Sanjay Pradhan: How open data is changing international aid

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Ivan Lovas Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I grew up in Bihar, India's poorest state,

Odrastao sam u Biharu, Indijskoj najsiromašnijoj saveznoj državi,

and I remember when I was six years old,

sjećam se kada sam imao šest godina,

I remember coming home one day to find a cart

išao sam kući i na pragu

full of the most delicious sweets at our doorstep.

naišao na kolica puna najfinijih slatkiša.

My brothers and I dug in,

Moj brat i ja smo ih odmah počeli jesti,

and that's when my father came home.

tada je moj otac došao kući.

He was livid, and I still remember how we cried

Problijedio je, još uvijek se sjećam kako je plakao

when that cart with our half-eaten sweets

kada su kolica s polu pojedenim slatkišima

was pulled away from us.

odvukli od nas.

Later, I understood why my father got so upset.

Kasnije sam shvatio zašto se moj otac toliko uzrujao.

Those sweets were a bribe

Ti slatkiši su bili mito

from a contractor who was trying to get my father

jednog građevinara koji je pokušavao dobiti

to award him a government contract.

vladin ugovor od mog oca.

My father was responsible for building roads in Bihar,

Moj otac je bio odgovoran za gradnju cesta u Biharu

and he had developed a firm stance against corruption,

i razvio je čvrst stav protiv korupcije,

even though he was harassed and threatened.

iako je bio maltretiran i prijetilo mu se.

His was a lonely struggle, because Bihar

Njegova borba bila je usamljena, jer je Bihar

was also India's most corrupt state,

bio najkorumpiranija država Indije,

where public officials were enriching themselves,

gdje su javni službenici obogaćivali sebe,

[rather] than serving the poor who had no means

(umjesto) da služe siromašnima koji nisu imali načina

to express their anguish if their children

kojim bi izrazili svoju muku ako im djeca

had no food or no schooling.

nisu imala hrane ili obrazovanja.

And I experienced this most viscerally

I to sam najbolje doživio

when I traveled to remote villages to study poverty.

kada sam putovao udaljenim selima kako bih proučavao siromaštvo.

And as I went village to village,

I kako sam išao od sela do sela,

I remember one day, when I was famished and exhausted,

sjećam se jednog dana, kada sam bio izgladnjen i izmoren,

and I was almost collapsing

i skoro sam kolabrirao

in a scorching heat under a tree,

pod užasnom vrućinom ispod jednog drveta,

and just at that time, one of the poorest men in that village

i baš tada, jedan od najsiromašnijih ljudi u tom selu

invited me into his hut and graciously fed me.

me pozvao u svoju kolibu i obilno nahranio.

Only I later realized that what he fed me

Tek sam kasnije shvatio da ono s čime me nahranio

was food for his entire family for two days.

je bila hrana cijele njegove obitelji za dva dana.

This profound gift of generosity

Taj jedinstveni dar plemenitosti

challenged and changed the very purpose of my life.

me potakao i promijenio smisao mog života.

I resolved to give back.

Odlučio sam se iskupiti.

Later, I joined the World Bank, which sought to fight

Kasnije, pridružio sam se Svjetskoj banci, koja se pokušala boriti

such poverty by transferring aid from rich to poor countries.

s takvim siromaštvom prenoseći pomoć iz bogatih prema siromašnim zemljama.

My initial work focused on Uganda, where I focused

Moj prvi rad se fokusirao na Ugandu, gdje sam se bavio

on negotiating reforms with the Finance Ministry of Uganda

pregovaranjem reformi s ministarstvom financija Ugande

so they could access our loans.

kako bi mogli dobiti naše kredite.

But after we disbursed the loans, I remember

Ali nakon što smo isplatili novce, sjećam se

a trip in Uganda where I found newly built schools

puta u Ugandu gdje sam našao novoizgrađene škole

without textbooks or teachers,

bez knjiga ili učitelja,

new health clinics without drugs,

nove zdravstvene ustanove bez lijekova,

and the poor once again without any voice or recourse.

i siromašne još jednom bez ikakvoga glasa ili pomoći.

It was Bihar all over again.

Izgledalo je poput Bihara.

Bihar represents the challenge of development:

Bihar je predstavljao izazov napretka:

abject poverty surrounded by corruption.

potpuno siromaštvo okruženo korupcijom.

Globally, 1.3 billion people live on less than

Globalno, 1.3 milijarde ljudi živi na manje od

$1.25 a day, and the work I did in Uganda

1.25$ po danu i posao koji sam obavio u Ugandi

represents the traditional approach to these problems

predstavlja tradicionalni pristup ovakvim problemima

that has been practiced since 1944,

koji se primjenjivao od 1944,

when winners of World War II, 500 founding fathers,

kada su se pobjednici II. Svjetskog rata, 500 osnivajućih otaca,

and one lonely founding mother,

i jedna usamljena majka,

gathered in New Hampshire, USA,

okupili u New Hampshireu, SAD,

to establish the Bretton Woods institutions,

kako bi osnovali Bretton Woods institucije,

including the World Bank.

uključujući Svjetsku banku.

And that traditional approach to development

Taj tradicionalni pristup razvoju

had three key elements. First, transfer of resources

imao je tri ključna elementa. Prvo, prijenos sredstava

from rich countries in the North

iz bogatih zemalja na sjeveru

to poorer countries in the South,

prema siromašnijim zemljama na jugu,

accompanied by reform prescriptions.

popraćeno s propisivanjem reformi.

Second, the development institutions that channeled

Drugo, razvojne institucije koje su usmjeravale

these transfers were opaque, with little transparency

te transakcije bile su zatvorene, s malo transparentnosti

of what they financed or what results they achieved.

u vezi toga što su financirale ili koje su rezultate postigle.

And third, the engagement in developing countries

I treće, angažman u zemljama u razvoju

was with a narrow set of government elites

se vodio u dogovoru s vladajućim elitama

with little interaction with the citizens, who are

s malo interakcije s građanima, koji su

the ultimate beneficiaries of development assistance.

krajnji korisnici razvojne pomoći.

Today, each of these elements is opening up

Danas, svaki od ovih elemenata se otvaraju

due to dramatic changes in the global environment.

zbog dramatičnih promjena u globalnom okruženju.

Open knowledge, open aid, open governance,

Otvoreno znanje, otvorena pomoć, otvoreno vladanje

and together, they represent three key shifts

i zajedno, oni predstavljaju tri ključna pomaka

that are transforming development

koja transformiraju razvoj

and that also hold greater hope for the problems

i u kojima postoji nada za probleme

I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar.

kojima sam svjedočio u Ugandi i Biharu.

The first key shift is open knowledge.

Prvi ključan pomak je otvoreno znanje.

You know, developing countries today will not simply

Znate, zemlje u razvoju danas neće jednostavno

accept solutions that are handed down to them

prihvatiti rješenja koja im ponude

by the U.S., Europe or the World Bank.

SAD, Europa ili Svjetska banka.

They get their inspiration, their hope,

Oni dobivaju inspiraciju, nadu,

their practical know-how,

praktično znanje

from successful emerging economies in the South.

od uspješnih rastućih ekonomija na jugu.

They want to know how China lifted 500 million people

Oni žele znati kako je Kina izbavila 500 milijuna ljudi

out of poverty in 30 years,

iz siromaštva za 30 godina,

how Mexico's Oportunidades program

kako je Meksički Oportunidades program

improved schooling and nutrition for millions of children.

unaprijedio školstvo i prehranu za milijune djece.

This is the new ecosystem of open-knowledge flows,

Ovo je novi ekosustav otvorenog znanja,

not just traveling North to South, but South to South,

koji ne putuje samo sa sjevera na jug, nego i s juga na jug,

and even South to North,

pa čak i s juga na sjever,

with Mexico's Oportunidades today inspiring New York City.

primjerice Meksički Oportunidades program koji inspirira New York.

And just as these North-to-South transfers are opening up,

I baš kako se ovi sjever-jug prijelazi otvaraju,

so too are the development institutions

tako se i razvojne institucije

that channeled these transfers.

koje usmjeravaju ove prijenose otvaraju.

This is the second shift: open aid.

To je drugi pomak: otvorena pomoć.

Recently, the World Bank opened its vault of data

Nedavno, Svjetska banka je javnosti otvorila svoj trezor s podacima,

for public use, releasing 8,000 economic and social indicators

u kojima su 8,000 ekonomskih i socijalnih indikatora

for 200 countries over 50 years,

za 200 zemalja tijekom 50 godina,

and it launched a global competition to crowdsource

što je pokrenilo globalno natjecanje za razvoj

innovative apps using this data.

inovativnih aplikacija koje koriste ove podatke.

Development institutions today are also opening

Razvojne institucije se danas također otvaraju

for public scrutiny the projects they finance.

davajući javnosti uvid u projekte koje financiraju.

Take GeoMapping. In this map from Kenya,

Uzmite za primjer GeoMapping. Na ovoj karti Kenije,

the red dots show where all the schools financed by donors

crvene točke prikazuju sve škole financirane od strane donora,

are located, and the darker the shade of green,

što je tamnija zelena boja,

the more the number of out-of-school children.

to je više djece izvan škola.

So this simple mashup reveals that donors

Tako ovaj primjer pokazuje da donori

have not financed any schools in the areas

nisu financirali niti jednu školu u područjima

with the most out-of-school children,

koja imaju najviše neškolovane djece,

provoking new questions. Is development assistance

što donosi nova pitanja. Cilja li razvojna pomoć

targeting those who most need our help?

one kojima je naša pomoć najpotrebnija?

In this manner, the World Bank has now GeoMapped

Zbog toga, Svjetska banka je trenutno geo-locirala

30,000 project activities in 143 countries,

30,000 projekata u 143 države,

and donors are using a common platform

a donori također koriste istu platformu

to map all their projects.

kako bi označili svoje projekte.

This is a tremendous leap forward in transparency

Ovo je ogroman korak naprijed u transparentnosti

and accountability of aid.

i odgovornosti pomaganja.

And this leads me to the third, and in my view,

Ovo me dovodi do trećeg, prema meni,

the most significant shift in development:

najznačajnijeg pomaka u razvoju:

open governance. Governments today are opening up

otvorenom vladanju. Danas se vlade otvaraju

just as citizens are demanding voice and accountability.

zbog građana koji traže pravo glasa i odgovornost.

From the Arab Spring to the Anna Hazare movement in India,

Od Arapskog Proljeća do Anna Hazare pokreta u Indiji,

using mobile phones and social media

koristeći mobilne telefone i društvene medije

not just for political accountability

ne samo za političku odgovornost

but also for development accountability.

nego i za razvojnu odgovornost.

Are governments delivering services to the citizens?

Pružaju li vlade usluge svojim građanima?

So for instance, several governments in Africa

Na primjer, više vlada u Africi

and Eastern Europe are opening their budgets to the public.

i istočnoj Europi otvaraju svoje proračune javnosti.

But, you know, there is a big difference between a budget

Ali, znate, postoji velika razlika između proračuna

that's public and a budget that's accessible.

koji je javni i proračuna kojem se može pristupiti.

This is a public budget. (Laughter)

To je javni budžet. (Smijeh)

And as you can see, it's not really accessible

I kao što možete vidjeti, on je zapravo nedostupan

or understandable to an ordinary citizen

ili neshvatljiv običnom građaninu

that is trying to understand how the government is spending its resources.

koji pokušava razumjeti kako vlada troši svoje resurse.

To tackle this problem, governments are using new tools

Kako bi riješili ovaj problem, vlade koriste nove alate

to visualize the budget so it's more understandable

za vizualizaciju budžeta tako da je on

to the public.

razumljiviji javnosti.

In this map from Moldova, the green color shows

U ovoj mapi Moldavije, zelena boja predstavlja

those districts that have low spending on schools

područja koja imaju niske izdatke za škole

but good educational outcomes,

ali dobre obrazovne ishode,

and the red color shows the opposite.

a crvena boja prikazuje obrnuto.

Tools like this help turn a shelf full of inscrutable documents

Alati poput ovoga pretvaraju police pune dokumenata

into a publicly understandable visual,

u prikaz koji je razumljiv javnosti,

and what's exciting is that with this openness,

i ono što je uzbudljivo u vezi ove otvorenosti,

there are today new opportunities for citizens

danas postoje nove mogućnosti za građane

to give feedback and engage with government.

da daju povratne informacije i sudjeluju s vladom.

So in the Philippines today, parents and students

Tako u Filipinima, roditelji i studenti

can give real-time feedback on a website,

mogu u stvarnom vremenu dati informacije na stranici,

Checkmyschool.org, or using SMS, whether teachers

Checkmyschool.org ili pomoću SMSa, pojavljuju li se

and textbooks are showing up in school,

nastavnici i knjige u školi,

the same problems I witnessed in Uganda and in Bihar.

to su isti problemi kojima sam svjedočio u Ugandi i Biharu.

And the government is responsive. So for instance,

I vlada reagira. Na primjer,

when it was reported on this website that 800 students

kada je na toj web stranici prijavljeno da je 800 učenika

were at risk because school repairs had stalled

ugroženo jer je popravak škole zastao

due to corruption, the Department of Education

zbog korupcije, ministarstvo obrazovanja

in the Philippines took swift action.

u Filipinima brzo je djelovalo.

And you know what's exciting is that this innovation

Uzbudljivo je to što se ova inovacija

is now spreading South to South, from the Philippines

sada širi od od juga do juga, od Filipina

to Indonesia, Kenya, Moldova and beyond.

do Indonezije, Kenije, Moldavije i dalje.

In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, even an impoverished

U Der es Salam, Tanzaniji, čak i najsiromašnije

community was able to use these tools

zajednice imaju mogućnost korištenja ovih alata

to voice its aspirations.

kako bi izrazili svoje želje.

This is what the map of Tandale looked like

Ovako je karta Tandale izgledala u

in August, 2011. But within a few weeks,

kolovozu, 2011. Ali za par tjedana,

university students were able to use mobile phones

studenti su iskoristili mobilne telefone

and an open-source platform to dramatically map

i otvorene platforme i dramatično izmapirali

the entire community infrastructure.

čitavu infrastrukturu zajednice.

And what is very exciting is that citizens were then

I uzbudljivo je što su građani tada u mogućnosti

able to give feedback as to which health or water points

pružiti povratnu informaciju poput koje zdravstvene ili vodovodne

were not working, aggregated

usluge ne rade, naznačeno

in the red bubbles that you see,

ovim crvenim kružićima koje vidite,

which together provides a graphic visual

koji zajedno pružaju grafički prikaz

of the collective voices of the poor.

kolektivnih glasova siromašnih građana.

Today, even Bihar is turning around and opening up

Danas se čak i Bihar mijenja i otvara

under a committed leadership that is making government

pod odlučnim vodstvom koji čini vladu

transparent, accessible and responsive to the poor.

transparentnijom, pristupačnijom i odgovornijom prema siromašnima.

But, you know, in many parts of the world,

Ali, znate, u mnogim dijelovima svijeta,

governments are not interested in opening up

vlade nisu zainteresirane za otvaranje,

or in serving the poor, and it is a real challenge

ili služenje siromašnima i to je pravi izazov

for those who want to change the system.

za one koje žele promijeniti takav sustav.

These are the lonely warriors

Oni su usamljeni ratnici

like my father and many, many others,

poput mog oca i mnogih, mnogih drugih,

and a key frontier of development work

a ključan cilj razvojnog procesa

is to help these lonely warriors join hands

je pomoći ovim usamljenim ratnicima da se ujedine

so they can together overcome the odds.

i tako zajedno svladaju prepreke..

So for instance, today, in Ghana, courageous reformers

Na primjer, danas, u Gani, hrabri reformisti

from civil society, Parliament and government,

iz civilnog društva, parlament i vlada,

have forged a coalition for transparent contracts

osnovali su koaliciju za transparentne ugovore

in the oil sector, and, galvanized by this,

u naftnom sektoru, i zbog toga,

reformers in Parliament are now investigating dubious contracts.

Parlament sada istražuje sumnjive ugovore.

These examples give new hope, new possibility

Ovi primjeri daju novu nadu, novu mogućnost

to the problems I witnessed in Uganda

problemima kojima sam svjedočio u Ugandi

or that my father confronted in Bihar.

ili kojima se moj otac suočio u Biharu.

Two years ago, on April 8th, 2010, I called my father.

Prije dvije godine, 8. travnja 2010, nazvao sam svog oca.

It was very late at night, and at age 80,

Bila je kasna noć i on je u dobi od 80 godina

he was typing a 70-page public interest litigation

pripremao javnu parnicu od 70 stranica

against corruption in a road project.

protiv korupcije u cestovnom projektu.

Though he was no lawyer, he argued the case in court

Iako nije bio odvjetnik, sam je vodio predmet na sudu

himself the next day. He won the ruling,

idućeg dana. Dobio je parnicu,

but later that very evening,

ali kasnije te iste večeri,

he fell, and he died.

pao je i preminuo.

He fought till the end, increasingly passionate

Borio se do kraja, strastveno je

that to combat corruption and poverty,

tvrdio da kako bi se borili protiv korupcije i siromaštva,

not only did government officials need to be honest,

ne trebaju samo vladini službenici biti iskreni,

but citizens needed to join together

nego se i građani moraju ujediniti

to make their voices heard.

kako bi se njihov glas čuo.

These became the two bookends of his life,

To su postala dva kraja njegova života,

and the journey he traveled in between

a put koji je prešao između

mirrored the changing development landscape.

zrcalio je izmijenjeni i unaprijeđeni krajolik.

Today, I'm inspired by these changes, and I'm excited

Ja sam inspiriran ovim promjenama i uzbuđen

that at the World Bank, we are embracing

što u Svjetskoj banci prihvaćamo

these new directions, a significant departure

ove nove smjernice, značajan pomak

from my work in Uganda 20 years ago.

od mog rada u Ugandi prije 20 godina.

We need to radically open up development

Moramo radikalno otvoriti razvitak

so knowledge flows in multiple directions,

tako da znanje teče u više smjerova,

inspiring practitioners, so aid becomes transparent,

inspirira praktikante, tako da pomoć postane transparentna,

accountable and effective, so governments open up

odgovorna i efektivna, tako da se vlade otvore

and citizens are engaged and empowered

i građani postanu uključeni i dobiju moć

with reformers in government.

u reformama koje provodi vlada.

We need to accelerate these shifts.

Moramo ubrzati ove promjene.

If we do, we will find that the collective voices

Ako to napravimo, vidjet ćemo da će se glasovi

of the poor will be heard in Bihar,

siromašnih čuti u Biharu,

in Uganda, and beyond.

Ugandi i dalje.

We will find that textbooks and teachers

Vidjet ćemo da će se knjige i učitelji

will show up in schools for their children.

pojaviti u školama za svoju djecu.

We will find that these children, too,

Ta djeca će, također,

have a real chance of breaking their way out of poverty.

imati stvarnu priliku za izlazak iz siromaštva.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Pljesak)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)