Alessandra Orofino: It’s our city. Let’s fix it

譯者: William Choi 審譯者: Adrienne Lin

Fifty-four percent of the world's population

世界上 54% 的人口

lives in our cities.

居住在我們的城市。

In developing countries,

在發展中國家，

one third of that population

有三分之一的人口

is living in slums.

住在貧民窟。

Seventy-five percent of global energy consumption

全球 75% 的能源消耗

occurs in our cities,

發生在我們的城市，

and 80 percent of gas emissions

而 80%

導致全球暖化的氣體排放，

that cause global warming

come from our cities.

來自我們的城市。

So things that you and I might think about

你和我都認為屬於

as global problems,

全球問題的事情，

like climate change, the energy crisis

例如氣候變化、能源危機，

or poverty,

或者貧窮，

are really, in many ways, city problems.

從各方面看， 事實上都是城市的問題。

They will not be solved

問題不會解決，

unless people who live in cities,

除非住在城市裡的人，

like most of us,

就像我們大部份的人，

actually start doing a better job,

真正開始做較好的事情，

because right now, we are not doing a very good one.

因為我們現在做的還不足夠。

And that becomes very clear

那就變得十分清楚，

when we look into three aspects of city life:

當我們看看城市生活的三個面貌：

first, our citizens' willingness to engage

首先，是我們市民

with democratic institutions;

參與民主制度的意願；

second, our cities' ability to really include

第二，我們城市能夠

使所有市民成為整體的一部分；

all of their residents;

and lastly, our own ability

最後，我們自己能夠

to live fulfilling and happy lives.

充實且快樂地生活。

When it comes to engagement,

當談及參與的承諾時，

the data is very clear.

數據就十分清楚。

Voter turnout around the world

全世界的投票率

peaked in the late '80s,

在八十年代後期達到高峰，

and it has been declining at a pace

然後以我們從未見過的步伐下降，

that we have never seen before,

and if those numbers are bad at the national level,

在國家層面來說， 如果數字很糟榚的話，

at the level of our cities,

在我們城市的層面來說，

they are just dismal.

可以說是慘淡。

In the last two years,

在過去兩年，

two of the world's most consolidated,

全球兩個最團結

oldest democracies, the U.S. and France,

最古老的民主社會，美國和法國，

held nationwide municipal elections.

舉行了全國性的市政選舉。

In France, voter turnout hit a record low.

在法國，

投票率創下歷史新低，

Almost 40 percent of voters decided

約 40% 選民決定

not to show up.

不去投票。

In the U.S., the numbers were even scarier.

在美國，數字更為可怕。

In some American cities,

在一些美國城市，

voter turnout was close to five percent.

投票率接近 5%。

I'll let that sink in for a second.

待會我們再談談這個。

We're talking about democratic cities

我們正在談及一些民主城市，

in which 95 percent of people

當中 95% 的人

decided that it was not important

覺得選舉他們的領袖並不重要，

to elect their leaders.

The city of L.A., a city of four million people,

洛杉機市，

一個四百萬人口的城市，

elected its mayor with just a bit over 200,000 votes.

其市長選舉剛得到超過 20 萬票，

That was the lowest turnout the city had seen

那是 100 年來這個城市 最低的投票率，

in 100 years.

Right here, in my city of Rio,

就在這裡，我的城市里約熱內盧，

in spite of mandatory voting,

盡管實施強制投票，

almost 30 percent of the voting population

約 30% 選民

chose to either annul their votes

卻選擇放棄他們的選票，

or stay home and pay a fine

選擇留在家裡並繳交罰款，

in the last mayoral elections.

也不願參與最近的市長選舉。

When it comes to inclusiveness,

當涉及到包容性，

our cities are not the best cases of success either,

我們的城市也不是最成功的個案，

and again, you don't need to look very far

而且，你並不需要看得太遠

in order to find proof of that.

去尋找證明。

The city of Rio is incredibly unequal.

里約熱內盧市是難以置信的不公平。

This is Leblon.

這是列布隆。

Leblon is the city's richest neighborhood.

列布隆是城市裡最富有的社區。

And this is Complexo do Alemão.

而這是阿萊芒街區，

This is where over 70,000

這座城市超過七萬名

of the city's poorest residents live.

最貧窮的居民住在此處，

Leblon has an HDI, a Human Development Index,

列布隆的人類發展指數 (HDI)，

of .967.

為 .967，

That is higher than Norway, Switzerland

較挪威、瑞士或瑞典還高。

or Sweden.

Complexo do Alemão has an HDI of .711.

阿萊芒街區的 HDI 為 .711，

It sits somewhere in between the HDI

在阿爾及利亞與 加彭共和國的 HDI 之間。

of Algeria and Gabon.

So Rio, like so many cities across the global South,

那麼里約熱內盧

就像南半球的眾多城市，

is a place where you can go from northern Europe

是一個可從北歐

to sub-Saharan Africa

到非洲南撒哈拉

in the space of 30 minutes.

只要花三十分鐘的地方。

If you drive, that is.

如果你駕車的話，就可以了。

If you take public transit, it's about two hours.

如果你乘搭公共交通，就需約二小時。

And lastly, perhaps most importantly,

最後，或者是最重要的，

cities, with the incredible wealth

不同的城市，以及其非常活躍的

of relations that they enable,

人際關係，使它可成為

could be the ideal places for human happiness

人類快樂幸褔發展的理想地。

to flourish.

We like being around people.

我們喜歡被其他人圍繞，

We are social animals.

我們是群體動物。

Instead, countries where urbanization

但是，

都市化已達至高峰的國家，

has already peaked seem to be the very countries

正是那些城市不再使我們高興的國家。

in which cities have stopped making us happy.

The United States population has suffered

美國人

from a general decrease in happiness

整體而言已受到幸褔感下降之苦，

for the past three decades,

過去三十年皆如此。

and the main reason is this.

主要原因正是：

The American way of building cities

以美國方式建設的城市

has caused good quality public spaces

使那麼高質素的公共空間

to virtually disappear in many,

實質上在很多

很多的美國城市之中消失，

many American cities,

and as a result, they have seen

而結果是，他們看到

a decline of relations,

關係的倒退，

of the things that make us happy.

使我們快樂的事情消失。

Many studies show an increase

很多研究都顯示現在孤獨感增加，

in solitude and a decrease in solidarity,

而減少了團結、

honesty, and social and civic participation.

誠信、社會及公民參與。

So how do we start building cities

那麼我們是如何開始建立

一些我們關心的城市？

that make us care?

Cities that value their most important asset:

看重其最重要資產的城市：

the incredible diversity

住在城市裡的民眾

of the people who live in them?

其異常豐富的多樣性？

Cities that make us happy?

使我們快樂的城市？

Well, I believe that if we want to change

我相信如果我們要改變

what our cities look like,

我們城市的樣貌，

then we really have to change

那麼我們真的要改變

the decision-making processes

決策過程，

that have given us the results that we have right now.

以及導致我們現在所得的結果。

We need a participation revolution,

我們需要參與革命，

and we need it fast.

而且我們急迫需要。

The idea of voting as our only exercise in citizenship

投票這個我們唯一可行使的公民權利

does not make sense anymore.

已不再有意義，

People are tired of only being treated

民眾已厭倦每隔幾年

as empowered individuals every few years

被看待成獲授權人士，

when it's time to delegate that power

可將權力委派別人

to someone else.

作代表。

If the protests that swept Brazil

如果 2013 年 6 月的抗議潮 在巴西席捲後，

in June 2013 have taught us anything,

我們所學會的事情

it's that every time we try

就是每次嘗試

to exercise our power

在選舉的背景之下，

outside of an electoral context,

行使我們的權力時，

we are beaten up, humiliated or arrested.

我們會遭受到毆打、 侮辱、甚至逮捕，

And this needs to change,

這個情況需要改變，

because when it does,

因為當它真的改變時，

not only will people re-engage

民眾不僅重新

with the structures of representation,

參與代議體制，

but also complement these structures

也會把這些組織

with direct, effective, and collective decision making,

與直接、有效的，

以及集體決策互補，

decision making of the kind

這類決策

that attacks inequality

可以對抗這種結構本身的不平等；

by its very inclusive nature,

decision making of the kind

這類決策

that can change our cities

可以改變我們的城市，

into better places for us to live.

成為我們可活得更好的地方。

But there is a catch, obviously:

但是明顯地這有個陷阱：

Enabling widespread participation

實現廣泛的參與

and redistributing power

以及重新分配權力

can be a logistical nightmare,

可會是難辦之事，

and there's where technology can play

而在這方面，技術可以擔當

an incredibly helpful role,

一個極為有用的角色，

by making it easier for people to organize,

使民眾更容易組織、

communicate and make decisions

溝通和做出決定，

without having to be in the same room

而不必同時身處

at the same time.

在同一個房間。

Unfortunately for us,

不幸的是，

when it comes to fostering democratic processes,

當我們談到促進民主進程時，

our city governments have not used technology

我們的市政府並沒有運用科技

to its full potential.

來充份發揮其潛力。

So far, most city governments have been effective

到目前為止， 大部分市政府有效地

at using tech to turn citizens into human sensors

運用科技把市民變成人類感應器，

who serve authorities with data on the city:

把城市裡的數據傳送給當局：

potholes, fallen trees or broken lamps.

路面的坑洞、樹木倒塌 以至街燈損壞。

They have also, to a lesser extent,

在較小的程度上，

invited people to participate in improving

他們也邀請市民參與改善

the outcome of decisions

那些已為他們決定的決策結果。

that were already made for them,

just like my mom when I was eight

就像我八歲時，

and she told me that I had a choice:

我媽告訴我：我可以選擇

I had to be in bed by 8 p.m.,

在晚上八點前必須上床，

but I could choose my pink pajamas or my blue pajamas.

但是我可以選擇 粉紅色睡衣或藍色睡衣。

That's not participation,

這並不是參與。

and in fact, governments have not been very good

而事實上，各國政府從來也沒有

at using technology to enable participation

好好地運用技術

增加要事的民眾參與度，

on what matters —

the way we allocate our budget,

像是我們分配預算的方式、

the way we occupy our land,

我們佔領土地的方式，

and the way we manage our natural resources.

以及我們管理自然資源的方式。

Those are the kinds of decisions

這些都是各種不同類型的決定，

that can actually impact global problems

實際上可影響全球的問題，

that manifest themselves in our cities.

而在我們的城市表露出來的。

The good news is,

好消息是，

and I do have good news to share with you,

我的確有好消息可跟大家分享，

we don't need to wait for governments to do this.

我們無需等待政府來做這件事。

I have reason to believe

我有理由相信，

that it's possible for citizens to build

市民的確有可能

建立起代議體制。

their own structures of participation.

Three years ago, I cofounded an organization

三年前，我與其他人創辦了一個組織，

called Meu Rio,

名為「我們的里約」(Meu Rio) 。

and we make it easier for people in the city of Rio

我們讓里約熱內盧裡的市民，

to organize around causes and places

就著他們所關心的事情和地方

that they care about in their own city,

更容易地組織起來，

and have an impact on those causes and places

對他們每日所關心的

every day.

事情和地方產生影響。

In these past three years, Meu Rio grew

在過去三年，「我們的里約」增長為

to a network of 160,000 citizens of Rio.

一個達到 16 萬居民的網絡。

About 40 percent of those members are young people

大約 40％ 的成員是年輕人，

aged 20 to 29.

年齡介於 20 歲至 29 歲。

That is one in every 15 young people

在今天的里約熱內盧，

of that age in Rio today.

每十五個青年中就有一個是那年紀。

Amongst our members is this adorable little girl,

這個可愛的小女孩是 我們其中一個會員，

Bia, to your right,

她叫比亞，你們右手邊這位，

and Bia was just 11 years old

比亞年僅 11 歲時，

when she started a campaign using one of our tools

就使用我們其中一個工具

to save her model public school from demolition.

來挽救她的模範公立學校 以避免拆遷時，

Her school actually ranks among the best

事實上，她的學校

在全國公立學校中名列前茅，

public schools in the country,

and it was going to be demolished

它要被拆除是因為

by the Rio de Janeiro state government

里約熱內盧州政府，

to build, I kid you not,

我不是開玩笑，

a parking lot for the World Cup

為了要興建一個停車場

right before the event happened.

以供即將舉行的世界盃之用。

Bia started a campaign, and we even watched

比亞開展了一場運動後，

我們甚至透過網路攝影機 全天候監測她的學校。

her school 24/7 through webcam monitoring,

and many months afterwards,

幾個月後，

the government changed their minds.

政府改變主意了。

Bia's school stayed in place.

比亞的學校可保留在原地。

There's also Jovita.

還有袓菲達，

She's an amazing woman whose daughter

她是一個了不起的女人，

went missing about 10 years ago,

大約 10 年前，她的女兒失蹤了。

and since then, she has been looking

從那時起，

她一直在尋找女兒。

for her daughter.

In that process, she found out

過程中，她首先發現

that first, she was not alone.

她並不孤單。

In the last year alone, 2013,

僅在去年 2013 年，

6,000 people disappeared

在里約熱內盧市已有 6000 人失蹤。

in the state of Rio.

But she also found out that in spite of that,

但是她也發現，緃使如此，

Rio had no centralized intelligence system

里約熱內盧並沒有中央化的情報系統

for solving missing persons cases.

以處理失蹤人口的案件。

In other Brazilian cities, those systems

在巴西的其他城市，

這些系統可協助警察 偵破高達 80 %的

have helped solve up to 80 percent

of missing persons cases.

失蹤人口案件。

She started a campaign,

她展開了一場運動，

and after the secretary of security got 16,000 emails

國家安全局局長收到 16000 封電郵，

from people asking him to do this,

市民要求這樣做，

he responded, and started to build a police unit

他才回應訴求， 並建立一個警察單位，

specializing in those cases.

專門對付這類案件。

It was open to the public at the end of last month,

在上個月底，它向公眾開放，

and Jovita was there

袓菲達也在那裡

giving interviews and being very fancy.

接受採訪，非常引人注目。

And then, there is Leandro.

然後，還有萊昂德羅。

Leandro is an amazing guy

萊昂德羅是一個 在里約熱內盧貧民窟裡

in a slum in Rio,

了不起的傢伙，

and he created a recycling project in the slum.

他在貧民窟創建了一個回收計劃。

At the end of last year, December 16,

在去年年底，12 月 16 日，

he received an eviction order

他收到里約熱內盧州政府 發出的驅逐令，

by the Rio de Janeiro state government

giving him two weeks to leave the space

要求他在兩個星期內

離開那個已使用了兩年的空間。

that he had been using for two years.

The plan was to hand it over to a developer,

政府計劃把土地交給開發商，

who planned to turn it into a construction site.

打算把它發展成為一個工地。

Leandro started a campaign using one of our tools,

萊昂德羅使用我們其中一個工具 展開了一場運動，

the Pressure Cooker,

高壓鍋，

the same one that Bia and Jovita used,

比亞和袓菲達曾使用過的同一工具，

and the state government changed their minds

州政府在平安夜前

before Christmas Eve.

改變了主意。

These stories make me happy,

這些故事使我感到高興，

but not just because they have happy endings.

不只是因為他們都得到完滿結局。

They make me happy because they are

他們讓我高興是因為

它們是快樂的開端。

happy beginnings.

The teacher and parent community at Bia's school

比亞學校裡的教師和家長團體

is looking for other ways they could improve

正在尋找其他方法

that space even further.

以進一步改善那個空間。

Leandro has ambitious plans

萊昂德羅有著雄心勃勃的計劃，

to take his model to other low-income communities in Rio,

把他的模型帶到里約熱內盧 其他低收入的社區裡。

and Jovita is volunteering at the police unit

而袓菲達成為一位志工，

在她協助建立的警察單位中服務。

that she helped created.

Bia, Jovita and Leandro

比亞、袓菲達和萊昂德羅

are living examples of something

都是活生生的例子，

that citizens and city governments around the world

全世界各地的公民、城市和政府

need to know:

也需要知道的：

We are ready.

我們準備好了。

As citizens, we are ready

身為公民，我們已經準備好

to decide on our common destinies,

決定我們共同的命運，

because we know that the way we distribute power

因為我們都知道， 我們分配權力的方式

says a lot about how we actually value everyone,

說明了我們如何真正地珍惜每個人，

and because we know

因為我們都知道，

that enabling and participating in local politics

能夠參與地方政治

is a sign that we truly care

就是我們對彼此關係

about our relations to one another,

真正關心的跡象，

and we are ready to do this

現在我們也準備

in cities around the world right now.

在世界各地的城市做同樣的事情。

With the Our Cities network,

利用我們的城市網絡，

the Meu Rio team

「我們的里約」團隊

hopes to share what we have learned

希望透過我們所學到的，

with other people who want to create

跟其他要在他們自己的城市

similar initiatives in their own cities.

展開類似活動的人一起分享。

We have already started doing it in São Paulo

我們在聖保羅已開始這樣做，

with incredible results,

且得到驚人的結果，

and want to take it to cities around the world

希望透過以公民為中心的網絡，

through a network of citizen-centric,

把它帶到世界各地的城市，

citizen-led organizations

由公民領導的組織，

that can inspire us,

可使我們感到鼓舞、

challenge us, and remind us to demand

挑戰我們，並提醒我們

real participation in our city lives.

要真正地參與我們的城市生活。

It is up to us

只有我們才能決定

to decide whether we want schools

是要保留學校

or parking lots,

還是興建停車場，

community-driven recycling projects

決定是要社區帶動的回收計劃，

or construction sites,

還是蓋建築工地，

loneliness or solidarity, cars or buses,

決定要孤獨亦或團結、要汽車還是公車。

and it is our responsibility to do that now,

這是我們的責任，現在就要做，

for ourselves, for our families,

為我們自己，為我們的家庭，

for the people who make our lives worth living,

為著那些使我們的生活 值得活下去的人，

and for the incredible creativity,

為那些驚人的創造力、

beauty, and wonder that make our cities,

美麗、奇蹟，

儘管要面對不同的問題，

in spite of all of their problems,

the greatest invention of our time.

也能使我們的城市 成為這時代最偉大的創造物。

Obrigado. Thank you.

謝謝。謝謝大家。

(Applause)

(鼓掌)