Auret van Heerden: Making global labor fair

翻译人员: dong liu 校对人员: Angelia King

This cell phone

这个手机

started its trajectory

来自

in an artisanal mine

刚果东部工匠的双手，

in the Eastern Congo.

。

It's mined by armed gangs

在武装监管下，由儿童奴隶

using slaves, child slaves,

开采，

what the U.N. Security Council

联合国安全理事会把它

calls "blood minerals,"

称作“血矿”，

then traveled into some components

然后流通到一些环节，

and ended up in a factory

最后到达中国深圳的

in Shinjin in China.

工厂。

That factory -- over a dozen people have committed suicide

今年这个工厂中超过12个人

already this year.

已经自杀。

One man died after working a 36-hour shift.

其中一个人在36小时轮班后死亡。

We all love chocolate.

我们都喜欢巧克力。

We buy it for our kids.

我们买给我们的孩子。

Eighty percent of the cocoa comes from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana

百分之八十的可可豆来自科特迪瓦共和国和加纳，

and it's harvested by children.

均由儿童收获。

Cote d'Ivoire, we have a huge problem of child slaves.

在科特迪瓦共和国，有大量的儿童奴隶。

Children have been trafficked from other conflict zones

来自其他冲突地区，儿童被非法贩卖到此，

to come and work on the coffee plantations.

在咖啡种植园工作。

Heparin -- a blood thinner,

肝磷脂--血液稀释剂，

a pharmaceutical product --

一种药品--

starts out in artisanal workshops

来自中国

like this in China,

类似于手工作坊，

because the active ingredient

因为活性成分

comes from pigs' intestines.

来自猪的肠毒素。

Your diamond -- you've all heard, probably seen the movie "Blood Diamond."

你的钻石：你可能从“血钻”这部电影中听说过。

This is a mine in Zimbabwe

现在这个矿位于

right now.

津巴布韦。

Cotton: Uzbekistan is the second biggest

棉花：乌兹别克斯坦是全球

exporter of cotton on Earth.

第二大棉花出口国。

Every year when it comes to the cotton harvest,

每年到了棉花收获的季节，

the government shuts down the schools,

政府关闭学校，

puts the kids in buses, buses them to the cotton fields

把孩子们载到棉花生产区，

to spend three weeks harvesting the cotton.

花三周时间来采摘棉花。

It's forced child labor

在制度上

on an institutional scale.

强制执行童工。

And all of those products probably end their lives

所有的这些产品可能就结束了他们的生命，

in a dump like this one in Manila.

在垃圾场，类似马尼拉的这个。

These places, these origins,

这些地点，这些原产点，

represent governance gaps.

有管理上的漏洞。

That's the politest description

那是我得到的

I have for them.

最官方的描述。

These are the dark pools

全球供应链从这些黑暗的地方

where global supply chains begin --

开始--

the global supply chains,

这些全球供应链

which bring us our favorite brand name products.

最后生产了我们熟悉的知名品牌产品。

Some of these governance gaps

这些管理漏洞

are run by rogue states.

来自无赖的政府。

Some of them are not states anymore at all.

其中一些已经不再是政府了；

They're failed states.

他们是失败的政府。

Some of them

一些政府

are just countries who believe that deregulation or no regulation

只是认为违规或者没有监管

is the best way to attract investment,

是吸引投资和促进贸易的

promote trade.

最好方法。

Either way, they present us

他们展现给我们的任何一种方式，

with a huge moral and ethical dilemma.

都是道德和伦理的两难境地。

I know that none of us want to be accessories

我认为没有一个人想成为附属品，

after the fact

在全球供应链的

of a human rights abuse

滥用人权的

in a global supply chain.

事实中。

But right now,

但是现在，

most of the companies involved in these supply chains

大部分卷入这些供应链的公司

don't have any way

都没有办法

of assuring us

说服我们：

that nobody had to mortgage their future,

没有人会抵押他们的未来，

nobody had to sacrifice their rights

也没有人会牺牲他们的权利

to bring us our favorite

不去生产我们喜欢的

brand name product.

品牌产品。

Now, I didn't come here to depress you

现在我不是消极的告诉你，

about the state of the global supply chain.

关于全球供应链的事情。

We need a reality check.

我们需要事实去核查。

We need to recognize just how serious

我们需要重新认识我们拥有这个权利

a deficit of rights we have.

的重要性。

This is an independent republic,

这是一个独立的共和体，

probably a failed state.

也可能是失败的政府。

It's definitely not a democratic state.

它绝对不是一个民主的政府。

And right now,

现在，

that independent republic of the supply chain

在供应链中的独立共和体

is not being governed

通过一种方式管理，

in a way that would satisfy us,

这种方式不可以通过道德交易或者

that we can engage in ethical trade or ethical consumption.

道德消费，来满足我们自私的需求。

Now, that's not a new story.

现在这些已经不是一个新的故事了。

You've seen the documentaries

你已经看过了关于全球制衣的

of sweatshops making garments

血汗工厂的纪录片，

all over the world, even in developed countries.

甚至在发达国家的。

You want to see the classic sweatshop,

你想看经典的血汗工程，

meet me at Madison Square Garden,

跟我来麦迪逊广场，

I'll take you down the street, and I'll show you a Chinese sweatshop.

我将带你进入街巷，给你展现中国的血汗工厂。

But take the example of heparin.

以肝磷脂为例。

It's a pharmaceutical product.

它是制药产品。

You expect that the supply chain that gets it to the hospital,

你指望供应链把它带入医院，

probably squeaky clean.

可能吱吱响的干净。

The problem is that the active ingredient in there --

问题是这里的活性成分--

as I mentioned earlier --

正如我前面提到的--

comes from pigs.

来自猪。

The main American manufacturer

那些活性成分大部分美国

of that active ingredient

生产商

decided a few years ago to relocate to China

几年前就驻扎在中国，

because it's the world's biggest supplier of pigs.

因为这里是全球最大的猪肉供应地。

And their factory in China --

中国的这些工厂--

which probably is pretty clean --

大概都很干净--

is getting all of the ingredients

从屠宰场获得

from backyard abattoirs,

活性成分。

where families slaughter pigs

但家庭作坊屠宰猪，

and extract the ingredient.

然后提取活性成分。

So a couple of years ago, we had a scandal

几年前，一个谣言流传着：

which killed about 80 people around the world,

全球大概有80人死亡，

because of contaminants

因为环境污染

that crept into the heparin supply chain.

蔓延到肝磷脂供应链中。

Worse, some of the suppliers

更糟糕的是，一些供应商

realized that they could substitute a product

找到了一种替代产品，

which mimicked heparin in tests.

在测试中可以替代肝磷脂。

This substitute cost nine dollars a pound,

该替代品每磅九美元，

whereas real heparin, the real ingredient,

而真正的肝磷脂--有效的活性成分--

cost 900 dollars a pound.

每磅九百美元。

A no-brainer.

一个缺乏思考的人。

The problem was that it killed more people.

问题是更多人由于它死亡。

And so you're asking yourself,

因此大家扪心自问，

"How come the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

“为什么美国食品药品监督管理局

allowed this to happen?

允许这些发生？

How did the Chinese State Agency for Food and Drugs

为什么中国政府的食品药品部门

allow this to happen?"

允许这些发生？”

And the answer is quite simple:

答案非常简单：

the Chinese define these facilities

中国认为这些工厂

as chemical facilities, not pharmaceutical facilities,

是化学工厂，不是药厂，

so they don't audit them.

因此无法监管。

And the USFDA

而美国食品药品管理局

has a jurisdictional problem.

也存在司法问题。

This is offshore.

这是在海外。

They actually do conduct a few investigations overseas --

他们实际上很少监管海外调查研究--

about a dozen a year -- maybe 20 in a good year.

大概一年调查十二个，在好年头也许二十个。

There are 500

而仅仅在中国

of these facilities

生产这样的活性成分的工厂

producing active ingredients in China alone.

就有500多家。

In fact, about 80 percent

事实上，现在大概百分之八十的

of the active ingredients in medicines now

药品活性成分

come from offshore,

都来自海外，

particularly China and India,

特别是中国和印度。

and we don't have a governance system.

我们没有一个政府系统，

We don't have a regulatory system

没有监管系统

able to ensure

去保证

that that production is safe.

产品安全。

We don't have a system to ensure

没有一个系统保证

that human rights, basic dignity,

人权和基本的

are ensured.

尊严。

So at a national level --

在国家层面上--

and we work in about 60 different countries --

我们工作在六十多个国家--

at a national level

特指国家层面上，

we've got a serious breakdown in the ability of governments

我们有严重的管理漏洞，

to regulate production

去监管他们本土的

on their own soil.

产品。

And the real problem with the global supply chain

全球供应链的真正问题是

is that it's supranational.

跨国问题。

So governments who are failing,

失败的管理，

who are dropping the ball

把球踢来踢去，

at a national level,

在国家层面上

have even less ability to get their arms around the problem

无法插手一个

at an international level.

国际层面上的问题。

And you can just look at the headlines.

仅看新闻头版。

Take Copenhagen last year --

以去年哥本哈根气候大会为例--

complete failure of governments

在面对国际挑战时

to do the right thing

政府间要做正确的事情却

in the face of an international challenge.

面临彻底失败。

Take the G20 meeting a couple of weeks ago --

几周前的G20会议为例--

stepped back from its commitments of just a few months ago.

退回到几月前的决议。

You can take any one

你可以随便挑一个

of the major global challenges we've discussed this week

我们这周讨论的全球主要挑战，

and ask yourself, where is the leadership from governments

问问你自己，哪个政府领导能

to step up and come up with solutions,

直面问题，解决问题，

responses,

回应

to those international problems?

那些国际问题？

And the simple answer is they can't. They're national.

简单的回答是他们不能，因为他们是国家性的。

Their voters are local.

他们的选民是当地的。

They have parochial interests.

他们有地方性利益。

They can't subordinate those interests

他们不能屈从于

to the greater global public good.

更大的全球公共利益。

So, if we're going to ensure the delivery

因此我们打算保证

of the key public goods

主要的公共利益

at an international level --

在国际层面上--

in this case, in the global supply chain --

这里是全球供应链--

we have to come up with a different mechanism.

我们必须采取不同的机制。

We need a different machine.

我们需要不同的机构。

Fortunately, we have some examples.

幸运的是，我们有一些例子。

In the 1990s,

二十世纪九十年代，

there were a whole series of scandals

发生了一系列丑闻

concerning the production of brand name goods in the U.S. --

涉及到美国品牌商品--

child labor, forced labor,

童工，强制劳动，

serious health and safety abuses.

危害健康和滥用安全--

And eventually President Clinton, in 1996,

甚至克林顿总统在1996年

convened a meeting at the White House,

在白宫召开了一个会议--

invited industry, human rights NGOs,

相关工业，人权非政府组织，

trade unions, the Department of Labor,

贸易联盟，劳工部--

got them all in a room

聚集到一起，

and said, "Look,

说：“瞧，

I don't want globalization to be a race to the bottom.

我不想让全球化成为底层恶性竞争。

I don't know how to prevent that,

我不知道如何阻止，

but I'm at least going to use my good offices

但至少我打算在我的办公室

to get you folks together

把你们召集起来

to come up with a response."

解决问题。”

So they formed a White House task force,

特此他们组成了白宫特别工作组，

and they spent about three years arguing

花费三年时间争论

about who takes how much responsibility

关于谁应该在全球供应链中

in the global supply chain.

负多少责任。

Companies didn't feel it was their responsibility.

公司并没有感到自己的责任。

They don't own those facilities.

他们不拥有工厂。

They don't employ those workers.

他们没有雇佣那些工人。

They're not legally liable.

他们不负法律责任。

Everybody else at the table

在座的人都

said, "Folks, that doesn't cut it.

说：“流言不会自己停止。

You have a custodial duty, a duty of care,

你应负有监督的职责，关心的责任，

to make sure that that product

保证产品

gets from wherever to the store

从储藏到商店上架

in a way that allows us to consume it,

可以买卖的过程中

without fear of our safety,

不能危害我们消费者的安全，

or without having to sacrifice our conscience

不能牺牲我们的道德来

to consume that product."

买卖商品。”

So they agreed, "Okay, what we'll do

他们同意了，“好吧，我们所做的

is we agree on a common set of standards,

是在商品标准和管理上

code of conduct.

达成一致。

We'll apply that throughout

把它应用在

our global supply chain

全球供应链中，

regardless of ownership or control.

无论拥有物权关系或者控制权。

We'll make it part of the contract."

均作为合同一部分。”

And that was a stroke of absolute genius,

那绝对是天才的一击，

because what they did

因为他们所做的

was they harnessed the power of the contract,

产生合同的效力，

private power,

私人的力量，

to deliver public goods.

供给公共产品。

And let's face it,

拿它来说，

the contract from a major multinational brand

多国品牌合同

to a supplier in India or China

对印度或者中国的供应者

has much more persuasive value

有更多的说服力，

than the local labor law,

比起当地法律，

the local environmental regulations,

当地环境法规，

the local human rights standards.

当地人权标准。

Those factories will probably never see an inspector.

那些工厂将可能再也看不到巡视员。

If the inspector did come along,

如果巡视员来了，

it would be amazing if they were able

就是考验他们能不能

to resist the bribe.

抵挡住贿赂。

Even if they did their jobs,

甚至他们做了本职工作，

and they cited those facilities for their violations,

他们列举这些设施的违法行为，

the fine would be derisory.

罚金会是微不足道的。

But you lose that contract

但是你就失去那个

for a major brand name,

大品牌合同，

that's the difference

这差异就是

between staying in business or going bankrupt.

要么继续运营要么破产。

That makes a difference.

那是不同的。

So what we've been able to do

我们以前所做的是，

is we've been able to harness

损害

the power and the influence

能源和环境

of the only truly transnational institution

只针对在全球供应链中的跨国机构

in the global supply chain,

。

that of the multinational company,

在跨国公司中，

and get them to do the right thing,

让他们做正确的事情，

get them to use that power for good,

在商品中使用相应的权利，

to deliver the key public goods.

供给核心的公共产品。

Now of course, this doesn't come naturally

当然，这个不会由跨国公司

to multinational companies.

自动执行。

They weren't set up to do this. They're set up to make money.

他们不会因此而关注；他们关注的是挣钱。

But they are extremely efficient organizations.

但是他们是特别有效的组织。

They have resources,

他们拥有资源，

and if we can add the will, the commitment,

如果我们有决心和责任，

they know how to deliver that product.

他们知道如何供给产品。

Now, getting there is not easy.

现在这么做不简单。

Those supply chains I put up on the screen earlier,

我之前演示的那些供应链，

they're not there.

他们就不这么做。

You need a safe space.

你需要一个安全的空间。

You need a place where people can come together,

需要一个地方，可以让大家聚在一起，

sit down without fear of judgment,

坐在一起，不用担心决议，

without recrimination,

和揭丑，

to actually face the problem,

直面问题，

agree on the problem and come up with solutions.

达成一致和解决办法。

We can do it. The technical solutions are there.

我们可以做到：这里有科技解决办法。

The problem is the lack of trust, the lack of confidence,

这些问题归于缺乏信任，缺乏信心，

the lack of partnership

缺乏合作

between NGOs, campaign groups,

在非政府组织，竞选组织，

civil society organizations

国内社会组织，

and multinational companies.

以及跨国公司之间。

If we can put those two together in a safe space,

如果在一个安全的地方，我们把他们放在一起，

get them to work together,

让他们合作，

we can deliver public goods right now,

我们立刻就可以供给公共产品，

or in extremely short supply.

或者特别快地提供。

This is a radical proposition,

这是一个激进的主张，

and it's crazy to think

疯狂的想法：

that if you're a 15-year-old Bangladeshi girl

如果你是一个15岁的孟加拉国女孩，

leaving your rural village

远离自己的村庄，

to go and work in a factory in Dhaka --

在达卡（孟加拉首都）的一家工厂工作--

22, 23, 24 dollars a month --

一个月22，23或者24美元--

your best chance of enjoying rights at work

工作中最大的享受权利是

is if that factory is producing

如果工厂生产

for a brand name company

一个大品牌，

which has got a code of conduct

它拥有企业经营管理法规

and made that code of conduct part of the contract.

把管理法规作为合同的一部分。

It's crazy.

这非常疯狂；

Multinationals are protecting human rights.

跨国公司都保护人权。

I know there's going to be disbelief.

我知道有人不相信。

You'll say, "How can we trust them?"

你可能说：“我们怎么信任他们？”

Well, we don't.

是的，我们不相信。

It's the old arms control phrase:

古老的控制方法：

"Trust, but verify."

“信任，并核查。”

So we audit.

因此我们进行审计。

We take their supply chain, we take all the factory names,

我们审计供应链，核实工厂名字，

we do a random sample,

随机采样，

we send inspectors on an unannounced basis

按照一套非公开的规则，派送人员

to inspect those facilities,

调查那些工程，

and then we publish the results.

然后我们公布结果。

Transparency is absolutely critical to this.

这个是完全透明的。

You can call yourself responsible,

你可以自己负责，

but responsibility without accountability

但是没有问责制的责任

often doesn't work.

是往往行不通的。

So what we're doing is, we're not only enlisting the multinationals,

因此我们所做的，不仅仅是为跨国公司进行罗列，

we're giving them the tools to deliver this public good --

我们提供工具，为他们供给公共产品--

respect for human rights --

尊重人权--

and we're checking.

然后我们进行核查。

You don't need to believe me. You shouldn't believe me.

你不需要信任我，也不应该信任我。

Go to the website. Look at the audit results.

上网，查看审计结果。

Ask yourself, is this company behaving

扪心自问，这家公司是否

in a socially responsible way?

负有社会责任？

Can I buy that product

我是否为购买这个商品而

without compromising my ethics?

失去了我的道德观？

That's the way the system works.

那就是这个系统工作的模式。

I hate the idea

我痛恨

that governments are not protecting human rights around the world.

世界上的政府不保护人权。

I hate the idea

我痛恨

that governments have dropped this ball

政府们互相推卸责任。

and I can't get used to the idea

我不能忍受

that somehow we can't get them to do their jobs.

我们无法使他们做好本职工作。

I've been at this for 30 years,

我为此努力了30年，

and in that time I've seen

在此期间我见识过

the ability, the commitment, the will of government

政府应对的能力，许诺

to do this decline,

和愿望，在这点本职工作有退步，

and I don't see them making a comeback right now.

直到现在我还没有看到他们卷土重来的实际行动。

So we started out thinking

因此我们开始认为

this was a stopgap measure.

这只是一个权益之计。

We're now thinking that, in fact,

事实上，现在我们认为

this is probably the start

这可能只是

of a new way of regulating and addressing

一个调节和解决

international challenges.

国际争端的新方法的开端。

Call it network governance. Call it what you will.

我们称之为网络管理，你想怎么称呼都行，

The private actors,

私营部门

companies and NGOs,

公司和非政府组织，

are going to have to get together

正打算联合起来

to face the major challenges we are going to face.

应对我们要面临的主要挑战。

Just look at pandemics --

看看现在流行的--

swine flu, bird flu, H1N1.

猪流感，禽流感，H1N1。

Look at the health systems in so many countries.

看看各国的医疗系统。

Do they have the resources

他们是否有资源

to face up to a serious pandemic?

来面对严重的流行病？

No.

没有。

Could the private sector and NGOs

私营部门和非政府组织

get together and marshal a response?

能否联合起来，并进行整顿？

Absolutely.

当然。

What they lack is that safe space

他们缺乏的是安全的地方

to come together, agree

聚集起来，达成一致，

and move to action.

做出决定。

That's what we're trying to provide.

那正是我们努力达到的。

I know as well

正如我知道的，

that this often seems

这正是

like an overwhelming level of responsibility

人们期望的

for people to assume.

责任的最大化程度。

"You want me to deliver human rights

“你想让我在全球供应链中

throughout my global supply chain.

讲讲人权。

There are thousands of suppliers in there."

其中包含成百上千的供应商。

It seems too daunting, too dangerous,

这似乎太令人畏缩，太危险

for any company to take on.

以至于没有一个公司可以实现。

But there are companies.

但是仍然有一些公司实现了。

We have 4,000 companies who are members.

我们拥有4000个成员公司。

Some of them are very, very large companies.

一些是非常非常大的公司。

The sporting goods industry, in particular,

特别是运动商品公司

stepped up to the plate and have done it.

已经提前完成了。

The example, the role model, is there.

角色模型就是一个例子。

And whenever we discuss

当我们讨论

one of these problems that we have to address --

必须面对的问题之一--

child labor in cottonseed farms in India --

印度棉籽农场中的童工--

this year we will monitor 50,000 cottonseed farms in India.

今年我们跟踪了印度的5万家棉籽农场。

It seems overwhelming.

这似乎大得惊人。

The numbers just make you want to zone out.

这个数字似乎让人想出局。

But we break it down to some basic realities.

但是我们逐项列出一些基本的现实情况。

And human rights

人权

comes down to a very simple proposition:

是非常简单的主张：

can I give this person their dignity back?

我能否归还他们的尊严？

Poor people,

穷人，

people whose human rights have been violated --

被侵害人权的人们--

the crux of that

他们的症结是

is the loss of dignity,

失去尊严，

the lack of dignity.

缺乏尊严。

It starts with just giving people back their dignity.

刚开始是归还他们的尊严。

I was sitting in a slum outside Gurgaon

我坐在Gurgaon的贫民窟外，

just next to Delhi,

在德里（印度城市）旁边，

one of the flashiest, brightest new cities

一个快速繁荣的新城市

popping up in India right now,

现在正在印度崛起，

and I was talking to workers

我和一些工人聊天。

who worked in garment sweatshops down the road,

他们为地下制衣血汗工厂工作。

and I asked them what message they would like me to take to the brands.

我问他们希望带给品牌商什么讯息。

They didn't say money.

他们没有提到钱；

They said, "The people who employ us

他们说，“那些雇主

treat us like we are less than human,

进行非人的虐待，

like we don't exist.

似乎我们劳工根本不存在。

Please ask them to treat us like human beings."

请告诉他们，进行常人的对待。”

That's my simple understanding of human rights.

这是我对人权的简单理解。

That's my simple proposition to you,

那是我的简单主张，

my simple plea to every decision-maker

对每个决议制定者的简单请求，

in this room, everybody out there.

在场的人，以及外面的每个人。

We can all make a decision

我们可以一起

to come together

做出决定，

and pick up the balls and run with the balls

捡起球，跟随着那个

that governments have dropped.

政府丢掉的球。

If we don't do it,

如果我们不做，

we're abandoning hope,

我们就放弃了希望，

we're abandoning our essential humanity,

放弃了基本的人性，

and I know that's not a place we want to be,

我知道那不是我们想要的，

and we don't have to be there.

我们没必要到那个地步。

So I appeal to you.

因此我呼吁大家，

Join us, come into that safe space,

加入我们，来到安全的地方，

and let's start to make this happen.

让我们为此开始努力。

Thank you very much.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）