How to build a resilient future using ancient wisdom | Julia Watson

翻译人员: Ziyao Wang 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang

When you imagine the architectural wonders of the world,

当你想象世界上的 建筑奇迹，

what do you see?

你想到的是什么？

The greatness of the Pyramids of Giza

宏伟的吉萨金字塔，

or maybe the amazing aqueducts of Ancient Rome?

还是古罗马建造的 令人惊叹的沟渠？

Both of these are amazing feats of human innovation.

这两样都是 人类创新的惊人壮举。

As an architect,

作为一名建筑师，

I've often wondered why do we monumentalize the ancient wonders

我经常好奇我们为什么 为早已磨灭的

of civilizations that collapsed such a long time ago?

远古文明的奇观 赋予了纪念性的地位。

I've traveled the world studying ancient innovation,

我环游世界， 学习古代的创新

and what I've found are Indigenous technologies from living cultures

和现存文化群体 还在使用的

that are still in use.

本土技术。

And some of these cultures you may have never heard of.

你们可能从未听过 这些文化群体。

They live in the most remote places on earth,

他们生活在地球 最遥远的角落，

facing environmental extremes like desert drought and frequent flooding

面对极端气候变化， 例如沙漠干旱和洪水泛滥，

for generations.

而且世代如此。

A couple of years ago, I traveled to northern India

几年前，我在 印度北部旅行，

to a place overlooking the plains of Bangladesh

到了一个可以 俯瞰孟加拉国平原，

where the Khasi people live

卡西族人居住的地方，

in a forest that receives more rainfall than anywhere else on earth.

那里的森林降水量 比世界上任何地方都多。

And during the monsoon season,

雨季时，

travel between villages is cut off by these floods,

村庄之间的交通 被许多洪水阻断，

which transform this entire landscape

把整个地形

from a forested canopy into isolated islands.

从树木茂密的林冠层 变成与世隔离的岛屿。

This hill tribe has evolved living root bridges

这个山地部落 演变出了活根桥，

that are created by guiding and growing tree roots

通过种植和引导树木建造而成，

that you can barely wrap your arms around

你基本无法用双手抱住

through a carefully woven scaffolding.

那些精心编织的脚手架。

Multiple generations of the Khasi men and the women and the children,

西族人——无论男女老幼，

they'll take care of these roots

世代都在照料这些树根，

as they grow to the other side of that bank,

它们会往对岸生长，

where they're then planted to make a structure

然后扎下根， 长成一种随着岁月

that will get stronger with age.

日益强壮的结构。

This 1,500-year-old tradition of growing living root bridges

这一拥有 1500 年历史的 种植活根桥的传统

has produced 75 of these incredible structures.

已经产出了 75 座 这样令人难以置信的结构。

And while they take 50 years to grow,

虽然它们的生长期只需要 50 年，

in this landscape they actually last for centuries.

在这种地形下 其作用却可以持续几个世纪。

All across the globe,

全世界范围内，

I've seen cultures who have been living with floods for thousands of years

我见过已经在洪水中 生活了数千年的文化群体，

by evolving these ancient technologies that allow them to work with the water.

通过逐步发展古代技术来控制洪水。

In the southern wetlands of Iraq,

伊拉克南部的湿地

which are formed by the confluence of the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers,

由底格里斯河和 幼发拉底河汇合形成，

a unique, water-based civilization lives.

一个独特的水上文明 就居住在这里。

For 6,000 years, the Maʿdān have floated villages

在过去的 6000 年里， 马丹人都住在漂浮的村庄里，

on man-made islands that are constructed from a single species of reed

这些人造岛由在附近生长的

that grows around them.

一种芦苇搭建而成。

And the Qasab reed is integral to every aspect of life.

卡萨布芦苇融入到了 生活的各个方面。

It is food for water buffalo,

它是水牛的食物，

flour for humans

是人们用的面粉，

and building material for these biodegradable, buoyant islands

也是可生物降解的 浮岛和教堂式房屋的

and their cathedral-like houses

建筑材料，

that they construct in as little as three days.

这些房屋三天就能建成。

And this dried Qasab reed,

干卡萨布芦苇

it can be bundled into columns,

可以被捆绑成柱子，

it can be woven into floors or roofs or walls,

被织入地板、房顶 或者墙壁，

and it can also be twisted into a rope

它还可以被拧成绳子，

that's used to bind these buildings without the use of any nails.

用于捆绑这些房屋， 整个过程不需要任何钉子。

The Maʿdān villages are constructed in the marsh,

马丹人的村庄 建造在沼泽上，

as they have been for generations,

这一传统代代相传，

on islands that stay afloat for over 25 years.

这些岛屿漂浮在水上 已有超过 25 年了。

Although global attention is focused on the pandemic,

虽然全球的注意力 都集中在新冠疫情上，

cities are still sinking and sea levels are still rising.

城市仍在下沉， 海平面仍在上升。

And high-tech solutions

很显然，高科技

are definitely going to help us solve some of these problems,

会帮助我们解决一部分问题，

but in our rush towards the future,

但在我们奔向未来时，

we tend to forget about the past.

我们总是倾向于忘记过去。

In other parts of the world, where rivers are contaminated with sewage,

在世界其他地方， 河流在被污水污染，

a city of 15 million people cleans its waste water with its flood plains.

一个 1500 万人的城市 正在用河漫滩平原清理废水。

On the edges of Calcutta,

在加尔各答城市边缘

flanked by a smoking escarpment of the city's trash

烟雾缭绕的垃圾场旁边，

and ribboned by its highways,

被高速公路环绕着的

an Indigenous technology of 300 fish ponds

是 300 个用本土技术 修建的鱼塘，

cleans its water while producing its food.

产出食物的同时还可以净化水。

And through a combination of sunshine and sewage

通过阳光和污水的结合

and a symbiosis between algae and bacteria,

以及藻类和细菌的共生，

the wastewater is broken down.

废水被分解了。

Fish ponds continue this cleaning of the water

鱼塘持续净水，

in a process that takes around 30 days.

整个过程需要 30 天。

And this innovation,

这个发明

it's not just a model for chemical and coal-power-free purification.

不仅仅是一个化学 和无燃煤净化的模型。

Since Calcutta's core has no formal treatment,

加尔各答市中心 没有正规的处理方式，

it's the city's only way of cleaning the water downstream

这是整个城市唯一一个 在污水进入孟加拉湾前

before it enters the Bay of Bengal.

进行净化的渠道。

What I find so unbelievable about this infrastructure

我觉得最令人难以置信的是，

is that as cities across the world in Asia and in Europe

随着许多亚欧城市

begin to replicate this exact system,

开始复制这种系统，

Calcutta is now struggling to save it from being displaced by development.

加尔各答正挣扎着 让鱼塘避免被开发取代。

And then to deal with flooding in a completely other way,

在探索处理洪水的 另一种方式的过程中，

the Tofinu tribe has developed the largest lake city in Africa.

托菲努部落发展出了 非洲大陆最大的湖城。

Ganvié, meaning "We survived,"

甘维耶 (Ganvié) ，直译为 “我们幸存了下来”，

is built of stilted houses that are organized around a canal system

是由围绕运河系统 建造的高脚屋组成的，

that you can navigate by dugout canoe.

人们可以乘坐独木舟出行。

And the royal square stands amongst 3,000 stilted buildings

皇家广场有 3000 座高脚房屋，

that include a post office,

其中包括一座邮局，

a bank, a mosque

一家银行， 一座清真寺，

and even a couple of bars

甚至好几家酒吧，

that are all surrounded by 12,000 individual fish paddocks,

被 12000 多个鱼类养殖场

和红树林阿卡迪亚斯 (Acadja) 水产养殖场围绕着。

or mangrove acadjas.

This chemical-free artificial reef covers almost half of the lagoon

这种不含化学物质的人工礁 几乎覆盖了泻湖的一半，

and feeds one million people that are living around it.

养活了周围生活着的 一百多万人。

What amazes me

令我惊奇的是，

is that while an individual acadja is pretty insignificant,

虽然单个阿卡迪亚斯 是微不足道的，

when it's multiplied by 12,000,

当乘以 12000 时，

it creates an Indigenous technology the scale of industrial aquaculture,

它就组成了工业水产 养殖规模的本土技术，

which is the greatest threat to our mangrove ecosystems ...

工业水产养殖是对 红树林生态系统最大的威胁……

but this technology --

但这种技术

it builds more biodiversity than before.

增加了生物多样性。

Just earlier this year, when I was back home in Australia,

今年早些时候，我在 澳大利亚的家里时，

the craziest thing happened.

最疯狂的事发生了。

The burned ash from the bushfires surrounding Sydney rained down on us

悉尼周围丛林大火 导致的灰烬在邦迪海滩上

on Bondi Beach.

向我们倾泻而来。

And worried about carbon emissions --

令我非常担心的是碳排放——

not viral transmissions --

不是病毒传播——

we were already wearing masks.

毕竟我们已经带上了口罩。

The air was so choked by a plume of smoke

空气中充满浓烟，

that was so big that it reached as far away as New Zealand.

如此浓烈刺鼻，甚至飘到了新西兰。

Then in the midst of these wildfires,

在这场我们有史以来见过的

which were the worst we'd ever seen on record,

最严重的野火肆虐之时——

something unexpected happened,

一件出乎意料但令人惊奇的事

but incredibly amazing.

发生了。

The ancestral lands in Australia,

澳大利亚的祖传土地上，

where Indigenous fire-stick farming was practiced,

土著火棒耕种的地方

were saved as these fires raged around them.

在周围的大火中 逃过了一劫。

And these ancient forests --

这些古老的森林——

they survived because of seasonal, generational burning,

因为世代季节性的燃烧幸存了下来，

which is an Aboriginal practice of lighting small, slow and cool fires.

这是原住民的习俗，点燃 小型、缓慢、平静的火焰。

So though wildfires are a natural disaster,

所以虽然野火是自然灾害，

as a consequence of climate change,

是气候变化的结果，

they're also man-made.

它们也是人为的。

And what's so amazing about this is we have the ancient technology

最神奇的是， 我们拥有的古老技术

that we know can help prevent them,

可以帮助我们避免野火肆虐，

and we've used it for thousands of years.

并且我们已经利用 这种技术几千年了。

And what I find so fascinating about these technologies

我觉得这些技术 最迷人的地方

is how complex they are

是它们的复杂性

and how attuned they are to nature.

以及它们对大自然的调和性。

And then, how resilient we could all become

然后，通过利用它们，

by learning from them.

我们会有更强的适应能力。

Too often when we are faced with a crisis, we build walls in defense.

面对危机时， 我们常常筑起防御墙。

I'm an architect,

我是一名建筑师，

and I've been trained to seek solutions in permanence --

我所接受的训练让我倾向于 寻求永久性的解决方案——

concrete, steel, glass --

水泥、钢、玻璃——

these are all used to build a fortress against nature.

这些都普遍被用于建造 对抗自然的堡垒。

But my search for ancient systems and Indigenous technologies

但我对古代系统 和本土技术的搜寻

has been different.

不太一样。

It's been inspired by an idea that we can seed creativity in crisis.

灵感来自一个想法—— 我们在危机中播种创造力。

We have thousands of years of ancient knowledge

我们拥有流传千古的知识，

that we just need to listen to

我们只需要聆听，

and allow it to expand our thinking about designing symbiotically with nature.

让它扩展我们的思维 来产出与自然共生的设计。

And by listening,

通过聆听，

we'll only become wiser

我们只会变得更睿智，

and ready for those 21st-century challenges

并能够为二十一世纪 威胁人类和地球的挑战

that we know will endanger our people and our planet.

做好准备。

And I've seen it.

我已经亲眼见过了。

I know that it's possible.

我知道这是可能的。