Sanjay Pradhan: How open data is changing international aid

29,181 views ใƒป 2012-10-30

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:15
I grew up in Bihar, India's poorest state,
1
15662
5009
ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ.
00:20
and I remember when I was six years old,
2
20671
3466
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ 6,
00:24
I remember coming home one day to find a cart
3
24137
3766
ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืขื’ืœื”
00:27
full of the most delicious sweets at our doorstep.
4
27903
5321
ืžืœืืช ืžืžืชืงื™ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืžืคืชืŸ ื”ื“ืœืช.
00:33
My brothers and I dug in,
5
33224
3489
ืื ื™ ื•ื”ืื—ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื‘ืจื ื• ื‘ืขื’ืœื”
00:36
and that's when my father came home.
6
36713
3288
ื•ืื– ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื›ื ืก ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
00:40
He was livid, and I still remember how we cried
7
40001
5464
ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืžืœื ื–ืขื, ื•ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•
00:45
when that cart with our half-eaten sweets
8
45465
4064
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืขื ื”ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื›ืœื ื•,
00:49
was pulled away from us.
9
49529
3217
ื ืœืงื—ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
00:52
Later, I understood why my father got so upset.
10
52746
4801
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืœืžื” ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืจื’ื– ื›ืœ-ื›ืš.
00:57
Those sweets were a bribe
11
57547
3225
ืžืžืชืงื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื—ื“
01:00
from a contractor who was trying to get my father
12
60772
3581
ืžืงื‘ืœืŸ ืฉื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉื“ืœ ืืช ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™
01:04
to award him a government contract.
13
64353
3463
ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื• ื—ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
01:07
My father was responsible for building roads in Bihar,
14
67816
4661
ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ
01:12
and he had developed a firm stance against corruption,
15
72477
4603
ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงื˜ ืขืžื“ื” ืื™ืชื ื” ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช,
01:17
even though he was harassed and threatened.
16
77080
4048
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื•ืžื™ื.
01:21
His was a lonely struggle, because Bihar
17
81128
3368
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืืจ
01:24
was also India's most corrupt state,
18
84496
3737
ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
01:28
where public officials were enriching themselves,
19
88233
3762
ื‘ื” ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ื™ื• ืžืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
01:31
[rather] than serving the poor who had no means
20
91995
4093
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื›ืœื™ื
01:36
to express their anguish if their children
21
96088
3946
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื ืืช ืขื’ืžืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœื”ื ืื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
01:40
had no food or no schooling.
22
100034
3833
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืื• ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ.
01:43
And I experienced this most viscerally
23
103867
4357
ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืฉื™
01:48
when I traveled to remote villages to study poverty.
24
108224
6298
ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืกืขืชื™ ืœื›ืคืจื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืขื•ื ื™.
01:54
And as I went village to village,
25
114522
3817
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื›ืคืจ ืœื›ืคืจ,
01:58
I remember one day, when I was famished and exhausted,
26
118339
6512
ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจืขื‘ ื•ืžื•ืชืฉ,
02:04
and I was almost collapsing
27
124851
2319
ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช,
02:07
in a scorching heat under a tree,
28
127170
3030
ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืฅ,
02:10
and just at that time, one of the poorest men in that village
29
130200
6059
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื–, ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื›ืคืจ
02:16
invited me into his hut and graciously fed me.
30
136259
5916
ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืฆืจื™ืฃ ืฉืœื• ื•ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืชื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™.
02:22
Only I later realized that what he fed me
31
142175
4648
ืจืง ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื™
02:26
was food for his entire family for two days.
32
146823
5743
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•.
02:32
This profound gift of generosity
33
152566
4423
ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืงืจืื” ืชื™ื’ืจ
02:36
challenged and changed the very purpose of my life.
34
156989
5278
ืขืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืื•ืชื”.
02:42
I resolved to give back.
35
162267
3772
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
02:46
Later, I joined the World Bank, which sought to fight
36
166039
4304
ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื
02:50
such poverty by transferring aid from rich to poor countries.
37
170343
5768
ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉื›ื–ื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช.
02:56
My initial work focused on Uganda, where I focused
38
176111
5032
ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”, ื‘ื” ื”ืชืžืงื“ืชื™
03:01
on negotiating reforms with the Finance Ministry of Uganda
39
181143
4228
ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืขืœ ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช
03:05
so they could access our loans.
40
185371
2829
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื–ื›ืื™ื ืœื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:08
But after we disbursed the loans, I remember
41
188200
3131
ืืš ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ
03:11
a trip in Uganda where I found newly built schools
42
191331
4718
ืžืกืข ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื‘ื ื•
03:16
without textbooks or teachers,
43
196049
2784
ืœืœื ืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื• ืžื•ืจื™ื,
03:18
new health clinics without drugs,
44
198833
2920
ืžืจืคืื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœืœื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
03:21
and the poor once again without any voice or recourse.
45
201753
5783
ื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื™ ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืกื™ื•ืข.
03:27
It was Bihar all over again.
46
207536
3576
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ.
03:31
Bihar represents the challenge of development:
47
211112
3960
ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—:
03:35
abject poverty surrounded by corruption.
48
215072
3911
ืขื•ื ื™ ืžืชืกื›ืœ ื•ืžื•ืงืฃ ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
03:38
Globally, 1.3 billion people live on less than
49
218983
4260
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, 1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช
03:43
$1.25 a day, and the work I did in Uganda
50
223243
4709
ืž-1.25 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
03:47
represents the traditional approach to these problems
51
227952
4931
ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื•
03:52
that has been practiced since 1944,
52
232883
4292
ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช ืžืื– 1944,
03:57
when winners of World War II, 500 founding fathers,
53
237175
5620
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, 500 ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื,
04:02
and one lonely founding mother,
54
242795
3436
ื•ืื ืžื™ื™ืกื“ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื” ืื—ืช,
04:06
gathered in New Hampshire, USA,
55
246231
2427
ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื”ืžืคืฉื™ื™ืจ, ืืจื”"ื‘,
04:08
to establish the Bretton Woods institutions,
56
248658
2619
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื“ืก,
04:11
including the World Bank.
57
251277
1805
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
04:13
And that traditional approach to development
58
253082
3300
ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—
04:16
had three key elements. First, transfer of resources
59
256382
3936
ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื. ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
04:20
from rich countries in the North
60
260318
1951
ืžืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ
04:22
to poorer countries in the South,
61
262269
2497
ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื•ื,
04:24
accompanied by reform prescriptions.
62
264766
2893
ืžืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ืžืจืฉืžื™ื ืœืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช.
04:27
Second, the development institutions that channeled
63
267659
3566
ื”ืฉื ื™, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉื”ืคื ื•
04:31
these transfers were opaque, with little transparency
64
271225
4762
ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื, ืขื ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื”
04:35
of what they financed or what results they achieved.
65
275987
3800
ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื™ืžื ื• ืื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•.
04:39
And third, the engagement in developing countries
66
279787
3913
ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
04:43
was with a narrow set of government elites
67
283700
3282
ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฆืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช
04:46
with little interaction with the citizens, who are
68
286982
3314
ืขื ืžื’ืข ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืขื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื
04:50
the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance.
69
290296
4285
ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—.
04:54
Today, each of these elements is opening up
70
294581
4201
ื›ื™ื•ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช
04:58
due to dramatic changes in the global environment.
71
298782
3360
ืขืงื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
05:02
Open knowledge, open aid, open governance,
72
302142
3695
ื™ื“ืข ืคืชื•ื—, ืกื™ื•ืข ืคืชื•ื—, ืžืžืฉืœ ืคืชื•ื—,
05:05
and together, they represent three key shifts
73
305837
3745
ืฉื‘ื™ื—ื“, ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืžืคืชื—
05:09
that are transforming development
74
309582
2770
ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
05:12
and that also hold greater hope for the problems
75
312352
3713
ื•ื–ื” ืžืคื™ื— ืชืงื•ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
05:16
I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar.
76
316065
4573
ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ.
05:20
The first key shift is open knowledge.
77
320638
2966
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืคืชื•ื—.
05:23
You know, developing countries today will not simply
78
323604
3561
ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ
05:27
accept solutions that are handed down to them
79
327165
3597
ืกืชื ื›ื›ื” ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ื ื—ืชื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžืœืžืขืœื”
05:30
by the U.S., Europe or the World Bank.
80
330762
3627
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘, ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืื• ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™.
05:34
They get their inspiration, their hope,
81
334389
2835
ื”ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืจืืชืŸ, ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
05:37
their practical know-how,
82
337224
2400
ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
05:39
from successful emerging economies in the South.
83
339624
3551
ืžื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืžื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื.
05:43
They want to know how China lifted 500 million people
84
343175
4680
ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืจื™ืžื” 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
05:47
out of poverty in 30 years,
85
347855
3663
ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš 30 ืฉื ื”,
05:51
how Mexico's Oportunidades program
86
351518
2946
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช Oportunidades ืฉืœ ืžื›ืกื™ืงื•
05:54
improved schooling and nutrition for millions of children.
87
354464
4696
ืฉื™ืคืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
05:59
This is the new ecosystem of open-knowledge flows,
88
359160
5662
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื–ืจื™ืžื™ ื™ื“ืข-ืคืชื•ื—,
06:04
not just traveling North to South, but South to South,
89
364822
4933
ืœื ืจืง ืžืกืข ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื, ืืœื ืžื“ืจื•ื ืืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ื,
06:09
and even South to North,
90
369755
2303
ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
06:12
with Mexico's Oportunidades today inspiring New York City.
91
372058
5742
ื›ืžื• ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช Oportunidades ืฉืœ ืžื›ืกื™ืงื• ืฉืžืขื ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง.
06:17
And just as these North-to-South transfers are opening up,
92
377800
3848
ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžืกืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื“ืจื•ื ื ืคืชื—ืช,
06:21
so too are the development institutions
93
381648
2840
ื›ืš ื’ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
06:24
that channeled these transfers.
94
384488
2527
ืืฉืจ ืžืชืขืœื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืืœื•.
06:27
This is the second shift: open aid.
95
387015
3869
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™: ืกื™ื•ืข ืคืชื•ื—.
06:30
Recently, the World Bank opened its vault of data
96
390884
3550
ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืคืชื— ืืช ื›ืกืคืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื•
06:34
for public use, releasing 8,000 economic and social indicators
97
394434
4863
ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ 8,000 ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
06:39
for 200 countries over 50 years,
98
399297
4369
ืฉืœ 200 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฉื ืืกืคื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-50 ืฉื ื”,
06:43
and it launched a global competition to crowdsource
99
403666
3978
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ืง ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืœืžื™ืงื•ืจ-ืงื”ืœ
06:47
innovative apps using this data.
100
407644
3667
ืฉืœ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื”.
06:51
Development institutions today are also opening
101
411311
3173
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื’ื ื ื—ืฉืคื™ื
06:54
for public scrutiny the projects they finance.
102
414484
3814
ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืžืžื ื™ื.
06:58
Take GeoMapping. In this map from Kenya,
103
418298
4265
ื ื™ืงื— ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ืืช GeoMapping. ื‘ืžืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื”,
07:02
the red dots show where all the schools financed by donors
104
422563
4719
ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืžื•ืงืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืžื ื™ื
07:07
are located, and the darker the shade of green,
105
427282
3992
ืžืชืจื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื›ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:11
the more the number of out-of-school children.
106
431274
3360
ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ.
07:14
So this simple mashup reveals that donors
107
434634
4136
ื›ืš, ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ืžื™ืžื ื• ืืฃ ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ
07:18
have not financed any schools in the areas
108
438770
2976
ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื
07:21
with the most out-of-school children,
109
441746
2108
ืฉื ืฉืืจื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ,
07:23
provoking new questions. Is development assistance
110
443854
4092
ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช. ื”ืื ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—
07:27
targeting those who most need our help?
111
447946
4619
ืื›ืŸ ืฉื ืœื• ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืืช ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืขื–ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•?
07:32
In this manner, the World Bank has now GeoMapped
112
452565
2902
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืžื™ืคื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
07:35
30,000 project activities in 143 countries,
113
455467
4942
30,000 ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘-143 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
07:40
and donors are using a common platform
114
460409
3176
ื•ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื–ื•
07:43
to map all their projects.
115
463585
2945
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
07:46
This is a tremendous leap forward in transparency
116
466530
4862
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช
07:51
and accountability of aid.
117
471392
2842
ื•ืžืชืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข.
07:54
And this leads me to the third, and in my view,
118
474234
2996
ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™,
07:57
the most significant shift in development:
119
477230
3332
ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื—:
08:00
open governance. Governments today are opening up
120
480562
4215
ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ. ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช
08:04
just as citizens are demanding voice and accountability.
121
484777
3977
ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืข ืืช ืงื•ืœื ื•ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ.
08:08
From the Arab Spring to the Anna Hazare movement in India,
122
488754
4030
ืžื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ืขื“ ืชื ื•ืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
08:12
using mobile phones and social media
123
492784
2734
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
08:15
not just for political accountability
124
495518
2614
ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื ืฉื™ืื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
08:18
but also for development accountability.
125
498132
4145
ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
08:22
Are governments delivering services to the citizens?
126
502277
4472
ื›ืžื•, ื”ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื?
08:26
So for instance, several governments in Africa
127
506749
4145
ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
08:30
and Eastern Europe are opening their budgets to the public.
128
510894
5024
ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื—ื•ืฉืคื•ืช ืืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
08:35
But, you know, there is a big difference between a budget
129
515918
3403
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘
08:39
that's public and a budget that's accessible.
130
519321
4037
ืฉื’ืœื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
08:43
This is a public budget. (Laughter)
131
523358
4920
ื–ื”ื• ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:48
And as you can see, it's not really accessible
132
528278
3105
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื’ื™ืฉ
08:51
or understandable to an ordinary citizen
133
531383
2719
ืื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืื–ืจื— ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ
08:54
that is trying to understand how the government is spending its resources.
134
534102
4998
ืืฉืจ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืžื ืฆืœืช ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื”.
08:59
To tackle this problem, governments are using new tools
135
539100
3935
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
09:03
to visualize the budget so it's more understandable
136
543035
4683
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ื•ืชื™ ื•ื›ืš ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื‘ืŸ
09:07
to the public.
137
547718
2200
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
09:09
In this map from Moldova, the green color shows
138
549918
3934
ื‘ืžืคื” ื–ื• ืžืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืžืจืื”
09:13
those districts that have low spending on schools
139
553852
4088
ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ
09:17
but good educational outcomes,
140
557940
2320
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
09:20
and the red color shows the opposite.
141
560260
3249
ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื•ื ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
09:23
Tools like this help turn a shelf full of inscrutable documents
142
563509
6527
ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื,
09:30
into a publicly understandable visual,
143
570036
3754
ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื—ื‘,
09:33
and what's exciting is that with this openness,
144
573790
3766
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉืขื ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช,
09:37
there are today new opportunities for citizens
145
577556
3858
ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
09:41
to give feedback and engage with government.
146
581414
3526
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”.
09:44
So in the Philippines today, parents and students
147
584940
4383
ื›ืš, ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื, ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื
09:49
can give real-time feedback on a website,
148
589323
4147
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช ื‘ืืชืจ,
09:53
Checkmyschool.org, or using SMS, whether teachers
149
593470
5092
Checkmyschool.org, ืื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช SMS, ืื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื
09:58
and textbooks are showing up in school,
150
598562
2794
ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ,
10:01
the same problems I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar.
151
601356
4651
ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ.
10:06
And the government is responsive. So for instance,
152
606007
2852
ื•ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื ืขื ื™ืช. ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ,
10:08
when it was reported on this website that 800 students
153
608859
4510
ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื•ื— ื‘ืืชืจ ื–ื” ืฉ-800 ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื
10:13
were at risk because school repairs had stalled
154
613369
4186
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืขื›ื‘ื•
10:17
due to corruption, the Department of Education
155
617555
2591
ื‘ืฉืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš
10:20
in the Philippines took swift action.
156
620146
2954
ื‘ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื ื ืงื˜ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
10:23
And you know what's exciting is that this innovation
157
623100
3697
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื–ื•
10:26
is now spreading South to South, from the Philippines
158
626797
4662
ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื›ืขืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื“ืจื•ื, ืžื”ืคื™ืœื™ืคื™ื ื™ื
10:31
to Indonesia, Kenya, Moldova and beyond.
159
631459
4345
ืœืื™ื ื“ื•ื ื–ื™ื”, ืงื ื™ื”, ืžื•ืœื“ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืืฃ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืŸ.
10:35
In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, even an impoverished
160
635804
4259
ื‘ื“ืืจ ื-ืกืœืื, ื˜ื ื–ื ื™ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืขื ื™ื”
10:40
community was able to use these tools
161
640063
3554
ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ืืœื”
10:43
to voice its aspirations.
162
643617
2972
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืฉืื™ืคื•ืชื™ื”.
10:46
This is what the map of Tandale looked like
163
646589
2919
ื›ืš ื ืจืืชื” ื”ืžืคื” ืฉืœ Tandale
10:49
in August, 2011. But within a few weeks,
164
649508
4353
ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2011. ืืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
10:53
university students were able to use mobile phones
165
653861
4466
ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื
10:58
and an open-source platform to dramatically map
166
658327
4550
ื•ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ืงื•ื“-ืคืชื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™
11:02
the entire community infrastructure.
167
662877
3487
ืืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื›ื•ืœื”.
11:06
And what is very exciting is that citizens were then
168
666364
4465
ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœืื—ืจ-ืžื›ืŸ
11:10
able to give feedback as to which health or water points
169
670829
5007
ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจืคืื•ืช ืื• ืืกืคืงืช ืžื™ื
11:15
were not working, aggregated
170
675836
2874
ืฉืœื ืคืขืœื• -- ืžืจื•ื›ื–ื•ืช
11:18
in the red bubbles that you see,
171
678710
2600
ื‘ื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
11:21
which together provides a graphic visual
172
681310
4598
ืืฉืจ ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ ื’ืจืคื™
11:25
of the collective voices of the poor.
173
685908
4455
ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื.
11:30
Today, even Bihar is turning around and opening up
174
690363
5610
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ืคืชื—ืช
11:35
under a committed leadership that is making government
175
695973
2872
ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช
11:38
transparent, accessible and responsive to the poor.
176
698845
5168
ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœืฉืงื•ืคื”, ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื•ื›ื–ื• ืฉื ืขื ื™ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื.
11:44
But, you know, in many parts of the world,
177
704013
3528
ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
11:47
governments are not interested in opening up
178
707541
2978
ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—
11:50
or in serving the poor, and it is a real challenge
179
710519
5117
ืื• ืœืฉืจืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ืืชื’ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™
11:55
for those who want to change the system.
180
715636
4344
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
11:59
These are the lonely warriors
181
719980
3569
ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
12:03
like my father and many, many others,
182
723549
3464
ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:07
and a key frontier of development work
183
727013
3124
ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
12:10
is to help these lonely warriors join hands
184
730137
5196
ื”ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืœื” ืฉืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื, ืฉื™ืฉืœื‘ื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
12:15
so they can together overcome the odds.
185
735333
3541
ื•ื›ืš ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื.
12:18
So for instance, today, in Ghana, courageous reformers
186
738874
4743
ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ืื ื”, ืจืคื•ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืฆื™ื
12:23
from civil society, Parliament and government,
187
743617
3200
ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ืžื”ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื•ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœื”,
12:26
have forged a coalition for transparent contracts
188
746817
4192
ื™ืฆืจื• ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื
12:31
in the oil sector, and, galvanized by this,
189
751009
4056
ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื ืคื˜, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื“ื™ืจื‘ืŸ
12:35
reformers in Parliament are now investigating dubious contracts.
190
755065
5680
ืจืคื•ืจืžื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืคื•ืงืคืงื™ื.
12:40
These examples give new hope, new possibility
191
760745
4928
ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืคื™ื—ื•ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
12:45
to the problems I witnessed in Uganda
192
765673
3112
ืœืžื•ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
12:48
or that my father confronted in Bihar.
193
768785
5102
ืื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ.
12:53
Two years ago, on April 8th, 2010, I called my father.
194
773887
6969
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘-8 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 2010, ื”ืชืงืฉืจืชื™ ืœืื‘ื ืฉืœื™.
13:00
It was very late at night, and at age 80,
195
780856
5398
ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 80,
13:06
he was typing a 70-page public interest litigation
196
786254
4801
ืื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืงืœื“ืช ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืช 70 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื
13:11
against corruption in a road project.
197
791055
3614
ื›ื ื’ื“ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืกืœื™ืœืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
13:14
Though he was no lawyer, he argued the case in court
198
794669
4618
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืจืš-ื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง
13:19
himself the next day. He won the ruling,
199
799287
4214
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืจืช. ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืกืง-ื”ื“ื™ืŸ
13:23
but later that very evening,
200
803501
2022
ืื‘ืœ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘,
13:25
he fell, and he died.
201
805523
4594
ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ.
13:30
He fought till the end, increasingly passionate
202
810117
4944
ื”ื•ื ื ืœื—ื ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ, ืขื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืœื›ื” ื•ื’ื‘ืจื”,
13:35
that to combat corruption and poverty,
203
815061
3945
ื›ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื ื™,
13:39
not only did government officials need to be honest,
204
819006
4007
ืœื ืจืง ืคืงื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื,
13:43
but citizens needed to join together
205
823013
3249
ืืœื ื’ื ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื—ื“
13:46
to make their voices heard.
206
826262
2895
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืงื•ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžืข.
13:49
These became the two bookends of his life,
207
829157
4861
ืืœื” ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืกืžื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื” ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•,
13:54
and the journey he traveled in between
208
834018
2714
ื•ื”ืžืกืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื
13:56
mirrored the changing development landscape.
209
836732
4785
ืฉื™ืงืฃ ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
14:01
Today, I'm inspired by these changes, and I'm excited
210
841517
4953
ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื ืจื’ืฉ
14:06
that at the World Bank, we are embracing
211
846470
3104
ืฉื‘ื‘ื ืง ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™, ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืงื™ื
14:09
these new directions, a significant departure
212
849574
3089
ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื” -- ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
14:12
from my work in Uganda 20 years ago.
213
852663
3878
ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”.
14:16
We need to radically open up development
214
856541
3541
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืกืจืช ื”ืœื•ื˜ ืžืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—
14:20
so knowledge flows in multiple directions,
215
860082
2804
ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื“ืข ื™ื–ืจื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
14:22
inspiring practitioners, so aid becomes transparent,
216
862886
4791
ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื›ืš ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืฃ,
14:27
accountable and effective, so governments open up
217
867677
4159
ืœื›ื–ื” ืฉื ืชื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืœื™ืขื™ืœ. ื›ืš ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ื™ืคืชื—ื•
14:31
and citizens are engaged and empowered
218
871836
3946
ื•ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืขืกืงื• ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืขื™ื“ื•ื“
14:35
with reformers in government.
219
875782
1659
ืžืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”.
14:37
We need to accelerate these shifts.
220
877441
3197
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
14:40
If we do, we will find that the collective voices
221
880638
5000
ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ, ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื”ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื
14:45
of the poor will be heard in Bihar,
222
885638
4390
ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืืจ,
14:50
in Uganda, and beyond.
223
890028
2222
ื‘ืื•ื’ื ื“ื” ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ืŸ.
14:52
We will find that textbooks and teachers
224
892250
4075
ื ื’ืœื” ืฉืกืคืจื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ื
14:56
will show up in schools for their children.
225
896325
3037
ื™ื™ืžืฆืื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
14:59
We will find that these children, too,
226
899362
4083
ื ื’ืœื” ืฉื’ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
15:03
have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty.
227
903445
6118
ื™ื”ื™ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
15:09
Thank you. (Applause)
228
909563
3215
ืชื•ื“ื”.
15:12
(Applause)
229
912778
2720
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7