Alessandra Orofino: It’s our city. Let’s fix it

翻译人员: chunhua zhang 校对人员: Peipei Xiang

Fifty-four percent of the world's population

世界上54%的人口

lives in our cities.

居住在城市。

In developing countries,

在发展中国家，

one third of that population

有三分之一的人

is living in slums.

居住在贫民窟。

Seventy-five percent of global energy consumption

全球75%的能源消耗

occurs in our cities,

发生在城市，

and 80 percent of gas emissions

导致全球变暖的气体排放有80%

that cause global warming

come from our cities.

是来自城市。

So things that you and I might think about

那些你和我可能认为

as global problems,

是全球性的问题，

like climate change, the energy crisis

比如气候变化、能源危机

or poverty,

或者贫穷，

are really, in many ways, city problems.

事实上从很多方面来讲，是城市问题。

They will not be solved

这些问题是不会得到解决的，除非

unless people who live in cities,

居住在城市里的人们——

like most of us,

就像我们在座的大多数——

actually start doing a better job,

真正行动起来，

because right now, we are not doing a very good one.

因为现在我们做的还很不够。

And that becomes very clear

当我们从以下三个方面考察城市生活时， 这一点就变得非常清楚了。

when we look into three aspects of city life:

first, our citizens' willingness to engage

首先是我们的公民参与民主制度的意愿；

with democratic institutions;

second, our cities' ability to really include

其次是我们的城市能够真正包容

all of their residents;

它所有的居民的能力；

and lastly, our own ability

最后是我们自己

to live fulfilling and happy lives.

能够充实而快乐地生活的能力。

When it comes to engagement,

谈到民主参与意愿，

the data is very clear.

我们有很清楚的数据。

Voter turnout around the world

全世界的选民投票率

peaked in the late '80s,

在上世纪80年代达到峰值，

and it has been declining at a pace

然后以一个前所未有的速度在下降，

that we have never seen before,

and if those numbers are bad at the national level,

如果说这些数字在国家层面已经很坏了，

at the level of our cities,

那么在城市层面

they are just dismal.

则更惨淡了。

In the last two years,

在过去两年中，

two of the world's most consolidated,

世界上最坚固、

oldest democracies, the U.S. and France,

最老牌的两个民主国家，美国和法国

held nationwide municipal elections.

都举行了全国性的市政府选举。

In France, voter turnout hit a record low.

在法国，投票率再创新低。

Almost 40 percent of voters decided

将近40%的选民决定

not to show up.

不去投票。

In the U.S., the numbers were even scarier.

在美国，这个数字更加可怕。

In some American cities,

在某些美国城市，

voter turnout was close to five percent.

投票率仅仅接近5%。

I'll let that sink in for a second.

我会给大家一点时间消化。

We're talking about democratic cities

我们正在谈论的是那些民主城市，

in which 95 percent of people

而在这些地方，有95%的民众

decided that it was not important

觉得选举他们的领导人并不是一件重要的事情。

to elect their leaders.

The city of L.A., a city of four million people,

洛杉矶，这座拥有400万居民的城市，

elected its mayor with just a bit over 200,000 votes.

仅仅用20万多一点的选票就选出了市长。

That was the lowest turnout the city had seen

这是这座城市近100年来投票率最低的一次选举。

in 100 years.

Right here, in my city of Rio,

在这里，我所居住的城市里约，

in spite of mandatory voting,

尽管强制要求民众投票，

almost 30 percent of the voting population

还是有将近30%的选民

chose to either annul their votes

决定将他们的选票作废

or stay home and pay a fine

或者待在家里并支付罚款，

in the last mayoral elections.

就在上一次的市长选举中。

When it comes to inclusiveness,

谈到包容性，

our cities are not the best cases of success either,

我们的城市也做得不是很成功，

and again, you don't need to look very far

跟前面一样，你不需要很费力

in order to find proof of that.

就可以看到这样的证据。

The city of Rio is incredibly unequal.

里约是一个非常不平等的城市。

This is Leblon.

这是莱布朗区，

Leblon is the city's richest neighborhood.

莱布朗是这座城市最富裕的社区。

And this is Complexo do Alemão.

而这里是阿莱芒贫民窟，

This is where over 70,000

容纳了7万多这座城市

of the city's poorest residents live.

最贫穷的人。

Leblon has an HDI, a Human Development Index,

莱布朗区的HDI，人类发展指数

of .967.

是0.967。

That is higher than Norway, Switzerland

这比挪威、瑞士或者瑞典的都要高。

or Sweden.

Complexo do Alemão has an HDI of .711.

而阿莱芒的人类发展指数是0.711，

It sits somewhere in between the HDI

介于阿尔及利亚和加蓬之间。

of Algeria and Gabon.

So Rio, like so many cities across the global South,

就像南半球的许多其它城市一样，里约

is a place where you can go from northern Europe

是一个你可以

在30分钟内经历 从北欧到撒哈拉以南的非洲的地方——

to sub-Saharan Africa

in the space of 30 minutes.

If you drive, that is.

当然前提是你自己开车。

If you take public transit, it's about two hours.

如果你乘坐公共交通，那就需要2个小时。

And lastly, perhaps most importantly,

最后一点，也可能是最重要的一点，

cities, with the incredible wealth

城市，因其产生的令人难以置信的

of relations that they enable,

人际关系方面的财富，

could be the ideal places for human happiness

可以是人类幸福蓬勃发展的理想场所。

to flourish.

We like being around people.

我们喜欢待在人群之中。

We are social animals.

我们是群居动物。

Instead, countries where urbanization

然而，那些城镇化已经达到峰值的国家

has already peaked seem to be the very countries

似乎也正是那些城市不再使人们快乐的国家。

in which cities have stopped making us happy.

The United States population has suffered

美国人

在过去三十年总体幸福度是在下降的，

from a general decrease in happiness

for the past three decades,

and the main reason is this.

主要原因就在此。

The American way of building cities

美国人建设城市的方式

has caused good quality public spaces

导致许多高质量的公共空间

to virtually disappear in many,

在许多美国城市几乎消失殆尽，

many American cities,

and as a result, they have seen

结果，我们看到的是

a decline of relations,

人际关系的衰退

of the things that make us happy.

以及那些使我们快乐的东西的衰退。

Many studies show an increase

很多研究都表明

in solitude and a decrease in solidarity,

有越来越多的孤独，

而团结、诚信，社会与公民参与却越来越少。

honesty, and social and civic participation.

So how do we start building cities

我们要如何开始建造我们自己在乎的城市？

that make us care?

Cities that value their most important asset:

这个城市重视其最重要的资产：

the incredible diversity

即居住在其中的人们所呈现的惊人的多样性。

of the people who live in them?

Cities that make us happy?

我们要如何建造能使我们快乐的城市？

Well, I believe that if we want to change

我认为如果我们想要改变

what our cities look like,

我们城市的现状，

then we really have to change

那么我们必须得去改变

the decision-making processes

那些让我们之所以有现在这样的城市的决策程序。

that have given us the results that we have right now.

We need a participation revolution,

我们需要一个参与革命，

and we need it fast.

并且越快越好。

The idea of voting as our only exercise in citizenship

那种把投票作为我们唯一的履行公民权的想法

does not make sense anymore.

已经不再有意义了。

People are tired of only being treated

人们已经厌倦了仅仅是

as empowered individuals every few years

在每隔几年需要将权力

when it's time to delegate that power

授予某人时

to someone else.

才被当作有能力的个体对待。

If the protests that swept Brazil

如果说2013年6月横扫整个巴西的游行示威

in June 2013 have taught us anything,

告诉了我们什么的话，

it's that every time we try

那就是每一次当我们尝试着

to exercise our power

在选举以外行使我们的权力时，

outside of an electoral context,

we are beaten up, humiliated or arrested.

我们只会挨打、受辱或被捕。

And this needs to change,

这种情况需要改变，

because when it does,

因为改变之后，

not only will people re-engage

人们不仅会重新参与到

with the structures of representation,

代表结构中来，

but also complement these structures

而且还可以用

with direct, effective, and collective decision making,

直接、高效和集体的决策来补充这些结构，

decision making of the kind

那种通过它本身包容的本质来攻击不平等的决策，

that attacks inequality

by its very inclusive nature,

decision making of the kind

那种可以使我们的城市变得更宜居的决策。

that can change our cities

into better places for us to live.

But there is a catch, obviously:

但很明显，问题没那么简单。

Enabling widespread participation

促成广泛的民众参与

and redistributing power

和权力再分配

can be a logistical nightmare,

实际操作起来会是一个噩梦，

and there's where technology can play

而这也是科技能够充当

an incredibly helpful role,

一个非常有用的角色的地方——

by making it easier for people to organize,

它可以使人们更容易地组织、

communicate and make decisions

交流和决策，

without having to be in the same room

而且大家不必在同一时间出现在同一地方。

at the same time.

Unfortunately for us,

对我们来说不幸的是，

when it comes to fostering democratic processes,

在促进民主的过程中，

our city governments have not used technology

我们的政府并没有让科技

to its full potential.

发挥它的全部潜能。

So far, most city governments have been effective

目前为止，大部分的市政府

at using tech to turn citizens into human sensors

在使用科技将公民变成人体传感器方面非常有效，

who serve authorities with data on the city:

公民给当局报告一些城市数据：

potholes, fallen trees or broken lamps.

比如哪里出现了坑洼、 哪里的树倒了或者哪里的灯坏了等等。

They have also, to a lesser extent,

这些城市政府还会在小范围内

invited people to participate in improving

邀请民众参与到改善

the outcome of decisions

决策结果的活动中来，

that were already made for them,

事实上这些决策是早已为这些民众做好了的，

just like my mom when I was eight

这情形就跟在我八岁的时候

and she told me that I had a choice:

妈妈告诉我可以自己做选择一样：

I had to be in bed by 8 p.m.,

我必须得在晚上八点钟前上床，

but I could choose my pink pajamas or my blue pajamas.

但是我可以选择穿粉红色或者蓝色的睡衣。

That's not participation,

那不是参与，

and in fact, governments have not been very good

事实上，政府还不善于

at using technology to enable participation

使用科技让民众参与到

on what matters —

那些重要的事情中来——

the way we allocate our budget,

比如我们分配预算的方式，

the way we occupy our land,

我们使用土地的方式，

and the way we manage our natural resources.

以及我们管理我们的自然资源的方式。

Those are the kinds of decisions

这些都是能够真正影响那些

that can actually impact global problems

在我们的城市出现的全球问题的决策。

that manifest themselves in our cities.

The good news is,

好消息是，

and I do have good news to share with you,

我真的有一个好消息要分享给你们，

we don't need to wait for governments to do this.

那就是我们不需要等到政府去做这些。

I have reason to believe

我有理由相信

that it's possible for citizens to build

公民可以构建

their own structures of participation.

属于他们自己的参与结构。

Three years ago, I cofounded an organization

3年前，我跟别人一起成立了一个组织，

called Meu Rio,

叫做“我的里约”，

and we make it easier for people in the city of Rio

我们使里约的居民能够更容易地

to organize around causes and places

围绕他们所在城市里的那些他们关心的 事件和地点去组织活动，

that they care about in their own city,

and have an impact on those causes and places

并且每天对这些事件和地点产生影响。

every day.

In these past three years, Meu Rio grew

在过去的三年里，“我的里约”已经成长为

to a network of 160,000 citizens of Rio.

一个覆盖十六万里约市民的网络。

About 40 percent of those members are young people

这些人中有40%是

20到29岁的年轻人，

aged 20 to 29.

That is one in every 15 young people

也就是今天的里约这个年龄段的 每15个年轻人中就有一个是“我的里约”的成员。

of that age in Rio today.

Amongst our members is this adorable little girl,

这个可爱的小姑娘也是我们的成员之一，

Bia, to your right,

她叫比亚，在你的右边，

and Bia was just 11 years old

她当时只有11岁，

when she started a campaign using one of our tools

比亚使用我们的一个工具发起了一场

to save her model public school from demolition.

保卫她的学校免被拆除的运动。

Her school actually ranks among the best

事实上她的学校跻身于

public schools in the country,

这个国家最好的公立学校之列，

and it was going to be demolished

然而里约热内卢州政府打算把它拆了

by the Rio de Janeiro state government

to build, I kid you not,

去建——我不跟你开玩笑——

a parking lot for the World Cup

去建一个为世界杯服务的停车场，

right before the event happened.

就在这场盛事开始前。

Bia started a campaign, and we even watched

比亚发起了一场运动，我们甚至通过

her school 24/7 through webcam monitoring,

网络摄像监控24小时不间断观察她的学校，

and many months afterwards,

几个月后，

the government changed their minds.

政府改变了主意。

Bia's school stayed in place.

比亚的学校得以保全。

There's also Jovita.

还有约维塔的故事。

She's an amazing woman whose daughter

她是一个了不起的女人，她女儿

went missing about 10 years ago,

10年前走丢了，

and since then, she has been looking

从那以后，她就一直在寻找她的女儿。

for her daughter.

In that process, she found out

在这个过程中，她第一次发现

that first, she was not alone.

她并不是唯一的一个。

In the last year alone, 2013,

仅去年，也就是2013年，

6,000 people disappeared

里约州就有6000人失踪。

in the state of Rio.

But she also found out that in spite of that,

但她也发现尽管如此，

Rio had no centralized intelligence system

里约却没有一个处理失踪案件的集中的情报系统。

for solving missing persons cases.

In other Brazilian cities, those systems

在其它的巴西城市，这样的系统

have helped solve up to 80 percent

已经帮助处理了高达80%的

of missing persons cases.

失踪案件。

She started a campaign,

她发起了一场运动，

and after the secretary of security got 16,000 emails

在安全部长收到了16000封

from people asking him to do this,

要求他建立这样的系统的邮件后，

he responded, and started to build a police unit

他做出了回应，并开始建造一支

specializing in those cases.

专门处理这些案件的警察队伍。

It was open to the public at the end of last month,

上个月底它已经对公众开放了，

and Jovita was there

约维塔也在场

giving interviews and being very fancy.

并且很高兴地接受了采访。

And then, there is Leandro.

接下来，我要说说莱安德罗的故事。

Leandro is an amazing guy

莱安德罗是一个

in a slum in Rio,

居住在里约一个贫民窟的了不起的家伙，

and he created a recycling project in the slum.

他在那个贫民窟创建了一个资源回收项目。

At the end of last year, December 16,

去年年底，12月16日，

he received an eviction order

他收到了里约热内卢州政府的驱逐令，

by the Rio de Janeiro state government

giving him two weeks to leave the space

他们给了他两周的时间搬离

that he had been using for two years.

他已经使用了两年的地方。

The plan was to hand it over to a developer,

他们的计划是这块地交给一个开发商，

who planned to turn it into a construction site.

这个开发商则打算将它变成一个建筑工地。

Leandro started a campaign using one of our tools,

莱安德罗发起了一场运动，他使用了我们的一个工具，

the Pressure Cooker,

叫做“高压锅”，

the same one that Bia and Jovita used,

这也是比亚和约维塔曾经使用过的，

and the state government changed their minds

然后州政府在圣诞前夕改变了主意。

before Christmas Eve.

These stories make me happy,

这些故事让我很开心，

but not just because they have happy endings.

但不仅仅是因为它们有一个美满的结局。

They make me happy because they are

它们让我开心是因为它们

happy beginnings.

是一个愉快的开始。

The teacher and parent community at Bia's school

比亚学校里的老师和学生家长

is looking for other ways they could improve

正在寻找其他能进一步

that space even further.

改善这个空间的方法。

Leandro has ambitious plans

莱安德罗有着雄心勃勃的计划，

to take his model to other low-income communities in Rio,

他计划将他的模式带到里约的其它低收入社区，

and Jovita is volunteering at the police unit

而约维塔正在她帮助创建的

that she helped created.

那个警队做义工。

Bia, Jovita and Leandro

比亚、约维塔和莱安德罗

are living examples of something

是这样的活生生的例子，

that citizens and city governments around the world

这是全世界的公民和城市政府都

need to know:

需要知道的，也就是：

We are ready.

我们准备好了。

As citizens, we are ready

作为公民，我们准备好了

to decide on our common destinies,

去决定我们共同的命运，

because we know that the way we distribute power

因为我们知道我们分配权力的方式

says a lot about how we actually value everyone,

说明我们是如何真正重视每一个人的，

and because we know

因为我们知道

that enabling and participating in local politics

支持和参与当地政治

is a sign that we truly care

是我们真正关心

about our relations to one another,

我们彼此的关系的一个标志，

and we are ready to do this

并且我们已经准备好了

in cities around the world right now.

现在就开始在全世界的城市里行动起来。

With the Our Cities network,

通过“我们的城市”网络，

the Meu Rio team

“我的里约”团队

hopes to share what we have learned

希望跟其他想要在他们自己的城市

with other people who want to create

similar initiatives in their own cities.

创建类似项目的人分享我们学到的东西。

We have already started doing it in São Paulo

我们已经开始在圣保罗这样做了，

with incredible results,

并且取得了令人难以置信的成果，

and want to take it to cities around the world

我们想要将它带到世界各地的城市——

through a network of citizen-centric,

通过一个以公民为中心的、

citizen-led organizations

公民主导的组织的网络，

that can inspire us,

而这些组织可以激励我们、

challenge us, and remind us to demand

挑战我们并提醒我们去

real participation in our city lives.

真正参与到我们城市生活中来。

It is up to us

最终的决定权在我们手里，

to decide whether we want schools

我们是想要学校

or parking lots,

还是停车场，

community-driven recycling projects

社区回收项目

or construction sites,

还是建筑工地，

loneliness or solidarity, cars or buses,

孤独或团结，汽车或公交，

and it is our responsibility to do that now,

现在我们有责任去做这些，

for ourselves, for our families,

为我们自己，为我们的家人，

for the people who make our lives worth living,

也为那些让我们值得生活下去的人们，

and for the incredible creativity,

以及为那惊人的创造力、美丽和奇迹——

beauty, and wonder that make our cities,

那些使得我们的城市成为——

in spite of all of their problems,

尽管它们有着各种各样的问题——

the greatest invention of our time.

我们这个时代最伟大的发明的东西。

Obrigado. Thank you.

谢谢，感谢你们。

(Applause)

（掌声）