Auret van Heerden: Making global labor fair

138,638 views ใƒป 2010-11-11

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
This cell phone
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื–ื”
00:18
started its trajectory
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ื”ื—ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื•
00:21
in an artisanal mine
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ื‘ืžื›ืจื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™
00:23
in the Eastern Congo.
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืงื•ื ื’ื•.
00:25
It's mined by armed gangs
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ื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื ื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฉื•ืช
00:27
using slaves, child slaves,
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:29
what the U.N. Security Council
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
00:31
calls "blood minerals,"
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ืžื›ื ื” "ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ ื“ื",
00:33
then traveled into some components
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื
00:35
and ended up in a factory
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืคืขืœ
00:37
in Shinjin in China.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื’'ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
00:39
That factory -- over a dozen people have committed suicide
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ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืชืื‘ื“ื• ืžืขืœ ืชืจื™ืกืจ ืื™ืฉ
00:42
already this year.
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ืจืง ื”ืฉื ื”.
00:44
One man died after working a 36-hour shift.
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ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืžืฉืžืจืช ืฉืœ 36 ืฉืขื•ืช.
00:48
We all love chocolate.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
00:50
We buy it for our kids.
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ืื ื• ืงื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•.
00:52
Eighty percent of the cocoa comes from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana
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80 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืงืงืื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ ื•ืžื’ืื ื”
00:55
and it's harvested by children.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืงื˜ืฃ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
00:58
Cote d'Ivoire, we have a huge problem of child slaves.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
01:00
Children have been trafficked from other conflict zones
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
01:03
to come and work on the coffee plantations.
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ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื˜ืขื™ ื”ืงืงืื•.
01:06
Heparin -- a blood thinner,
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ื”ืคืจื™ืŸ - ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื™ืœื•ืœ ื“ื,
01:08
a pharmaceutical product --
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ืžื•ืฆืจ ืจืคื•ืื™ -
01:10
starts out in artisanal workshops
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืกื“ื ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช
01:13
like this in China,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
01:15
because the active ingredient
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ื›ื™ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื‘ื•
01:17
comes from pigs' intestines.
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ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ืžืขื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
01:20
Your diamond -- you've all heard, probably seen the movie "Blood Diamond."
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ื™ื”ืœื•ืžื™ื›ื: ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืฉืžืขืชื ืื• ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื”ืœื•ื".
01:23
This is a mine in Zimbabwe
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื›ืจื” ื‘ื–ื™ืžื‘ื‘ื•ื•ื”
01:25
right now.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืื ื•.
01:27
Cotton: Uzbekistan is the second biggest
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ื›ื•ืชื ื”: ืื•ื–ื‘ืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื”
01:29
exporter of cotton on Earth.
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ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื•ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
01:31
Every year when it comes to the cotton harvest,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”, ื›ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื•ื ืช ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื”,
01:34
the government shuts down the schools,
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืกื•ื’ืจืช ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ,
01:36
puts the kids in buses, buses them to the cotton fields
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ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžืกื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชื ื”
01:39
to spend three weeks harvesting the cotton.
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื˜ืคื™ื ื›ื•ืชื ื”.
01:42
It's forced child labor
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืคื™ื”
01:44
on an institutional scale.
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ื‘ืงื ื”-ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืžื•ืกื“.
01:47
And all of those products probably end their lives
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
01:50
in a dump like this one in Manila.
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ืœืžื–ื‘ืœื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื–ืืช ืฉื‘ืžื ื™ืœื”.
01:52
These places, these origins,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืžืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื,
01:55
represent governance gaps.
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ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืคืขืจื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืžืžืฉืœืชื™.
01:57
That's the politest description
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืžืก ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:59
I have for them.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
02:02
These are the dark pools
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ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื•ืช
02:04
where global supply chains begin --
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช-
02:07
the global supply chains,
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ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:09
which bring us our favorite brand name products.
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ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืชื’ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื•.
02:12
Some of these governance gaps
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ื›ืžื” ืžืคืขืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ืืœื”
02:15
are run by rogue states.
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ืžื ื•ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืฉืขื•ืช.
02:18
Some of them are not states anymore at all.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ;
02:20
They're failed states.
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ืืœื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช.
02:22
Some of them
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜
02:24
are just countries who believe that deregulation or no regulation
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ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืจืช ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืื• ื”ืขื“ืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื—
02:27
is the best way to attract investment,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื,
02:30
promote trade.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืžืกื—ืจ.
02:32
Either way, they present us
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ื ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•
02:34
with a huge moral and ethical dilemma.
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ื“ื™ืœืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื•ืืชื™ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”.
02:38
I know that none of us want to be accessories
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”
02:40
after the fact
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ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
02:43
of a human rights abuse
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื
02:45
in a global supply chain.
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ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช.
02:47
But right now,
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ืืš ืœืคื™ ืฉืขื”,
02:49
most of the companies involved in these supply chains
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ืืกืคืงื” ืืœื”
02:52
don't have any way
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ืื™ื ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
02:54
of assuring us
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ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื•
02:56
that nobody had to mortgage their future,
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ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื ืืœืฅ ืœืžืฉื›ืŸ ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ื•,
02:58
nobody had to sacrifice their rights
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ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื ืืœืฅ ืœื”ืงืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื•
03:01
to bring us our favorite
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•
03:03
brand name product.
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ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:06
Now, I didn't come here to depress you
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ืœื ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื›ื ืืชื›ื
03:08
about the state of the global supply chain.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
03:11
We need a reality check.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
03:13
We need to recognize just how serious
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื
03:16
a deficit of rights we have.
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ืฉืœื™ืœืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
03:19
This is an independent republic,
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช,
03:21
probably a failed state.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื•ืช.
03:23
It's definitely not a democratic state.
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ื–ื• ื•ื“ืื™ ืื™ื ื ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช.
03:27
And right now,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื”
03:29
that independent republic of the supply chain
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ืื•ืชื” ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื”
03:31
is not being governed
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ืื™ื ื” ื ืฉืœื˜ืช
03:33
in a way that would satisfy us,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืชืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•
03:36
that we can engage in ethical trade or ethical consumption.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ ืื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
03:40
Now, that's not a new story.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ.
03:42
You've seen the documentaries
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื
03:44
of sweatshops making garments
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ืขืœ ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื ืฆืœื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ
03:46
all over the world, even in developed countries.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื’ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช.
03:49
You want to see the classic sweatshop,
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ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื ืฆืœื ื™ ื”ืงืœืืกื™,
03:51
meet me at Madison Square Garden,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืคื’ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืกืงื•ื•ืจ ื’ืจื“ืŸ,
03:53
I'll take you down the street, and I'll show you a Chinese sweatshop.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืคืขืœ ื ืฆืœื ื™ ืกื™ื ื™.
03:56
But take the example of heparin.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื™ืŸ.
03:59
It's a pharmaceutical product.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ืฆืจ ืชืจื•ืคืชื™.
04:01
You expect that the supply chain that gets it to the hospital,
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
04:04
probably squeaky clean.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืžื ืงื™ื•ืŸ.
04:08
The problem is that the active ingredient in there --
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื•-
04:10
as I mentioned earlier --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ-
04:12
comes from pigs.
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ืžืงื•ืจื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
04:14
The main American manufacturer
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ื”ื™ืฆืจืŸ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™
04:17
of that active ingredient
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ
04:19
decided a few years ago to relocate to China
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœืกื™ืŸ
04:22
because it's the world's biggest supplier of pigs.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืกืคืงื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
04:25
And their factory in China --
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžืคืขืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ-
04:27
which probably is pretty clean --
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื ืงื™ ืœืžื“ื™-
04:30
is getting all of the ingredients
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ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
04:32
from backyard abattoirs,
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ืžืžืฉื—ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช,
04:34
where families slaughter pigs
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื—ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื
04:36
and extract the ingredient.
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ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
04:39
So a couple of years ago, we had a scandal
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ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื”,
04:41
which killed about 80 people around the world,
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ื•ื›-90 ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื•
04:43
because of contaminants
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื
04:45
that crept into the heparin supply chain.
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ืฉื—ื“ืจื• ืœืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื™ืŸ.
04:48
Worse, some of the suppliers
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ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืš, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกืคืงื™ื
04:50
realized that they could substitute a product
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ืœื•ืคื™
04:54
which mimicked heparin in tests.
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ืฉืžืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืคืจื™ืŸ.
04:58
This substitute cost nine dollars a pound,
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ื”ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืขื•ืœื” 9 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•,
05:01
whereas real heparin, the real ingredient,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื”ืคืจื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™-- ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™--
05:04
cost 900 dollars a pound.
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ืขื•ืœื” $900 ืœื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื•.
05:07
A no-brainer.
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ื›ืกืฃ ืงืœ.
05:09
The problem was that it killed more people.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื’ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื.
05:12
And so you're asking yourself,
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ืื– ืืชื ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื,
05:14
"How come the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
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"ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
05:16
allowed this to happen?
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ื”ื ื™ื— ืœื›ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช?
05:18
How did the Chinese State Agency for Food and Drugs
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
05:20
allow this to happen?"
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืœื›ืš ืœืงืจื•ืช?"
05:22
And the answer is quite simple:
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœืžื“ื™:
05:25
the Chinese define these facilities
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ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:27
as chemical facilities, not pharmaceutical facilities,
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ื›ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืœื ื›ืžืคืขืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
05:30
so they don't audit them.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื.
05:32
And the USFDA
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ื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
05:34
has a jurisdictional problem.
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜.
05:36
This is offshore.
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ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ.
05:38
They actually do conduct a few investigations overseas --
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ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื›ืžื” ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ--
05:40
about a dozen a year -- maybe 20 in a good year.
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืชืจื™ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”, ืื• 20 ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช,
05:43
There are 500
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ื•ื™ืฉ 500
05:45
of these facilities
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ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
05:47
producing active ingredients in China alone.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ, ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
05:50
In fact, about 80 percent
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›-80 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
05:53
of the active ingredients in medicines now
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ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
05:55
come from offshore,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื—ื•"ืœ,
05:57
particularly China and India,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืกื™ืŸ ื•ืžื”ื•ื“ื•.
05:59
and we don't have a governance system.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื™ืงื•ื—,
06:02
We don't have a regulatory system
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืงื ื•ืช
06:04
able to ensure
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื•ื•ื“ื
06:06
that that production is safe.
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
06:10
We don't have a system to ensure
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืชื•ื•ื“ื
06:12
that human rights, basic dignity,
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ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™
06:14
are ensured.
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ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื.
06:17
So at a national level --
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ืื– ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช--
06:20
and we work in about 60 different countries --
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›-60 ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช--
06:22
at a national level
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
06:24
we've got a serious breakdown in the ability of governments
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื—ื“ืœ ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
06:26
to regulate production
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
06:29
on their own soil.
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ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชืŸ.
06:32
And the real problem with the global supply chain
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
06:34
is that it's supranational.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืขืœ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
06:36
So governments who are failing,
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ืื– ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉื ื›ืฉืœื•ืช,
06:38
who are dropping the ball
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ืฉืฉื•ืžื˜ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ,
06:40
at a national level,
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
06:42
have even less ability to get their arms around the problem
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ืžืชืงืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”
06:44
at an international level.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
06:47
And you can just look at the headlines.
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ื•ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื.
06:49
Take Copenhagen last year --
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”--
06:52
complete failure of governments
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ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
06:54
to do the right thing
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ
06:56
in the face of an international challenge.
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ืœื ื•ื›ื— ืืชื’ืจ ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
06:59
Take the G20 meeting a couple of weeks ago --
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžืคื’ืฉ "20 ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช" ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช--
07:02
stepped back from its commitments of just a few months ago.
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ื ืกื•ื’ื• ืžื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
07:07
You can take any one
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื” ืฉืชืจืฆื•
07:09
of the major global challenges we've discussed this week
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ืžื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืข
07:12
and ask yourself, where is the leadership from governments
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ื•ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืื™ืคื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช
07:15
to step up and come up with solutions,
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ืฉืชืงื•ื ื•ืชืกืคืง ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช,
07:18
responses,
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
07:20
to those international problems?
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื”?
07:23
And the simple answer is they can't. They're national.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื•. ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
07:27
Their voters are local.
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
07:29
They have parochial interests.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื• ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฆืจื™ื.
07:31
They can't subordinate those interests
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:33
to the greater global public good.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:36
So, if we're going to ensure the delivery
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื
07:38
of the key public goods
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
07:40
at an international level --
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช--
07:42
in this case, in the global supply chain --
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช--
07:45
we have to come up with a different mechanism.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:48
We need a different machine.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ื”.
07:52
Fortunately, we have some examples.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
07:56
In the 1990s,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
07:58
there were a whole series of scandals
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœ ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื•ืช
08:00
concerning the production of brand name goods in the U.S. --
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ืฉื ื’ืขื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘--
08:02
child labor, forced labor,
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ื”ืขืกืงืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืคื™ื”,
08:04
serious health and safety abuses.
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ืžืคื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื--
08:07
And eventually President Clinton, in 1996,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘-1996,
08:09
convened a meeting at the White House,
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ื›ื™ื ืก ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ--
08:12
invited industry, human rights NGOs,
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ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื”, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื,
08:15
trade unions, the Department of Labor,
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ืื™ื’ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”--
08:17
got them all in a room
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ื›ื™ื ืก ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื“,
08:19
and said, "Look,
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ื•ืืžืจ, "ืจืื•,
08:21
I don't want globalization to be a race to the bottom.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฅ ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช.
08:23
I don't know how to prevent that,
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื–ื”,
08:25
but I'm at least going to use my good offices
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ื•ืื‘ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืฆืœ ืืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
08:27
to get you folks together
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“
08:29
to come up with a response."
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืขื ื”."
08:32
So they formed a White House task force,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืงื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ,
08:34
and they spent about three years arguing
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ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื
08:37
about who takes how much responsibility
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ืžื™ ื™ื™ืงื— ื›ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
08:40
in the global supply chain.
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ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
08:43
Companies didn't feel it was their responsibility.
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชืŸ.
08:46
They don't own those facilities.
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ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืŸ.
08:48
They don't employ those workers.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื”ื.
08:50
They're not legally liable.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช.
08:53
Everybody else at the table
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ
08:55
said, "Folks, that doesn't cut it.
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ืืžืจื•, "ื—ื‘ืจ'ื”, ื–ื” ืœื ืขืกืง.
08:57
You have a custodial duty, a duty of care,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืืคื•ื˜ืจื•ืคืกื™ื, ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
09:00
to make sure that that product
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ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžื•ืฆืจ
09:02
gets from wherever to the store
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ื™ื’ื™ืข ืžืื™-ืฉื ืœื—ื ื•ืช
09:05
in a way that allows us to consume it,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื•,
09:08
without fear of our safety,
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ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื ื•,
09:11
or without having to sacrifice our conscience
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ืื• ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ืคืขืœ ื ื’ื“ ืžืฆืคื•ื ื ื•
09:15
to consume that product."
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ."
09:17
So they agreed, "Okay, what we'll do
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื‘ื” ื ืกื›ื™ื
09:20
is we agree on a common set of standards,
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ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืชืงื ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื,
09:22
code of conduct.
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ืงื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
09:24
We'll apply that throughout
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ื ื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš
09:26
our global supply chain
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ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
09:28
regardless of ownership or control.
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืื• ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
09:30
We'll make it part of the contract."
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ื ื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื–ื”."
09:33
And that was a stroke of absolute genius,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ืจืงื” ื’ืื•ื ื™ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™,
09:36
because what they did
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ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื•
09:38
was they harnessed the power of the contract,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ื–ื”,
09:41
private power,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืจื˜ื™,
09:43
to deliver public goods.
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ืœืืกืคืงืชื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
09:45
And let's face it,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื” ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš,
09:47
the contract from a major multinational brand
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ื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™
09:49
to a supplier in India or China
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื• ืฉืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
09:52
has much more persuasive value
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื›ื ืข
09:54
than the local labor law,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
09:56
the local environmental regulations,
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ืชืงื ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
09:58
the local human rights standards.
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ืชืงื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
10:01
Those factories will probably never see an inspector.
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ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืืœื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื™ืจืื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืคืงื—.
10:04
If the inspector did come along,
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ื•ืื ื™ื•ืคื™ืข ืžืคืงื—,
10:07
it would be amazing if they were able
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื ื™ื•ื›ืœ
10:09
to resist the bribe.
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ืœื ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื—ื“.
10:13
Even if they did their jobs,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื™ืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื•,
10:15
and they cited those facilities for their violations,
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ื•ื™ืชื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ื”,
10:19
the fine would be derisory.
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ื”ืงื ืก ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื•ื—ืš.
10:21
But you lose that contract
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ื”
10:23
for a major brand name,
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ืฉืœ ืžื•ืชื’ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
10:25
that's the difference
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ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ
10:27
between staying in business or going bankrupt.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืืจื•ืช ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื ืื• ืคืฉื™ื˜ืช ืจื’ืœ.
10:30
That makes a difference.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืฉื ื”.
10:32
So what we've been able to do
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
10:34
is we've been able to harness
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ื”ื•ื ืœืจืชื•ื
10:36
the power and the influence
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ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”
10:38
of the only truly transnational institution
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“
10:41
in the global supply chain,
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ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
10:43
that of the multinational company,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
10:46
and get them to do the right thing,
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ื•ื’ืจืžื ื• ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš,
10:48
get them to use that power for good,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
10:51
to deliver the key public goods.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
10:55
Now of course, this doesn't come naturally
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื˜ื‘ืขื™
10:57
to multinational companies.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
10:59
They weren't set up to do this. They're set up to make money.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืš. ื”ืŸ ืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ.
11:02
But they are extremely efficient organizations.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:05
They have resources,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื,
11:07
and if we can add the will, the commitment,
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื›ืš ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
11:10
they know how to deliver that product.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื”.
11:15
Now, getting there is not easy.
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ื•ืœื ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
11:18
Those supply chains I put up on the screen earlier,
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ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
11:21
they're not there.
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ืื™ื ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
11:23
You need a safe space.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
11:25
You need a place where people can come together,
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ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:28
sit down without fear of judgment,
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ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื”ืืฉืžื•ืช
11:30
without recrimination,
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ื•ื”ืืฉืžื•ืช-ื ื’ื“,
11:32
to actually face the problem,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
11:34
agree on the problem and come up with solutions.
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ืœื”ืกื›ื™ื ืžื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
11:37
We can do it. The technical solutions are there.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช; ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
11:40
The problem is the lack of trust, the lack of confidence,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืžื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
11:43
the lack of partnership
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช
11:45
between NGOs, campaign groups,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืชืžื™ื›ื”,
11:47
civil society organizations
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
11:50
and multinational companies.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
11:53
If we can put those two together in a safe space,
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ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืก ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
11:56
get them to work together,
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
11:58
we can deliver public goods right now,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืคืง ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
12:01
or in extremely short supply.
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ืื• ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
12:04
This is a radical proposition,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆืขื” ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช,
12:06
and it's crazy to think
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ื•ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
12:08
that if you're a 15-year-old Bangladeshi girl
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ืฉืื ืืช ื ืขืจื” ื‘ืช 15 ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื”-ื“ืฉ
12:11
leaving your rural village
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ืฉืขื•ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื”
12:14
to go and work in a factory in Dhaka --
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ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ื‘ื“ืืงื”--
12:17
22, 23, 24 dollars a month --
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22, 23, 24 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ--
12:22
your best chance of enjoying rights at work
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืš ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช
12:25
is if that factory is producing
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ื”ื•ื ืื ื”ืžืคืขืœ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ
12:27
for a brand name company
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืžื•ืชื’
12:29
which has got a code of conduct
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงื•ื“ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
12:31
and made that code of conduct part of the contract.
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ื•ืฉื”ืคื›ื” ืืช ืงื•ื“ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื”.
12:35
It's crazy.
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ;
12:37
Multinationals are protecting human rights.
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ืžื•ืœื˜ื™-ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื?
12:39
I know there's going to be disbelief.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืžืข ืืžื™ืชื™.
12:41
You'll say, "How can we trust them?"
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ืชืฉืืœื•, "ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื”ื?"
12:43
Well, we don't.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
12:45
It's the old arms control phrase:
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื ืฉืง:
12:47
"Trust, but verify."
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"ืชืืžื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื•ื“ื."
12:49
So we audit.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื.
12:51
We take their supply chain, we take all the factory names,
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืืช ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื,
12:54
we do a random sample,
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช,
12:56
we send inspectors on an unannounced basis
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžืคืงื—ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื™-ืคืชืข
12:59
to inspect those facilities,
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ืฉื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
13:01
and then we publish the results.
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ื•ืื– ืžืคืจืกืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
13:03
Transparency is absolutely critical to this.
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ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ืืŸ.
13:07
You can call yourself responsible,
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื›ืื—ืจืื™,
13:10
but responsibility without accountability
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื™ืŸ-ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ
13:13
often doesn't work.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”.
13:15
So what we're doing is, we're not only enlisting the multinationals,
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ืื– ืื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
13:18
we're giving them the tools to deliver this public good --
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ืืœื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื--
13:21
respect for human rights --
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ื›ื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื--
13:23
and we're checking.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื.
13:25
You don't need to believe me. You shouldn't believe me.
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ืืœ ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™.
13:27
Go to the website. Look at the audit results.
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ื”ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืชืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช.
13:30
Ask yourself, is this company behaving
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ืฉืืœื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ื”ืื ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื• ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช
13:32
in a socially responsible way?
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช?
13:35
Can I buy that product
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ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ
13:37
without compromising my ethics?
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉืจ ืขืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉืœื™?
13:40
That's the way the system works.
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ื›ืš ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
13:45
I hate the idea
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
13:47
that governments are not protecting human rights around the world.
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ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ืŸ ืžื’ื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
13:50
I hate the idea
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ืื ื™ ืžืชืขื‘ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
13:52
that governments have dropped this ball
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ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืžื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
13:54
and I can't get used to the idea
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
13:57
that somehow we can't get them to do their jobs.
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื-ืžื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ืชืŸ.
14:00
I've been at this for 30 years,
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื›ืš ื›ื‘ืจ 30 ืฉื ื”,
14:02
and in that time I've seen
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ื•ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืจืื™ืชื™
14:04
the ability, the commitment, the will of government
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ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช
14:07
to do this decline,
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื–ื•,
14:09
and I don't see them making a comeback right now.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืžืชื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
14:12
So we started out thinking
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ืื– ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•
14:14
this was a stopgap measure.
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ืฉื–ื” ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ืžื ื™.
14:16
We're now thinking that, in fact,
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
14:19
this is probably the start
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ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
14:21
of a new way of regulating and addressing
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ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืคื™ืงื•ื— ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ
14:24
international challenges.
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ื‘ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.
14:26
Call it network governance. Call it what you will.
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ืงื™ืจืื• ืœื–ื” ืžืžืฉืœ-ืจืฉืช, ืงื™ืจืื• ืœื–ื” ื›ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื,
14:29
The private actors,
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ื”ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
14:32
companies and NGOs,
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื,
14:34
are going to have to get together
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ื™ืขืฉื• ื™ื“ ืื—ืช
14:36
to face the major challenges we are going to face.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•.
14:38
Just look at pandemics --
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ื“ื™ ืฉืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื’ืคื•ืช--
14:40
swine flu, bird flu, H1N1.
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ืฉืคืขืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช, ืฉืคืขืช H1N1.
14:43
Look at the health systems in so many countries.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช.
14:45
Do they have the resources
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื
14:47
to face up to a serious pandemic?
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ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืžื’ืคื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”?
14:50
No.
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ืœื.
14:52
Could the private sector and NGOs
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ื”ืื ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœื-ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื
14:55
get together and marshal a response?
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืขื ื”?
14:57
Absolutely.
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ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜.
14:59
What they lack is that safe space
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
15:01
to come together, agree
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืกื›ืžื”
15:03
and move to action.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
15:05
That's what we're trying to provide.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืกืคืง.
15:09
I know as well
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื•ื“ืข
15:11
that this often seems
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ืฉืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื” ื ืจืื”
15:13
like an overwhelming level of responsibility
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ื›ืžื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”
15:15
for people to assume.
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ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื—ื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื.
15:17
"You want me to deliver human rights
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"ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
15:19
throughout my global supply chain.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืืกืคืงื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
15:21
There are thousands of suppliers in there."
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืืœืคื™ ืกืคืงื™ื."
15:24
It seems too daunting, too dangerous,
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ื–ื” ืžืจืชื™ืข ืžื“ื™, ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžื“ื™,
15:27
for any company to take on.
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”.
15:29
But there are companies.
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
15:31
We have 4,000 companies who are members.
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ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืฆืœื ื• 4,000 ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
15:34
Some of them are very, very large companies.
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืื“.
15:36
The sporting goods industry, in particular,
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ืชืขืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
15:38
stepped up to the plate and have done it.
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ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื” ืœืžืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช.
15:41
The example, the role model, is there.
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
15:45
And whenever we discuss
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื• ื“ื ื™ื
15:47
one of these problems that we have to address --
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ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ--
15:49
child labor in cottonseed farms in India --
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ื”ืขืกืงืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•--
15:52
this year we will monitor 50,000 cottonseed farms in India.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื ื˜ืจ 50,000 ื—ื•ื•ืช ื–ืจืขื™ ื›ื•ืชื ื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•.
15:56
It seems overwhelming.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจ.
15:58
The numbers just make you want to zone out.
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ื“ื™ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืœื.
16:01
But we break it down to some basic realities.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœื—ืœืงื™ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช.
16:04
And human rights
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ื•ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื
16:06
comes down to a very simple proposition:
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ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
16:09
can I give this person their dignity back?
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"ื”ืื ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื“ื ื–ื” ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•?"
16:12
Poor people,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื,
16:14
people whose human rights have been violated --
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ืืœื” ืฉื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืคืจื•--
16:16
the crux of that
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ืœื‘ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
16:18
is the loss of dignity,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™,
16:20
the lack of dignity.
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ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžื™.
16:22
It starts with just giving people back their dignity.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
16:25
I was sitting in a slum outside Gurgaon
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ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืจื’ืื•ืŸ
16:28
just next to Delhi,
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ ื“ืœื”ื™,
16:30
one of the flashiest, brightest new cities
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ืื—ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื”ืฆืขืงื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:33
popping up in India right now,
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ืฉืฆืฆื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•,
16:36
and I was talking to workers
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ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื™ ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
16:38
who worked in garment sweatshops down the road,
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ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ื ืฆืœื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื—ื•ื‘.
16:40
and I asked them what message they would like me to take to the brands.
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื ืื™ื–ื” ืžืกืจ ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืชื’.
16:44
They didn't say money.
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ื”ื ืœื ืืžืจื• "ื›ืกืฃ";
16:47
They said, "The people who employ us
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•
16:50
treat us like we are less than human,
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ืืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
16:53
like we don't exist.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืื™ื ื ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื.
16:55
Please ask them to treat us like human beings."
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ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื."
16:59
That's my simple understanding of human rights.
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ื›ืš ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื.
17:01
That's my simple proposition to you,
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ื–ื• ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืืœื™ื›ื,
17:04
my simple plea to every decision-maker
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ื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช
17:07
in this room, everybody out there.
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ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื•.
17:09
We can all make a decision
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
17:11
to come together
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ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื“
17:13
and pick up the balls and run with the balls
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ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืœืจื•ืฅ ืื™ืชื•
17:16
that governments have dropped.
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ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืžื˜ื•.
17:18
If we don't do it,
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ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช,
17:20
we're abandoning hope,
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”,
17:22
we're abandoning our essential humanity,
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ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
17:25
and I know that's not a place we want to be,
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื›ืš,
17:27
and we don't have to be there.
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ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
17:29
So I appeal to you.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืคืฆื™ืจ ื‘ื›ื,
17:31
Join us, come into that safe space,
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ืขืฉื• ื™ื“ ืื—ืช, ื‘ื•ืื• ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
17:33
and let's start to make this happen.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
17:35
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:37
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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