
325937
2617
當我們不合作時就需要更多時間、
05:28
more equipment, more systems, more teams.
116
328554
3782
更多器材、更多系統、更多團隊,
05:32
We need -- When procurement, supply chain, manufacturing don't cooperate
117
332336
5091
我們需要 — 當採購、 供應鏈、製造商不合作時,
05:37
we need more stock, more inventories, more working capital.
118
337427
2778
我們就需要進更多貨、 更多存貨及更多營運資金,
05:40
Who will pay for that?
119
340205
1941
誰要為這些買單?
05:42
Shareholders? Customers?
120
342146
1962
股東?顧客?
05:44
No, they will refuse.
121
344108
1331
不,他們會拒絕的。
05:45
So who is left? The employees,
122
345439
2809
那麼誰留下來?由於缺乏合作,
05:48
who have to compensate through their super
123
348248
2708
各個員工必須付出超級努力
05:50
individual efforts for the lack of cooperation.
124
350956
3320
去補償損失,
05:54
Stress, burnout, they are overwhelmed, accidents.
125
354276
3668
壓力、燃燒殆盡、壓倒、意外,
05:57
No wonder they disengage.
126
357944
2824
難怪他們不投入。
06:00
How do the hard and the soft try to foster cooperation?
127
360768
3797
各式軟硬的方法如何嘗試促進合作?
06:04
The hard: In banks, when there is a problem
128
364565
4630
硬性:在銀行,當問題發生在
06:09
between the back office and the front office,
129
369195
3060
前綫部門與後勤辦公室,
06:12
they don't cooperate. What is the solution?
130
372255
2090
他們就是不合作。有什麼解決方法?
06:14
They create a middle office.
131
374345
3095
他們設立一個中間部門,
06:17
What happens one year later?
132
377440
2036
一年後結果如何?
06:19
Instead of one problem between the back and the front,
133
379476
2008
本來只有一個問題存在 前綫部門與後勤辦公室之間,
06:21
now I have two problems.
134
381484
1354
現在我有兩個問題
06:22
Between the back and the middle
135
382838
1123
存在於後勤辦公室與中間部門之間
06:23
and between the middle and the front.
136
383961
2216
及中間部門與前線部門之間,
06:26
Plus I have to pay for the middle office.
137
386177
2465
此外我還要支付中間部門的開銷。
06:28
The hard approach is unable to foster cooperation.
138
388642
3258
強硬的方式不能促進合作,
06:31
It can only add new boxes, new bones in the skeleton.
139
391900
4436
它只能加上新的程序、 新的聯繫在框框上。
06:36
The soft approach:
140
396336
1635
軟性措施:
06:37
To make people cooperate, we need to make them like each other.
141
397971
3829
我們需讓他們彼此喜愛對方 才能使大家合作,
06:41
Improve interpersonal feelings,
142
401800
1694
增進人與人之間的感情,
06:43
the more people like each other, the more they will cooperate.
143
403494
2956
彼此愈喜愛對方,合作就愈多。
06:46
It is totally wrong.
144
406450
1771
這是大錯特錯的。
06:48
It is even counterproductive.
145
408221
2400
這甚至會產生不良後果。
06:50
Look, at home I have two TVs. Why?
146
410621
2416
看,我家有兩部電視。為什麼?
06:53
Precisely not to have to cooperate with my wife.
147
413037
2872
就是因為不用跟我老婆合作,
06:55
(Laughter)
148
415909
1640
(笑聲)
06:57
Not to have to impose tradeoffs to my wife.
149
417549
2904
不用跟我老婆談交換條件,
07:00
And why I try not to impose tradeoffs to my wife
150
420453
4010
我不跟老婆談交換條件的原因
07:04
is precisely because I love my wife.
151
424463
2667
正是因為我愛老婆,
07:07
If I didn't love my wife, one TV would be enough:
152
427130
3225
如果我不愛老婆,一架電視就夠了:
07:10
You will watch my favorite football game,
153
430355
2495
你要跟著看我喜愛的足球賽,
07:12
if you are not happy, how is the book or the door?
154
432850
2555
如果你不高興, 就去看書或說掰掰吧?
07:15
(Laughter)
155
435405
1203
(笑聲)
07:16
The more we like each other,
156
436608
1881
我們愈是彼此相愛
07:18
the more we avoid the real cooperation
157
438489
2613
就愈要避免真正的合作,
07:21
that would strain our relationships by imposing tough tradeoffs.
158
441102
4174
因為勉為其難的讓步 使我們的關係變得緊張,
07:25
And we go for a second TV or we escalate
159
445276
3007
於是我們買第二部電視
07:28
the decision above for arbitration.
160
448283
2924
或者就結論得進行仲裁程序,
07:31
Definitely, these approaches are obsolete.
161
451207
4709
這些方法無疑早已過時。
07:35
To deal with complexity, to enhance the nervous system,
162
455916
3783
因應複雜度,要增強神經系統,
07:39
we have created what we call the smart simplicity approach
163
459699
3262
建立於一些簡單規則, 我們創立了一項名為
07:42
based on simple rules.
164
462961
1520
簡單智慧型的措施。
07:44
Simple rule number one:
165
464481
2262
簡單規則一:
07:46
Understand what others do.
166
466743
3025
瞭解別人做什麼,
07:49
What is their real work?
167
469768
1897
他們真正的工作是什麼?
07:51
We need to go beyond the boxes,
168
471665
3635
我們需要超越程序框框、
07:55
the job descriptions, beyond the surface
169
475300
4018
職務說明書、容器的表面,
07:59
of the container, to understand the real content.
170
479318
3505
瞭解真正的內容。
08:02
Me, designer, if I put a wire here,
171
482823
2708
我作為設計師, 如果把一條電線放在這裡,
08:05
I know that it will mean that we will have to
172
485531
2003
我知道那意味著
08:07
remove the engine to access the lights.
173
487534
2566
必須拆掉引擎才能碰到燈。
08:10
Second, you need to reenforce integrators.
174
490100
2848
第二,你需要增援整合者,
08:12
Integrators are not middle offices, they are managers,
175
492948
3860
整合者不是中間部門, 他們都是經理人,
08:16
existing managers that you reinforce
176
496808
1761
現存的經理人,而你的增援,
08:18
so that they have power and interest
177
498569
2434
使他們擁有權力及利益動機
08:21
to make others cooperate.
178
501003
2163
促使其他人合作。
08:23
How can you reinforce your managers as integrators?
179
503166
3732
你要如何增援經理人 使他們成為整合者?
08:26
By removing layers.
180
506898
1475
要移去各式各樣的階層,
08:28
When there are too many layers
181
508373
1364
當一間公司有太多層級,
08:29
people are too far from the action,
182
509737
1550
大家距離真正的行動階層太遠,
08:31
therefore they need KPIs, metrics,
183
511287
2114
於是他們需要關鍵績效指標、度規,
08:33
they need poor proxies for reality.
184
513401
4328
需要為現實尋找較差的替代物,
08:37
They don't understand reality
185
517729
1602
他們不瞭解實情,
08:39
and they add the complicatedness of metrics, KPIs.
186
519331
3100
他們增加了度規、 績效指標的複雜度,
08:42
By removing rules -- the bigger we are,
187
522431
2452
把規則挪去 — 我們規模愈大,
08:44
the more we need integrators,
188
524883
1633
需要的整合者人數就愈多,
08:46
therefore the less rules we must have,
189
526516
2321
因此我們必須減少規則,
08:48
to give discretionary power to managers.
190
528837
3894
授予經理裁量權,
08:52
And we do the opposite --
191
532731
1127
而我們所行正好相反 —
08:53
the bigger we are, the more rules we create.
192
533858
2186
我們規模愈大,就創造更多規則,
08:56
And we end up with the Encyclopedia Britannica of rules.
193
536044
3250
最後得到像大英百科全書的規則,
08:59
You need to increase the quanitity of power
194
539294
2100
你需要增加權力額度
09:01
so that you can empower everybody
195
541394
1728
才能授權每個員工,
09:03
to use their judgment, their intelligence.
196
543122
2986
要他們運用判斷及智慧,
09:06
You must give more cards to people
197
546108
2151
你必須給大家發出更多的牌,
09:08
so that they have the critical mass of cards
198
548259
3357
使他們有關鍵多數的牌
09:11
to take the risk to cooperate,
199
551616
1959
以承擔合作的風險,
09:13
to move out of insulation.
200
553575
1755
搬離孤獨的生活。
09:15
Otherwise, they will withdraw. They will disengage.
201
555330
2364
不然,他們就會退縮,就不會投入,
09:17
These rules, they come from game theory
202
557694
2246
這些規則,是從賽局理論
09:19
and organizational sociology.
203
559940
2228
及組織社會學得來。
09:22
You can increase the shadow of the future.
204
562168
2852
你可以對未來陰影 (shadow of the future) 的增強感到憂慮,
09:25
Create feedback loops that expose people
205
565020
2901
創造回饋環路 (feedback loop),
09:27
to the consequences of their actions.
206
567921
2601
向大家揭露行動的後果真相,
09:30
This is what the automotive company did
207
570522
1944
這就是汽車製造公司所做的,
09:32
when they saw that Mr. Repairability had no impact.
208
572466
2790
當他們看到可維修性先生 沒有產生任何影響,
09:35
They said to the design engineers:
209
575256
1635
他們對設計工程師說:
09:36
Now, in three years, when the new car is launched on the market,
210
576891
4695
那三年內,當新車推出市場時,
09:41
you will move to the after sales network, and become in charge
211
581586
2944
你會被調到售後服務的網絡內
09:44
of the warranty budget,
212
584530
2375
負責保固的預算,
09:46
and if the warranty budget explodes,
213
586905
3379
如果保固預算爆了,
09:50
it will explode in your face. (Laughter)
214
590284
2667
它會讓你死得很難看!(笑聲)
09:52
Much more powerful than 0.8 percent variable compensation.
215
592951
5941
這一定比 0.8% 的 變動薪酬更有力。
09:58
You need also to increase reciprocity,
216
598892
3722
你也需要增強相互關係,
10:02
by removing the buffers that make us self-sufficient.
217
602614
3715
挪去讓自我感到滿足的緩衝保護,
10:06
When you remove these buffers,
218
606329
2472
當你挪走這些緩衝保護,
10:08
you hold me by the nose, I hold you by the ear.
219
608801
2997
大家的關係唇齒相依,
10:11
We will cooperate.
220
611798
1382
我們就會一起合作,
10:13
Remove the second TV.
221
613180
1540
拿走第二部電視。
10:14
There are many second TVs at work
222
614720
2244
工作職場上存在很多第二部電視,
10:16
that don't create value,
223
616964
1301
它們不會創造價值,
10:18
they just provide dysfunctional self-sufficiency.
224
618265
4688
只會提供不正常的自我滿足,
10:22
You need to reward those who cooperate
225
622953
2429
你需要獎勵會合作的員工,
10:25
and blame those who don't cooperate.
226
625382
1679
責備不合作的。
10:27
The CEO of The Lego Group,
227
627061
3069
樂高集團執行長
10:30
Jorgen Vig Knudstorp, has a great way to use it.
228
630130
2823
納斯托普採取主動使用它,
10:32
He says, blame is not for failure,
229
632953
2905
他說失敗者不應該受到責備,
10:35
it is for failing to help or ask for help.
230
635858
4535
要責備那些未曾幫助他人或求助者,
10:40
It changes everything.
231
640393
2379
這樣可以改變一切。
10:42
Suddenly it becomes in my interest to be transparent
232
642772
2520
突然間坦率地表達出 真正的弱點、實際預測
10:45
on my real weaknesses, my real forecast,
233
645292
2040
變為對自己有利,
10:47
because I know I will not be blamed if I fail,
234
647332
2086
因為我知道即使失敗也不會受到責備,
10:49
but if I fail to help or ask for help.
235
649418
3868
除非沒有幫助他人或向其他人求助。
10:53
When you do this, it has a lot of implications
236
653286
2927
當你這麼做,
10:56
on organizational design.
237
656213
2945
在整個企業的組織設計上 就有很多涵義。
10:59
You stop drawing boxes, dotted lines, full lines;
238
659158
2418
你停止畫框框、虛線、實線,
11:01
you look at their interplay.
239
661576
1390
你著重在他們之間的交互作用,
11:02
It has a lot of implications on financial policies
240
662966
2979
在我們所運用的財務政策上
11:05
that we use.
241
665945
1214
也有很多涵義,
11:07
On human resource management practices.
242
667159
2622
在人力資源管理上也如是。
11:09
When you do that, you can manage complexity,
243
669781
2424
當你那樣做,你就能控制複雜度,
11:12
the new complexity of business,
244
672205
1593
企業的新複雜度,
11:13
without getting complicated.
245
673798
2933
卻不至搞得很繁複。
11:16
You create more value with lower cost.
246
676731
3650
你花較少的成本創造更多價值,
11:20
You simultaneously improve performance and satisfaction at work
247
680381
4574
同時改善了工作績效及滿意度,
11:24
because you have removed the common root cause
248
684955
2729
因為你已經挪去了
11:27
that hinders both.
249
687684
1616
阻礙工作績效和 降低滿意度的共通根源。
11:29
Complicatedness: This is your battle, business leaders.
250
689300
4710
複雜度:這是你的戰鬥,企業領導人。
11:34
The real battle is not against competitors.
251
694010
2827
真正的戰鬥不是面對競爭者。
11:36
This is rubbish, very abstract.
252
696837
2421
這是廢話,兼非常抽象的。
11:39
When do we meet competitors to fight them?
253
699258
2663
我們什麼時候會與競爭者面對面戰鬥?
11:41
The real battle is against ourselves,
254
701921
2901
真正的戰鬥是跟自己作戰,
11:44
against our bureaucracy, our complicatedness.
255
704822
3354
跟我們的官僚體系、 我們的複雜度作戰。
11:48
Only you can fight, can do it.
256
708176
3157
只有你能打這場仗, 就可以完成這件事。
11:51
Thank you.
257
711333
2087
謝謝。
11:53
(Applause)
258
713420
2692
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7