Auret van Heerden: Making global labor fair

譯者: Hannah Chang 審譯者: Geoff Chen

This cell phone

這隻手機

started its trajectory

的原產地是

in an artisanal mine

在剛果東部

in the Eastern Congo.

的礦場

It's mined by armed gangs

這個礦產有武裝部隊

using slaves, child slaves,

利用兒童奴隸開採

what the U.N. Security Council

這也就是聯合國安理會

calls "blood minerals,"

所說的"血礦產"

then traveled into some components

然後這些礦產被加工成一些原件

and ended up in a factory

最後到中國深圳的

in Shinjin in China.

一間工廠

That factory -- over a dozen people have committed suicide

這間工廠在今年

already this year.

已經有超過十二人自殺

One man died after working a 36-hour shift.

有個人在持續工作三十六小時後死亡

We all love chocolate.

我們都愛巧克力

We buy it for our kids.

我們都買巧克力給我們的孩子

Eighty percent of the cocoa comes from Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana

百分之八十的可可來自於象牙海岸和迦納

and it's harvested by children.

然後由孩子們來收成

Cote d'Ivoire, we have a huge problem of child slaves.

在象牙海岸，兒童奴隸一直是很嚴重的問題

Children have been trafficked from other conflict zones

而小孩都是從其他動亂區販運而來的

to come and work on the coffee plantations.

他們被安排到咖啡園工作

Heparin -- a blood thinner,

肝磷脂-血液稀釋劑

a pharmaceutical product --

是一種藥品

starts out in artisanal workshops

來自於手工廠

like this in China,

就像這個在中國的手工廠，

because the active ingredient

因為這個藥的活性成分

comes from pigs' intestines.

是從豬腸子提取的

Your diamond -- you've all heard, probably seen the movie "Blood Diamond."

你們的鑽石，你們都聽過也可能看過"血鑽石"這部電影

This is a mine in Zimbabwe

這是一個在辛巴威的礦場

right now.

現在

Cotton: Uzbekistan is the second biggest

棉花的第二大產地是烏茲別克

exporter of cotton on Earth.

烏茲別克是全世界的第二大棉花出口國

Every year when it comes to the cotton harvest,

每年到了棉花收成的時候

the government shuts down the schools,

政府就下令停課

puts the kids in buses, buses them to the cotton fields

將學童一車車載到棉花田

to spend three weeks harvesting the cotton.

讓他們停課三星期來收成棉花

It's forced child labor

這是強迫的童工

on an institutional scale.

在體制下全面進行

And all of those products probably end their lives

而這些棉花也許會奪走孩子們的生命

in a dump like this one in Manila.

看看這個在馬尼拉的垃圾場

These places, these origins,

這些地方，這些原產地

represent governance gaps.

代表了全球治理上的落差

That's the politest description

這是我最委婉的說法

I have for them.

對這些問題最客氣的講法

These are the dark pools

全球供應鏈就是從

where global supply chains begin --

這些暗池開始

the global supply chains,

而這個全球供應鏈

which bring us our favorite brand name products.

創造了我們最喜愛的名牌商品

Some of these governance gaps

這些治理上的缺失

are run by rogue states.

是無賴政權造成的

Some of them are not states anymore at all.

有些甚至已經不是國家了

They're failed states.

而是失敗的政權

Some of them

有些國家

are just countries who believe that deregulation or no regulation

相信自由化或完全放任

is the best way to attract investment,

是吸引投資最好的方式

promote trade.

是促進貿易最好的方法

Either way, they present us

總之,他們呈現給我們的是

with a huge moral and ethical dilemma.

一個嚴重的倫理道德上的困境

I know that none of us want to be accessories

在全球供應鏈下

after the fact

有著人權迫害的

of a human rights abuse

事實背後

in a global supply chain.

我知道沒有一個國家想成為別國的附屬品

But right now,

但是現在

most of the companies involved in these supply chains

大部分涉及這些供應鏈的公司

don't have any way

沒有其他辦法

of assuring us

向我們保證:

that nobody had to mortgage their future,

在製造我們

nobody had to sacrifice their rights

喜愛的名牌產品過程中

to bring us our favorite

不會有人賭上自己的未來

brand name product.

也不會犧牲自己的權利

Now, I didn't come here to depress you

現在我站在這裡

about the state of the global supply chain.

不是要讓你們對全球供應鏈感到失望

We need a reality check.

而是要你們正視這些事實

We need to recognize just how serious

我們需要了解

a deficit of rights we have.

欠缺這個權利的嚴重性

This is an independent republic,

這是一個獨立的共和國

probably a failed state.

也可能是「失敗國家」

It's definitely not a democratic state.

很顯然也不是個民主的國家

And right now,

而現在

that independent republic of the supply chain

這些獨立共和國的供應鏈

is not being governed

不受管制

in a way that would satisfy us,

導致我們無法有良心地去消費

that we can engage in ethical trade or ethical consumption.

來滿足我們的需求

Now, that's not a new story.

這已經眾所皆知了

You've seen the documentaries

你們已經看過

of sweatshops making garments

全世界

all over the world, even in developed countries.

製造成衣的血汗工廠的紀錄片

You want to see the classic sweatshop,

如果你想看典型的血汗工廠

meet me at Madison Square Garden,

請來麥迪遜花園廣場與我相見

I'll take you down the street, and I'll show you a Chinese sweatshop.

我會帶你走遍整條街並參觀中國血汗工廠

But take the example of heparin.

以肝磷脂為例,

It's a pharmaceutical product.

是一種藥品

You expect that the supply chain that gets it to the hospital,

你期望它在供應鏈中

probably squeaky clean.

不受汙染地運送到醫院

The problem is that the active ingredient in there --

但問題是

as I mentioned earlier --

我稍早提及

comes from pigs.

肝磷脂所具有的活性成分來自於豬腸子

The main American manufacturer

主要擁有這活性成分的

of that active ingredient

美國製造商

decided a few years ago to relocate to China

早在多年前就進駐中國

because it's the world's biggest supplier of pigs.

因為中國是全球最大的豬隻供應國

And their factory in China --

雖然他們在中國的工廠

which probably is pretty clean --

或許很乾淨

is getting all of the ingredients

可是獲取的材料都是來自於

from backyard abattoirs,

家庭式的屠宰場，

where families slaughter pigs

他們在自家宰殺豬隻

and extract the ingredient.

並從中提取成分

So a couple of years ago, we had a scandal

所以多年以前，有一個負面新聞是關於

which killed about 80 people around the world,

受污染的肝磷脂

because of contaminants

因進入全球供應鏈中

that crept into the heparin supply chain.

而導致80人死亡

Worse, some of the suppliers

更糟的是，有些供應商

realized that they could substitute a product

意識到他們可用

which mimicked heparin in tests.

類似肝磷脂的產品作為替代

This substitute cost nine dollars a pound,

這替代品一磅才九塊美金，

whereas real heparin, the real ingredient,

但真正的肝磷脂

cost 900 dollars a pound.

一磅需花九百塊美金

A no-brainer.

毫無疑問地,

The problem was that it killed more people.

這會害更多人葬送性命

And so you're asking yourself,

所以請捫心自問:

"How come the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

美國聯邦食品藥物管理局

allowed this to happen?

為何會容許這件事發生呢?

How did the Chinese State Agency for Food and Drugs

中國政府的食品藥物部門

allow this to happen?"

為何會允許這件事發生呢?

And the answer is quite simple:

這答案相當簡單:

the Chinese define these facilities

中國定義這些工廠為化學工廠,

as chemical facilities, not pharmaceutical facilities,

而不是製藥工廠

so they don't audit them.

所以中國政府並沒有檢驗這些工廠

And the USFDA

又加上此事

has a jurisdictional problem.

有管轄權的問題

This is offshore.

所以美國聯邦食品藥物管理局無法可管

They actually do conduct a few investigations overseas --

實際上美國聯邦食品藥物管理局也很少進行海外調查

about a dozen a year -- maybe 20 in a good year.

大約一年十二次，多則二十次

There are 500

在中國，

of these facilities

有五百家工廠

producing active ingredients in China alone.

生產這些活性成分

In fact, about 80 percent

事實上，

of the active ingredients in medicines now

運用在藥品上的活性成分

come from offshore,

百分之八十都來自海外，

particularly China and India,

特別是來自於中國和印度

and we don't have a governance system.

而我們沒有一個管理系統

We don't have a regulatory system

也沒有一個監督系統

able to ensure

能確保

that that production is safe.

這些生產過程是安全的

We don't have a system to ensure

我們沒有一個能使

that human rights, basic dignity,

人權和基本尊嚴受到保障

are ensured.

的系統

So at a national level --

以國家層面來講

and we work in about 60 different countries --

我們機構

at a national level

在六十個不同國家中工作

we've got a serious breakdown in the ability of governments

在他們的土地上，

to regulate production

我們的政府對於管理生產方面

on their own soil.

有很大的漏洞

And the real problem with the global supply chain

而全球供應鏈真正的問題

is that it's supranational.

是沒有邊界的

So governments who are failing,

所以那些失敗的政府

who are dropping the ball

總是在推卸責任

at a national level,

就國際水平來說

have even less ability to get their arms around the problem

他們根本沒有能力

at an international level.

解決這些問題

And you can just look at the headlines.

再來看看新聞頭版

Take Copenhagen last year --

以去年在哥本哈根的聯合國氣候變遷會議來說

complete failure of governments

在面對國際挑戰下

to do the right thing

政府為了做正確的事情

in the face of an international challenge.

而導致政府失靈

Take the G20 meeting a couple of weeks ago --

退回到幾個禮拜前的

stepped back from its commitments of just a few months ago.

G20高峰會來說

You can take any one

你可以就任何一個我們這星期已討論過的

of the major global challenges we've discussed this week

全球主要的問題

and ask yourself, where is the leadership from governments

並捫心自問，當政府面對這國際問題

to step up and come up with solutions,

需快速做出回應

responses,

及想出辦法時，

to those international problems?

他們的領導能力在哪?

And the simple answer is they can't. They're national.

簡單來說是，他們沒有能力；

Their voters are local.

這是國家性問題，他們的選民是當地的

They have parochial interests.

他們有著地方性利益

They can't subordinate those interests

無法隸屬於更強大的

to the greater global public good.

全球公共利益

So, if we're going to ensure the delivery

如果我們要確保

of the key public goods

國際水平上的

at an international level --

公共利益

in this case, in the global supply chain --

在全球供應鏈下--

we have to come up with a different mechanism.

我們必須想出不同的機制

We need a different machine.

不同的機構

Fortunately, we have some examples.

所幸我們有一些例子

In the 1990s,

在1990年代,

there were a whole series of scandals

有一連串關於

concerning the production of brand name goods in the U.S. --

美國製造名牌產品的負面新聞:

child labor, forced labor,

被迫害的童工及勞工們

serious health and safety abuses.

受到嚴重的健康與安全的侵犯

And eventually President Clinton, in 1996,

在1996年，柯林頓總統

convened a meeting at the White House,

在白宮召開議會

invited industry, human rights NGOs,

邀請有關人權及工業性的非政府組織、

trade unions, the Department of Labor,

勞工工會

got them all in a room

把他們全部召集起來

and said, "Look,

並說道

I don't want globalization to be a race to the bottom.

「我不想要全球化成為底層下的競爭

I don't know how to prevent that,

也並不知道要如何防止這種狀況，

but I'm at least going to use my good offices

但至少我可以使用我的權力

to get you folks together

讓你們團結，

to come up with a response."

想出一個解決之道。」

So they formed a White House task force,

所以他們成立了白宮專案小組

and they spent about three years arguing

花了三年的時間去爭論:

about who takes how much responsibility

誰需要在這全球供應鏈下

in the global supply chain.

負起責任

Companies didn't feel it was their responsibility.

這些公司並不覺得這是他們的責任，

They don't own those facilities.

他們沒擁有這些工廠、

They don't employ those workers.

沒雇用這些工人、

They're not legally liable.

他們沒有法律責任

Everybody else at the table

在座的各位都說:

said, "Folks, that doesn't cut it.

「流言，它不會自己停止。」

You have a custodial duty, a duty of care,

你有監督與保護的責任

to make sure that that product

來確保這個產品

gets from wherever to the store

從儲存到商品上架

in a way that allows us to consume it,

到我們買賣它們的過程中

without fear of our safety,

不會危及我們的安全

or without having to sacrifice our conscience

或者不必違背自己的道德良知

to consume that product."

來消費產品

So they agreed, "Okay, what we'll do

因此他們同意了,"好吧,我們將做的

is we agree on a common set of standards,

是在商品上運用一套

code of conduct.

標準的管理

We'll apply that throughout

我們將在整個全球供應鏈上

our global supply chain

運用這套管理，

regardless of ownership or control.

無關於擁有權或控制權，

We'll make it part of the contract."

我們都使它成為契約的一部分"

And that was a stroke of absolute genius,

這絕對是致命的一擊

because what they did

因為他們做的

was they harnessed the power of the contract,

是產生合約的力量

private power,

以私人的力量

to deliver public goods.

提供公共利益

And let's face it,

舉它來說

the contract from a major multinational brand

主要跨國品牌的合約

to a supplier in India or China

對中國或印度的供應者來說

has much more persuasive value

比當地的勞工法.

than the local labor law,

當地的環境法規、

the local environmental regulations,

當地的人權標準，

the local human rights standards.

有更多的說服力

Those factories will probably never see an inspector.

那些工廠可能將不會見到調查員

If the inspector did come along,

如果調查員來

it would be amazing if they were able

他們能抵制這個賄賂

to resist the bribe.

是很了不起的

Even if they did their jobs,

即使他們做了，

and they cited those facilities for their violations,

並檢舉違法的設施，

the fine would be derisory.

這罰金也微不足道

But you lose that contract

但是這樣就失去了

for a major brand name,

主要品牌的合約

that's the difference

這會使企業面對兩種選擇:

between staying in business or going bankrupt.

是要繼續經營這企業或是走向破產

That makes a difference.

這就是差異所在

So what we've been able to do

所以我們能做的

is we've been able to harness

是促使

the power and the influence

這些跨國公司

of the only truly transnational institution

使用他們的

in the global supply chain,

權力與影響力

that of the multinational company,

去做對的事情

and get them to do the right thing,

也在全球供應鏈下

get them to use that power for good,

利用這權力

to deliver the key public goods.

去生產主要的公共利益

Now of course, this doesn't come naturally

當然，一般跨國公司

to multinational companies.

不會一開始就抱持這個理念

They weren't set up to do this. They're set up to make money.

他們創辦公司並不是為了這個，而是為了賺錢

But they are extremely efficient organizations.

他們是極高效能的組織

They have resources,

且擁有資源，

and if we can add the will, the commitment,

如果我們的意志和承諾夠強烈

they know how to deliver that product.

將使他們知道如何供給這產品

Now, getting there is not easy.

現在，達到這目標並不簡單

Those supply chains I put up on the screen earlier,

我稍早放的供應鏈投影片

they're not there.

他們不包括在裡面

You need a safe space.

你們需要一個安全的地方

You need a place where people can come together,

在那不用擔心輿論及批評

sit down without fear of judgment,

能使人們

without recrimination,

聚在一起

to actually face the problem,

去真正的面對問題

agree on the problem and come up with solutions.

釐清問題點並想出解決方案

We can do it. The technical solutions are there.

我們能做到;並從科技面著手解決

The problem is the lack of trust, the lack of confidence,

但問題在於非政府組織.

the lack of partnership

競選組織．國內社會組織

between NGOs, campaign groups,

跨國公司之間

civil society organizations

缺乏互信

and multinational companies.

也缺乏合作

If we can put those two together in a safe space,

如果我們可以將這兩種組織

get them to work together,

免於輿論及互相批評，並互相合作

we can deliver public goods right now,

那現在就可以供應公共產品

or in extremely short supply.

反之，則短缺

This is a radical proposition,

這是一個極端的主張

and it's crazy to think

大膽狂妄的假設

that if you're a 15-year-old Bangladeshi girl

如果你是個十五歲的孟加拉女孩

leaving your rural village

離開你的家鄉

to go and work in a factory in Dhaka --

去達卡的一間工廠工作

22, 23, 24 dollars a month --

薪資一個月22.23.24塊

your best chance of enjoying rights at work

如果工廠是

is if that factory is producing

擁有企業經營法規

for a brand name company

並將這些法規視為合約的一部分

which has got a code of conduct

的大品牌公司

and made that code of conduct part of the contract.

那你就能享受這些工作權利

It's crazy.

這是非常瘋狂的

Multinationals are protecting human rights.

跨國公司是很保障人權的

I know there's going to be disbelief.

我知道這難以置信

You'll say, "How can we trust them?"

你可能會問"我們如何相信他們?"

Well, we don't.

是的,我們不相信

It's the old arms control phrase:

傳統的武裝控制態度是:

"Trust, but verify."

"相信，但要明辨真相"

So we audit.

所以我們去審查

We take their supply chain, we take all the factory names,

他們的供應鏈、他們的工廠名稱

we do a random sample,

我們隨機採樣

we send inspectors on an unannounced basis

派遣調查員

to inspect those facilities,

突擊檢查這些工廠

and then we publish the results.

然後公佈結果

Transparency is absolutely critical to this.

透明化是絕對重要的

You can call yourself responsible,

你可為自己負責，

but responsibility without accountability

但卻沒有當責去交出成果

often doesn't work.

通常是行不通的

So what we're doing is, we're not only enlisting the multinationals,

所以我們現在所作的不只是召集跨國公司而已

we're giving them the tools to deliver this public good --

我們還提供工具給他們去生產公共產品

respect for human rights --

並且我們會去查核

and we're checking.

他們是否尊重人權

You don't need to believe me. You shouldn't believe me.

你不需要相信我，也不應該相信我

Go to the website. Look at the audit results.

去網站看審查結果

Ask yourself, is this company behaving

並捫心自問:這家公司

in a socially responsible way?

在行為上有負起該有的社會責任嗎?

Can I buy that product

我是否能不顧自己的道德

without compromising my ethics?

而買這家的產品嗎?

That's the way the system works.

這就是他們系統的工作方式

I hate the idea

我厭惡

that governments are not protecting human rights around the world.

在世界上不保護人權的那些政府

I hate the idea

我痛恨

that governments have dropped this ball

那些政府只會互相推卸責任

and I can't get used to the idea

也無法忍受

that somehow we can't get them to do their jobs.

政府遲遲不做好該有的職責

I've been at this for 30 years,

我投入於此已經30年了

and in that time I've seen

在此期間，我已了解到

the ability, the commitment, the will of government

政府對此的能力、允諾及意志

to do this decline,

已逐年下降，

and I don't see them making a comeback right now.

而我也沒看到他們現在有做出該有的實際應對

So we started out thinking

所以我們開始思考

this was a stopgap measure.

這只是個暫時性的手法

We're now thinking that, in fact,

我們現在認為事實上

this is probably the start

這可能只是個

of a new way of regulating and addressing

規範國際間挑戰的

international challenges.

新方法

Call it network governance. Call it what you will.

我們稱之為網絡治理,

The private actors,

或看你們怎麼稱呼私部門、

companies and NGOs,

公司和非政府組織

are going to have to get together

他們將聯合一起面對

to face the major challenges we are going to face.

主要的挑戰

Just look at pandemics --

看看各國的疾病肆虐

swine flu, bird flu, H1N1.

豬流感、禽流感、H1N1病毒

Look at the health systems in so many countries.

再來看看各國的醫療體系

Do they have the resources

他們有足夠的資源

to face up to a serious pandemic?

來面對嚴重的疾病肆虐?

No.

不!

Could the private sector and NGOs

私部門和非政府組織

get together and marshal a response?

能否聯合起來並進行整頓?

Absolutely.

當然

What they lack is that safe space

他們缺少的是一個安全的地方

to come together, agree

能讓大家聚集起來達成共識

and move to action.

並採取行動

That's what we're trying to provide.

那是我們試著達到的

I know as well

我也知道

that this often seems

這似乎是

like an overwhelming level of responsibility

人們所認為

for people to assume.

責任的最大化

"You want me to deliver human rights

你希望我經由全球供應鏈

throughout my global supply chain.

表達人權

There are thousands of suppliers in there."

包括成千上萬的供應商

It seems too daunting, too dangerous,

對於任何公司來說

for any company to take on.

這似乎太令人怯步.風險太高

But there are companies.

但有許多公司

We have 4,000 companies who are members.

像是其中有4,000個公司是我們的成員

Some of them are very, very large companies.

有些是非常非常大的公司

The sporting goods industry, in particular,

尤其是運動用品產業

stepped up to the plate and have done it.

他們挺身而出並達到目標

The example, the role model, is there.

例子以及榜樣皆在此

And whenever we discuss

而且任何時候我們討論

one of these problems that we have to address --

其中一個我們所提出的問題

child labor in cottonseed farms in India --

是有關於印度的棉花產業童工

this year we will monitor 50,000 cottonseed farms in India.

今年我們會監督50,000個印度的棉花工廠

It seems overwhelming.

這似乎有點棘手

The numbers just make you want to zone out.

因為這數字令人怯步

But we break it down to some basic realities.

但我們將它分為一些基本事實

And human rights

而人權

comes down to a very simple proposition:

歸結為一個很簡單的議題

can I give this person their dignity back?

我是否能還此人尊嚴?

Poor people,

窮困的人們

people whose human rights have been violated --

他們的人權常常被忽略

the crux of that

此一癥結

is the loss of dignity,

是尊嚴的

the lack of dignity.

喪失與缺乏

It starts with just giving people back their dignity.

因此我們著手於還給人們尊嚴

I was sitting in a slum outside Gurgaon

我坐在一個古爾岡外的貧民窟-

just next to Delhi,

位於德里旁邊

one of the flashiest, brightest new cities

是一個現今印度中如雨後春筍般冒出

popping up in India right now,

耀眼，明亮的新城市之一

and I was talking to workers

而我跟這些在成衣血汗工廠裡

who worked in garment sweatshops down the road,

工作的工人們談話時，

and I asked them what message they would like me to take to the brands.

我問他們什麼樣的訊息他們希望傳達給工廠

They didn't say money.

他們並沒有提到錢

They said, "The people who employ us

他們說:「那些雇用我們的人，

treat us like we are less than human,

以非人性的方式對待我們，

like we don't exist.

就像我們不存在一樣

Please ask them to treat us like human beings."

請要求他們以人性的方式對待我們。」

That's my simple understanding of human rights.

這是我在人權上的基本認知

That's my simple proposition to you,

這是我對於你們的簡單主張

my simple plea to every decision-maker

我對於在座各位以及任何在外的

in this room, everybody out there.

每個決策者的小小期望

We can all make a decision

我們皆能決定

to come together

聚在一起

and pick up the balls and run with the balls

拾起責任，繼續承擔責任

that governments have dropped.

那些政府所拋棄的責任

If we don't do it,

如果我們不做的話

we're abandoning hope,

就代表我們放棄希望

we're abandoning our essential humanity,

也放棄我們最原始的人性

and I know that's not a place we want to be,

我知道這不是我們所想走到的地步

and we don't have to be there.

而我們也不必處於這種地步

So I appeal to you.

所以我建議你們

Join us, come into that safe space,

加入我們

and let's start to make this happen.

並讓它實現

Thank you very much.

非常感謝你們的聆聽

(Applause)

(掌聲)