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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni
Reviewer: Morton Bast
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翻译人员: Tiannan Zhan
校对人员: Candice Wang
00:15
I grew up in Bihar, India's poorest state,
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我在印度最贫穷的地区比哈尔邦长大,
00:20
and I remember when I was six years old,
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并且我记得当我六岁的时候
00:24
I remember coming home one day to find a cart
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有一天我回到家时,在家门口找到一个手拉车,
00:27
full of the most delicious sweets at our doorstep.
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里面装满了最美味的零食。
00:33
My brothers and I dug in,
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我和我的兄弟们立刻开动猛吃,
00:36
and that's when my father came home.
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然后那个时候我父亲刚好回到家。
00:40
He was livid, and I still remember how we cried
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他当时面色铁青,我至今还记得我们怎样嚎啕大哭,
00:45
when that cart with our half-eaten sweets
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眼睁睁地看着那辆被我们吃了将近一半零食的车
00:49
was pulled away from us.
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被拖走了。
00:52
Later, I understood why my father got so upset.
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后来我才知道为什么我父亲如此生气。
00:57
Those sweets were a bribe
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因为那些零食其实是来自一个承包商的贿赂,
01:00
from a contractor who was trying to get my father
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他想通过贿赂从我父亲那里得到
01:04
to award him a government contract.
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一个政府合同。
01:07
My father was responsible for building roads in Bihar,
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我父亲负责比哈尔邦的道路建设,
01:12
and he had developed a firm stance against corruption,
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并且他的立场非常坚定,坚决反对腐败,
01:17
even though he was harassed and threatened.
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即使他因此被骚扰甚至威胁。
01:21
His was a lonely struggle, because Bihar
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我父亲的故事只是一个孤单的斗争过程,因为比哈尔邦
01:24
was also India's most corrupt state,
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曾经也是印度最腐败的邦,
01:28
where public officials were enriching themselves,
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那里的公职人员经常为自己谋取利益,
01:31
[rather] than serving the poor who had no means
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而不是服务那些穷苦的人民。
01:36
to express their anguish if their children
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这些穷人的孩子没有足够的食物,或者没有书读,
01:40
had no food or no schooling.
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而这些人也无处表达他们的痛苦。
01:43
And I experienced this most viscerally
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我深刻地体会到了这一切
01:48
when I traveled to remote villages to study poverty.
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当我去一些偏僻的村庄研究关于贫穷的问题。
01:54
And as I went village to village,
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我挨个去了许多村庄,
01:58
I remember one day, when I was famished and exhausted,
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我记得有一天,当我又累又饿,
02:04
and I was almost collapsing
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几乎要瘫倒的时候
02:07
in a scorching heat under a tree,
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我待在一棵树下,那时候天气非常燥热,
02:10
and just at that time, one of the poorest men in that village
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正在那个时候,一个几乎是那个村子里最穷的人
02:16
invited me into his hut and graciously fed me.
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邀请我去他的棚屋里休息,还非常和善地给我食物。
02:22
Only I later realized that what he fed me
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后来我才意识到他给我的那些食物
02:26
was food for his entire family for two days.
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原来是他一个家庭的整整两天的供给。
02:32
This profound gift of generosity
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他如此慷慨的给予给我留下了深刻的印象,
02:36
challenged and changed the very purpose of my life.
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并且挑战了以及改变了我整个人生的意义。
02:42
I resolved to give back.
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我下定决心要回报给他。
02:46
Later, I joined the World Bank, which sought to fight
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后来,我加入了世界银行组织,这个组织的目的是通过把来自
02:50
such poverty by transferring aid from rich to poor countries.
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富裕国家的援助输送到贫穷国家,来解决像这样的贫穷问题。
02:56
My initial work focused on Uganda, where I focused
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我刚开始的工作重心是乌干达,我着重于
03:01
on negotiating reforms with the Finance Ministry of Uganda
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与乌干达政府的财政部进行关于相关改革的谈判
03:05
so they could access our loans.
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这样他们可以得到我们的援助贷款。
03:08
But after we disbursed the loans, I remember
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但是当我们支付了贷款之后,我记得去乌干达考察
03:11
a trip in Uganda where I found newly built schools
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的时候我发现那些新造的学校
03:16
without textbooks or teachers,
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没有教科书也没有老师,
03:18
new health clinics without drugs,
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那些新建的医疗诊所没有药物,
03:21
and the poor once again without any voice or recourse.
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那些穷人还是没有发言的机会或是追索的权力。
03:27
It was Bihar all over again.
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乌干达简直就和当年的比哈尔邦一样。
03:31
Bihar represents the challenge of development:
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比哈尔邦代表着发展进程中的一种挑战,
03:35
abject poverty surrounded by corruption.
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即是腐败包围着那卑微的贫穷。
03:38
Globally, 1.3 billion people live on less than
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在全世界范围内,有1.3亿人口过着每天开销少于
03:43
$1.25 a day, and the work I did in Uganda
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1.25美元的日子,而我曾经在乌干达做过的工作
03:47
represents the traditional approach to these problems
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则代表着的这些问题的传统解决途径
03:52
that has been practiced since 1944,
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从1944年开始至今未变,
03:57
when winners of World War II, 500 founding fathers,
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当第二次世界大战的胜利者,那500个男性创始人,
04:02
and one lonely founding mother,
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以及一个孤零零的女性创始人,
04:06
gathered in New Hampshire, USA,
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在美国新罕布尔士州聚在一起,
04:08
to establish the Bretton Woods institutions,
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开创了布雷顿森林机构,
04:11
including the World Bank.
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包括世界银行组织在内。
04:13
And that traditional approach to development
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我之前讲到的区域发展的传统途径
04:16
had three key elements. First, transfer of resources
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有三个重要的问题。第一,从北边的发达国家向
04:20
from rich countries in the North
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南方的相对贫穷的国家
04:22
to poorer countries in the South,
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输入资源
04:24
accompanied by reform prescriptions.
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以及关于改革的具体方案。
04:27
Second, the development institutions that channeled
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第二,这些传输援助的发展机构
04:31
these transfers were opaque, with little transparency
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并不透明,你很难知道他们到底
04:35
of what they financed or what results they achieved.
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支援了什么项目或者达到了什么成果。
04:39
And third, the engagement in developing countries
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第三,在发展中国家开展的项目
04:43
was with a narrow set of government elites
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只跟少数政府官员有交流,
04:46
with little interaction with the citizens, who are
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而跟当地的人们有很少的互动,而这些人
04:50
the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance.
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才应该是真正该受到发展援助的对象。
04:54
Today, each of these elements is opening up
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今天,这三个问题都正在得到关注
04:58
due to dramatic changes in the global environment.
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因为全球环境发生了重大的变化。
05:02
Open knowledge, open aid, open governance,
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开放的知识渠道,多方的援助以及更为透明的政府政策,
05:05
and together, they represent three key shifts
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综合起来,这代表了三个重要的变化
05:09
that are transforming development
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它们正在改变如今的发展方式,
05:12
and that also hold greater hope for the problems
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并且它们更代表着解决发展问题的希望,
05:16
I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar.
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比如那些我在乌干达和比哈尔邦所见证的。
05:20
The first key shift is open knowledge.
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第一个重要的变化是开放的知识渠道。
05:23
You know, developing countries today will not simply
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你们知道,现在的发展中国家并不会直接
05:27
accept solutions that are handed down to them
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接受这些由美国、欧洲以及世界银行给它们
05:30
by the U.S., Europe or the World Bank.
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设计的经济发展解决方案。
05:34
They get their inspiration, their hope,
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从南方部分国家成功的经济发展中,
05:37
their practical know-how,
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其它发展中国家也有了自己的想法,自己的期望,
05:39
from successful emerging economies in the South.
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以及自己切实可行的措施。
05:43
They want to know how China lifted 500 million people
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它们想知道中国是怎样在30年内
05:47
out of poverty in 30 years,
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把5亿人带出贫穷的状况,
05:51
how Mexico's Oportunidades program
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墨西哥的“机遇”计划是怎样将数百万孩童的
05:54
improved schooling and nutrition for millions of children.
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教育和营养状况有效进行提高的。
05:59
This is the new ecosystem of open-knowledge flows,
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这是一个全新的开放知识流体系,
06:04
not just traveling North to South, but South to South,
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不只是由北向南的援助,而是南南对话,
06:09
and even South to North,
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甚至是由南向北的渠道,比如纽约如今就
06:12
with Mexico's Oportunidades today inspiring New York City.
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受到了墨西哥“机遇”项目的启示。
06:17
And just as these North-to-South transfers are opening up,
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当这些由北向南的援助正在变得更加开放,
06:21
so too are the development institutions
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同样的,这些组织援助的发展机构
06:24
that channeled these transfers.
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也在逐渐变得更为开放。
06:27
This is the second shift: open aid.
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这就是第二个变化:更透明的援助。
06:30
Recently, the World Bank opened its vault of data
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最近,世界银行组织向公众开放了其数据库,
06:34
for public use, releasing 8,000 economic and social indicators
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其中包括五十年来两百个国家的
06:39
for 200 countries over 50 years,
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八千个经济社会指数,
06:43
and it launched a global competition to crowdsource
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同时它开展了一个全球性比赛来寻找用来
06:47
innovative apps using this data.
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分析运用这些数据的创新型应用程序。
06:51
Development institutions today are also opening
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同时,一些发展机构得以建立
06:54
for public scrutiny the projects they finance.
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让公众可以审查他们资助的项目。
06:58
Take GeoMapping. In this map from Kenya,
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比如像来自肯尼亚的地图应用“GeoMapping”,
07:02
the red dots show where all the schools financed by donors
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上面的红点代表所有被捐款者资助的学校位置,
07:07
are located, and the darker the shade of green,
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并且在绿色阴影越深的区域,
07:11
the more the number of out-of-school children.
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有越多的不在读孩童。
07:14
So this simple mashup reveals that donors
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所以这个简单的数据混合显示了
07:18
have not financed any schools in the areas
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在这块有最多不在读孩童人数的区域内,
07:21
with the most out-of-school children,
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还未有捐款者在资助任何学校,
07:23
provoking new questions. Is development assistance
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这就提出了新的问题。我们的发展援助
07:27
targeting those who most need our help?
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有否针对在最需要帮助的人群?
07:32
In this manner, the World Bank has now GeoMapped
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用这种方法,世界银行组织现在已经在地理坐标上标记了
07:35
30,000 project activities in 143 countries,
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在143个地区开展的三万个项目,
07:40
and donors are using a common platform
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并且捐助者也在使用这样一个公共平台
07:43
to map all their projects.
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来标记他们所有的项目。
07:46
This is a tremendous leap forward in transparency
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这是在实现援助透明度和完善问责制上的
07:51
and accountability of aid.
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一个巨大的进步。
07:54
And this leads me to the third, and in my view,
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并且这联系到了第三点,在我的看法里是
07:57
the most significant shift in development:
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发展过程中最重要的变化:
08:00
open governance. Governments today are opening up
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开放的政府管理。 如今各个政府正在逐渐变得更为开放
08:04
just as citizens are demanding voice and accountability.
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与公众在要求的更多的声音与责任制度相符合。
08:08
From the Arab Spring to the Anna Hazare movement in India,
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从“阿拉伯之春” 到印度的"安纳·哈扎尔运动",
08:12
using mobile phones and social media
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手机与社交媒体的运用
08:15
not just for political accountability
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并不只是为了政治上的监督与问责,
08:18
but also for development accountability.
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同时也为了地区发展的监督与问责。
08:22
Are governments delivering services to the citizens?
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当地政府是否在为其公民提供服务?
08:26
So for instance, several governments in Africa
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比如说,部分在非洲和东亚的政府
08:30
and Eastern Europe are opening their budgets to the public.
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正在逐步向公众开放预算。
08:35
But, you know, there is a big difference between a budget
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但是,你知道,在公共预算和可以真正被理解的预算
08:39
that's public and a budget that's accessible.
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之间是有巨大的不同的。
08:43
This is a public budget. (Laughter)
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这是公共预算。(大笑)
08:48
And as you can see, it's not really accessible
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你可以发现,它并不是真的能被一个普通老百姓
08:51
or understandable to an ordinary citizen
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得以获得或者了解
08:54
that is trying to understand how the government is spending its resources.
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来理解政府到底是如何分配花销它的资源的。
08:59
To tackle this problem, governments are using new tools
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来解决这样一个问题,政府们正在运用新的工具
09:03
to visualize the budget so it's more understandable
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来视觉化他们的预算,
09:07
to the public.
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用以让公众更加容易理解。
09:09
In this map from Moldova, the green color shows
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在这个来自莫多尔瓦的地图,绿色代表
09:13
those districts that have low spending on schools
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这些有着低开销但是高教育成果的
09:17
but good educational outcomes,
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学校区域,
09:20
and the red color shows the opposite.
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而红色则代表相反的区域。
09:23
Tools like this help turn a shelf full of inscrutable documents
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像这样的工具可以把满满一书架的天书文件
09:30
into a publicly understandable visual,
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变成大众化和视觉化的结果,
09:33
and what's exciting is that with this openness,
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并且这样的开放度让人激动的是,
09:37
there are today new opportunities for citizens
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如今我们拥有了新的途径让公众
09:41
to give feedback and engage with government.
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来与政府进行交流与反馈。
09:44
So in the Philippines today, parents and students
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在今天的菲律宾,父母与学生
09:49
can give real-time feedback on a website,
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可以在一个名为“Checkmyschool.org”的网站上即时反馈,
09:53
Checkmyschool.org, or using SMS, whether teachers
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或者用短信的方式来反馈情况,比如学校里是否
09:58
and textbooks are showing up in school,
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有足够的老师与课本,
10:01
the same problems I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar.
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这些我曾经在乌干达和比哈尔亲眼所见的问题。
10:06
And the government is responsive. So for instance,
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并且政府是会回应的。所以比如,
10:08
when it was reported on this website that 800 students
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当网站上显示有人举报有学校因为腐败问题而停下
10:13
were at risk because school repairs had stalled
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学校维修工作,从而导致八百名学生不能上课时,
10:17
due to corruption, the Department of Education
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菲律宾教育部门
10:20
in the Philippines took swift action.
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马上采取了行动。
10:23
And you know what's exciting is that this innovation
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并且你也知道,令人激动的是这样的创新
10:26
is now spreading South to South, from the Philippines
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正在南方地区传播开来,从菲律宾
10:31
to Indonesia, Kenya, Moldova and beyond.
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到印度尼西亚,肯尼亚,摩尔多瓦还有更多国家。
10:35
In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, even an impoverished
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在坦桑尼亚的达累斯萨拉姆,即使是一个非常贫穷
10:40
community was able to use these tools
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的集体也可以使用这样的工具
10:43
to voice its aspirations.
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来让他人听见他们的期望。
10:46
This is what the map of Tandale looked like
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这是Tandale地图在2011年8月看起来的样子,
10:49
in August, 2011. But within a few weeks,
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但是在几个星期之内,
10:53
university students were able to use mobile phones
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大学学生成功地运用手机
10:58
and an open-source platform to dramatically map
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和一个开放资源平台来详细地刻画出
11:02
the entire community infrastructure.
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这整个区域的基础设施。
11:06
And what is very exciting is that citizens were then
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令人激动的是,当地居民们立刻开始反馈
11:10
able to give feedback as to which health or water points
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关于哪个健康或者水利设施
11:15
were not working, aggregated
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没有在正常运行,
11:18
in the red bubbles that you see,
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你可以看到这些聚集的红色气泡,
11:21
which together provides a graphic visual
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提供了贫穷人们的共同想法
11:25
of the collective voices of the poor.
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的一种图像视觉化效果。
11:30
Today, even Bihar is turning around and opening up
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如今,比哈尔邦也正在转变地更加开放,
11:35
under a committed leadership that is making government
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在一个政府承诺的更为透明、公众更易理解并且提供
11:38
transparent, accessible and responsive to the poor.
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有效回应的领导团体之下。
11:44
But, you know, in many parts of the world,
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但是,你知道,在世界上很多地方,
11:47
governments are not interested in opening up
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许多政府并不愿意变得更为开放,
11:50
or in serving the poor, and it is a real challenge
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或者来为贫穷的人民作出服务,这是对于
11:55
for those who want to change the system.
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想改变这样情况的人们一个真正的挑战。
11:59
These are the lonely warriors
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孤军奋战的他们,如同我父亲,
12:03
like my father and many, many others,
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还有更多更多的人,
12:07
and a key frontier of development work
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他们需要联合起来,通过发展工作当中
12:10
is to help these lonely warriors join hands
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关键的前沿技术让他们
12:15
so they can together overcome the odds.
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能够一起克服各种困难。
12:18
So for instance, today, in Ghana, courageous reformers
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比如说,今天,在加纳,来自民间、议会以及政府的
12:23
from civil society, Parliament and government,
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勇敢的改革者们
12:26
have forged a coalition for transparent contracts
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形成了一个联盟,以实现石油透明合同为目的。
12:31
in the oil sector, and, galvanized by this,
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根据这个联盟,
12:35
reformers in Parliament are now investigating dubious contracts.
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议会当中的改革者们正着手调查可疑的合同。
12:40
These examples give new hope, new possibility
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这些例子为那些我在乌干达见到的问题,
12:45
to the problems I witnessed in Uganda
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以及如我父亲在比哈尔所遇到的问题,
12:48
or that my father confronted in Bihar.
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带来了新的希望和新的机遇。
12:53
Two years ago, on April 8th, 2010, I called my father.
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两年前,2010年4月8日,我打电话给我父亲,
13:00
It was very late at night, and at age 80,
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那天很晚了,我已经八十高龄的父亲
13:06
he was typing a 70-page public interest litigation
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正在打着一份七十页长的
13:11
against corruption in a road project.
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针对道路建设腐败问题的公益诉讼。
13:14
Though he was no lawyer, he argued the case in court
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虽然他不是律师,第二天他在公堂之上为这个
13:19
himself the next day. He won the ruling,
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案子辩护。他赢下了这场官司,
13:23
but later that very evening,
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可是晚上,
13:25
he fell, and he died.
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他倒下了,他离开了这个世界。
13:30
He fought till the end, increasingly passionate
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他一直战斗到了最后,拥有着不断增长的
13:35
that to combat corruption and poverty,
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热忱来与腐败和贫穷做斗争,
13:39
not only did government officials need to be honest,
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所以不只是政府官员需要变得更加真诚,
13:43
but citizens needed to join together
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公民也需要站在一起
13:46
to make their voices heard.
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来让自己的声音得以被外界听取。
13:49
These became the two bookends of his life,
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这两者成为了他生命中的两个端点,
13:54
and the journey he traveled in between
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并且他在其中的折返,体现了
13:56
mirrored the changing development landscape.
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正在改变的发展观念。
14:01
Today, I'm inspired by these changes, and I'm excited
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今天,我被这些变化启发着,并且我很开心
14:06
that at the World Bank, we are embracing
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在世界银行组织,我们正在拥抱这样的
14:09
these new directions, a significant departure
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新方向,一个与我二十年前在乌干达的工作
14:12
from my work in Uganda 20 years ago.
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不同的重大启程。
14:16
We need to radically open up development
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我们需要更加快速的开放这样的发展方向
14:20
so knowledge flows in multiple directions,
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让知识在多方向流通,
14:22
inspiring practitioners, so aid becomes transparent,
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来激励那些参与者们,让援助变得更加透明,
14:27
accountable and effective, so governments open up
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可以问责以及更加有效,让政府更加开放,
14:31
and citizens are engaged and empowered
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让民众更加积极地参与并被政府中的改革者们
14:35
with reformers in government.
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赋予更多的权力。
14:37
We need to accelerate these shifts.
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我们需要加速这样的变化。
14:40
If we do, we will find that the collective voices
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如果我们这样做了,我们会发现,
14:45
of the poor will be heard in Bihar,
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在比哈尔邦的贫穷的集体声音会被听见,
14:50
in Uganda, and beyond.
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在乌干达,在更广阔的地方。
14:52
We will find that textbooks and teachers
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我们会看到,教科书和老师
14:56
will show up in schools for their children.
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会出现在他们下一代的学校里。
14:59
We will find that these children, too,
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我们还会发现这些孩子一样能拥有一个真正的机会,
15:03
have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty.
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来找到冲出贫穷的出路。
15:09
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢!(掌声)
15:12
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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