Richard Baraniuk on open-source learning

翻译人员: Bin Xu 校对人员: Ying Cui

I'm Rich Baraniuk and what I'd like to talk a little bit about today

我叫Rich Baraniuk.

今天我想谈的是我的一些看法

are some ideas that I think have just tremendous resonance

我觉得它们可以和过去两天中

with all the things that have been talked about the last two days.

大家讨论的问题产生巨大的共鸣。

So many different points of resonance

事实上，有许多的不同的共鸣点

that it's going to be difficult to bring them all up,

很难把它们一一涉及，但我会尽力。

but I'll try to do my best.

大家还记得这些吗？

Does anybody remember these?

(Laughter)

（笑声）

OK, so these are LP records and they've been replaced, right?

是的，这些都是LP大碟，它们都已经被取代了。

They've been swept away over the last two decades

过去40年中，它们已经被席卷殆尽

by these types of world-flattening digitization technologies, right?

取而代之的是使世界扁平化的数字化技术。

And I think it was best witnessed

而且我认为这件事最好的证明

when Thomas was playing the music as we came in the room today.

是我们今天走进会场的时候，托马斯在演奏音乐。

What's happened in the music world is there's a culture,

在音乐世界，所发生的是有一种文化

or an ecosystem that's been created

或是一种生态系统已经建立

that, if you take some words from Apple,

如果你愿意采用苹果公司的一些说法，

the catchphrase -- that we create, rip, mix and burn.

就会学到一些时髦词，比如我们创造，翻录，混合并烧录音乐。

What I mean by that is that anyone in the world is free and allowed

我想指出的是，世界上任何人都可以自由地

to create new music and musical ideas.

创造新的音乐和有关音乐的想法。

Anyone in the world is allowed to rip or copy musical ideas,

世界上任何人都可以翻录或复制音乐的想法，

use them in innovative ways.

以创新的方式使用它们。

Anyone is allowed to mix them in different types of ways,

任何人都可以以不同的方式混合它们，

draw connections between musical ideas,

在音乐灵感之间建立联系

and people can burn them or create final products and continue the circle.

另外人们可以刻录或是创造的最终产品，循环往复。

And what that's done is it's created, like I said,

这样做所达到的效果就是，像我所说的，

创造了一个充满活力的社会，它有很大的包容性

a vibrant community that's very inclusive,

with people continually working to connect musical ideas,

使音乐人可以连续不断将音乐理念联系起来，

innovate them and keep things constantly up to date.

创新，并使之不断更新。

Today's hit single is not last year's hit single.

今天的热门单曲不再是去年的热门单曲。

But I'm not here to talk about music today.

不过，我今天来这里不是要谈论音乐。

I'm here to talk about books.

我来这里是要谈谈书籍，

In particular, textbooks and the kind of educational materials

特别是课本及其他教材

that we use every day in school.

我们每天上学都使用的东西。

Has anyone here ever been to school?

在座的各位有没有人上过学？

(Laughter)

（笑声）

OK, does anybody realize there's a crisis in our schools,

好，大家知不知道我们的学校面临一场危机？

around the world?

世界各地的学校都如此？

I'm not going to spend too much time on that,

我希望，我无需花费太多时间说这事儿，

but what I want to talk about is some of the disconnects

但我想谈的是

that appear when an author publishes a book.

当作者出版了一本书后所出现的一些断裂

That in fact, the publishing process --

事实上，谈及出版过程——

just because of the fact that it's complicated,

正因为出版过程相当复杂，

it's heavy, books are expensive --

书籍沉重，而且书籍价格昂贵等这些事实——

creates a sort of a wall between authors of books

结果造成了一本书的作者

and the ultimate users of books,

和终极读者之间的一堵墙，

be they teachers, students or just general readers.

不论这些最终用户是教师、学生，或只是一般读者。

And this is even more true if you happen to speak a language

而且，如果恰好你所使用的语言

other than one of the world's major languages, and especially English.

不是世界的主要语言之一，尤其英语，就更会遇到这种情况。

I'm going to call these people below the barrier "shutouts"

我把这些人成为隔离障碍之下的人，

because they're really shut out of the process

因为他们真的是无法进入

of being able to share their knowledge with the world.

与全世界分享他们知识的这一进程

And so what I want to talk about today is trying to take these ideas

所以我今天想谈的，就是试图把这些想法，

that we've seen in the musical culture

对，就是我们今天所看到到的音乐文化的表现

and try to bring these towards reinventing the way

并努力重新塑造

we think about writing books, using them and teaching from them.

我们对写书，用书和教书的看法。

So, that's what I'd like to talk about

是的，这就是我想谈的

and, really, how we get from where we are now

以及，我们如何从我们目前的位置，到达我们希望到达的目的地？

to where we need to go.

The first thing I'd like you to do is a little thought experiment.

因此，我希望大家做的第一件事就是做一些思维实验。

Imagine taking all the world's books.

所以，大家想象一下世界上所有的书籍。

OK, everybody imagine books and imagine just tearing out the pages.

对，大家都要想象一下书

并想象把书页撕开。

So, liberating these pages

解放这些书页，将它们数字化。

and imagine digitizing them and then storing them

然后把它们储存在一个巨大的，相互连接的，全球存储库中。

in a vast, interconnected, global repository.

Think of it as a massive iTunes for book-type content.

可以把它看成是一个巨大的iTunes，对，是存储书籍的内容的iTunes。

And then take that material and imagine making it all open,

然后想象把所有的材料都（对众）开放。

so that people can modify it, play with it, improve it.

这样人们可以修改它，使用它，完善它。

Imagine making it free,

想象使它免费，这样世界上的任何人都可以访问

so that anyone in the world can have access to all of this knowledge,

所有这些知识，并利用信息技术

and imagine using information technology

so that you can update this content, improve it, play with it,

这样你就可以更新这里的内容，改进它，使用它，

on a timescale that's more on the order of seconds instead of years.

每分每秒都可以做这些事情，而不是动不动就花几年的时间修订某个内容。

Instead of editions of a book coming out every two years,

这样，新版本就无需每两年出一次了，

imagine them coming out every 25 seconds.

大家可以想象，每25秒就可以有新版。

So, imagine we could do that and imagine we could put people into this.

好的，想象我们可以这样做

并想象，我们让人们参与进来。

So that we could truly build an ecosystem with not just authors,

这样我们就可以真正建立一个生态系统，不仅与作者，

but all the people who could be or want to be authors

而是与所有可以或想成为作者的人

in all the different languages of the world,

使用世界上任何语言，

and I think if you could do this, it would be called --

我认为，如果大家可以做到这一点，那么我们可以将其称作，嗯

I'm just going to refer to it as a knowledge ecosystem.

我暂时就称之为知识生态系统。

So, really, this is the dream,

所以，真的，这是我的梦想

and in a sense what you can think of it

在某种意义上说，你可以认为

is we're trying to enable anyone in the world,

我们正在努力使全世界的人，

I mean anyone in the world --

我的意思是世界上任何人

(Laughter)

都可以做他们自己的教育的DJ，

to be their own educational DJ,

creating educational materials, sharing them with the world,

创造教育材料，与世界分享，

constantly innovating on them.

不断创新。对，这就是我的梦想。

So, this is the dream.

In fact, this dream is actually being realized.

实际上，这一梦想正在实现。

Over the last six-and-a-half years,

在过去的6年半的时间里，

we've been working really hard at Rice University

我们在赖斯大学一直非常努力地工作

on a project called Connexions,

进行一个叫做Connections（连接）的项目，

and so what I'd like to do for the rest of the talk

所以在我演讲的剩余时间里，

is just tell you a little bit

我想告诉大家参与Connections的人

about what people are doing with Connexions,

在做什么，大家可以将其看作是与

which you can kind of think of as the counterpoint

to Nicholas Negroponte's talk yesterday,

昨天尼古拉斯·尼葛洛庞帝的演讲紧密相关的,

where they're working on the hardware of bringing education to the world.

他们正在开发的

给全世界带去教育的硬件

We're working on the open-source tools

我们正在努力开发开源的工具和内容。

and the content.

So, that's sort of to put it in perspective here.

所以，这里我们就来审视一下这个项目。

So, create.

因此，创造，那么哪些人正在使用这些工具呢，在做什么？

What are some of the people that are using these kind of tools?

Well, the first thing is,

嗯，首先，

there's a community of engineering professors,

从剑桥到京都，有一个工程系教授（组成的）社区，

from Cambridge to Kyoto,

who are developing engineering content in electrical engineering

他们在开发电子工程方面的工程内容

to develop what you can think of as a massive, super textbook

以建立某种类似超级教科书的东西，

that covers the entire area of electrical engineering.

对，就是涵盖整个电气工程领域，

And not only that --

不仅如此，它还可以被用户化，

it can be customized for use in each of their own individual institutions.

以适用于每一个特定的机构。

如果像Kitty Jones那样的人——对，被隔离在外的人——

If people like Kitty Jones, a shut-out --

a private music teacher and mom from Champagne, Illinois,

一个私人音乐教师和来自伊利诺伊州某个小镇的母亲，

who wanted to share her fantastic music content with the world,

如果她想要与世界上的其他人分享她的美妙的音乐内容，

on how to teach kids how to play music --

以及如何教给孩子演奏音乐。

Her material is now used over 600,000 times per month.

她的（教学）材料现在每月被使用60多万次。

Tremendous use.

这一使用量真的是非常巨大，非常巨大。

In fact, a lot of this use coming from United States K-12 schools,

很多使用者都来自美国，涵盖从幼儿园到高中的所有阶段

because anyone who's involved in a school scale back,

因为任何参与过学校经费缩减的人都知道

the first thing that's cut is the music curriculum.

学校做第一件事就是砍掉音乐课程

And so this is just indicating the tremendous thirst

所以这就表明了人们如何渴求

for this kind of open, free content.

这种开放而且免费的内容。

A lot of teachers are using this stuff.

很多老师都利用这样的内容。那么，音乐的翻录呢？

What about ripping? What about copying, reusing?

那么什么是复制以及再利用？

A team of volunteers at the University of Texas at El Paso --

得克萨斯大学埃尔帕索分校的一伙志愿者，

graduate students translating this engineering super textbook ideas.

一批研究生，将这一工程超级教科书的想法付诸实施，

And within about a week,

并在大约一个星期内，使之成为我们最受欢迎的一些材料

having this be some of our most popular material

in widespread use all over Latin America, and in particular in Mexico,

在拉丁美洲各地广泛使用，特别是在墨西哥，

because of the open, extensible nature of this.

这是因为它具有开放性和可扩展性等特点。

People, volunteers and even companies

很多人，有志愿者，甚至是商业公司

that are translating materials into Asian languages

将材料翻译成亚洲语言，

like Chinese, Japanese and Thai,

比如中文，日文和泰文，

to spread the knowledge even further.

将这些知识进一步传播开来。

OK, what about people who are mixing?

那么，参与混合的人做什么？混合是什么意思？

What does "mixing" mean?

"Mixing" means building customized courses,

混合指的是创建可定制的课程，

means building customized books.

以及制作定制的书籍。

Companies like National Instruments,

像美国国家仪器公司这样的商业公司，

who are embedding very powerful, interactive simulations

将非常强大的，交互式仿真的内容嵌入到这些材料中，

into the materials,

so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of textbook

这样我们阅读的体验，就会远远超越传统的教科书

to an experience

获得使用所有这些教材和内容的全新经验，

that all the teaching materials are things you can actually interact with

实际上你可以进行交互，寓教于乐，

and play around with and actually learn as you do.

通过实作进行学习。

We've been working with Teachers Without Borders,

我们一直在与“教师无国界”组织合作

who are very interested in mixing our materials.

他们对我们的混合材料很感兴趣。

他们将使用Connections作为他们的平台

They're going to be using Connexions as their platform

to develop and deliver teaching materials for teaching teachers how to teach

开发和并提供教材

指导教师如何教学。

in 84 countries around the world.

这些教师分布在世界各地的84个国家。

TWB is currently in Iraq,

在美国国际开发署的支持下，教师无国界目前正在伊拉克培训2万多名教师

training 20,000 teachers supported by USAID.

And to them, this idea of being able to remix

对他们来说，这种能够混合材料

and customize to the local context is extraordinarily important,

和并根据当地情况定制的特性是非常重要的，

because just providing free content to people

因为仅仅向人们提供免费内容

has actually been likened by people in the developing world

其实在发展中国家，已经被人们与

to a kind of cultural imperialism --

某种文化帝国主义联系在了一起，

that if you don't empower people

也就是说，如果你不让那些人

with the ability to re-contextualize the material,

有能力重新组织材料，

translate it into their own language and take ownership of it,

翻译成自己的语言，并拥有其所有权，

it's not good.

就会出力不讨好。

OK, other organizations we've been working with, UC Merced --

此外，我们一直以来合作的其他组织还有加州大学默塞德，

people know about UC Merced.

大家都知道加州大学默塞德。

It's a new university in California, in the Central Valley,

这是一个在加州的新大学，位于中央谷地，

working very closely with community colleges.

它与社区学院有非常密切的合作。

They're actually developing

他们实际上正在开发很多科学和工程课程

a lot of their science and engineering curriculum

to spread widely around the world in our system.

应用我们的系统，广泛传播到世界各地

And they're also trying to develop all of their software tools

而且他们也在努力将自己开发的软件工具做成完全开源的。

completely open-source.

We've been working with AMD, which has a project called 50x15,

我们一直在与AMD合作进行一项名为50/15的项目，

which is trying to bring Internet connectivity

就是试图到2015年，将互联网连接

to 50 percent of the world's population by 2015.

提供给世界上50%的人口。

We're going to be providing content to them

我们将会使用多种不同的语言

in a whole range of different languages.

他们提供内容，

And we've also been working with a number of other organizations.

此外我们还与其他一些组织合作。

In particular, a bunch of the projects that are funded by Hewlett Foundation,

特别是，一批项目

由Hewlett基金会提供资助，

who have taken a real leadership role in this area of open content.

该组织在开放内容这一领域起到了真正的领导作用。

OK, burn -- I think this is, sort of, quite interesting.

接下来，该谈谈烧录了。我认为这个话题很有趣。

"Burn" is the idea of trying to create the physical instantiation

烧录是试图将这些课程的内容变成物理对象的过程。

of one of these courses.

And I think a lot of you received --

我想有不少人收到过，

I think all of you received one of these music books in your gift pack.

我相信大家都收到过这样的礼包，就是某种这类音乐书籍。

A little present for you.

是给大家的一个小礼物。

Just to tell you quickly about it: this is an engineering textbook.

我在这里简要介绍一下，这是一本工程的教科书。

It's about 300 pages long, hardbound.

它有大约300页，精装的。

This costs -- anybody guess?

费用大家猜猜有多少？

How much would it cost in a bookstore?

如果在书店里它会值多少钱？

(Audience) 65 dollars.

观众：65美元。

Richard Baraniuk: OK. This costs 22 dollars to the student.

Richard Baraniuk：这本书对学生的定价是22美元。

Why does it cost 22 dollars?

为什么它只需22美元？

Because it's published on demand

因为它是按需出版的

and it's developed from this repository of open materials.

而且是基于这种开放的资料库开发的。

If this book were to be published by a regular publisher,

如果是由正规出版社出版这本书，

it would cost at least 122 dollars.

它的定价至少是122美元。

So what we're seeing

所以，我们看到的，这种烧录过程，

is moving this burning or publication process

或说是出版过程，已经从某一单一的作者

from the regular, sort of single-authored book

towards community-authored materials

写作的过程，过渡到了作者社区撰写的材料

that are modular, that are customized to each individual class

这是一种模块化的材料，可以根据每个班级定制

and published on demand very inexpensively,

并以相当低廉的价格按需出版，

either pushed out through Amazon

既可以通过亚马逊网站推出，

or published directly through an on-demand press, like QOOP.

或是直接通过按需出版的出版社，比如Coop出版。

And I think that this is an extraordinarily interesting area

我认为，这是一个非常有趣的领域

because there is tremendous area under this long tail in publishing.

因为在这个出版业的长尾下，存在一个巨大的领域。

We're not talking about the Harry Potter end,

我们谈的不是哈利波特的尾巴下，它是在左边。

right at the left side.

We're talking about books

我们所说是那些超几何偏微分方程之类的书籍。

on hypergeometric partial differential equations.

Books that might sell 100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year.

对，就是那些一年可能出售100份、1000份的书。

There is tremendous sustaining revenue under this long tail

确实存在巨大的可持续收入，

在这个长尾下，支持像我们这样的开源项目，

to sustain open projects like ours,

but also to sustain this new emergence of on-demand publishers,

而且还要支持这种新出现的按需出版商，

like QOOP, who produced these two books.

比如像出版这两本书的Coop，

And I think one of the things that you should take away from this talk

我想，大家从我的谈话中，应该认识到的一点，

is that there's an impending cut-out-the-middle-man disintermediation,

就是中间人即将被削减掉，是的。

非中介化。这将是出版业即将发生的事情

that's going to be happening in the publishing industry.

And it's going to reach a crescendo over the next few years,

而且将在今后几年达到高潮。

and I think that it's for our benefit, really, and for the world's benefit.

我认为这对我们，对世界都是有利的。

OK, so what are the enablers?

那么，是什么促使这一切发生？

What's really making all of this happen?

到底是什么让这一切发生？

There's tons of technology,

这其中有大量的技术，

and the only piece of technology that I really want to talk about is XML.

而我真的想谈的是XML技术。

How many people know about XML?

有多少人知道XML？

Oh, great.

So it's the future of the web, right?

哦，很好，对，它是网络的未来。

It's semantic representation of content.

它是内容的语义描述。

And what you can really think of XML in this case

此刻，大家应该将XML

is it's the packaging that we're putting around these pages.

看作是我们的包装，是我们用来包装这些页面的工具。

Remember we took the book, tore the pages out?

大家记得我们撕开了书页，对吧？

Well, what the XML is going to do

那么，XML所要做的，基本上是——

is it's going to turn those pages into Lego blocks.

它可以把这些书页变成乐高积木，对。

XML are the nubs on the Lego

XML就是乐高积木上的凸起，

that allow us to combine the content together in a myriad different ways,

它让我们能够以多种不同的方式将内容组合起来

and it provides us a framework to share content.

而且它我们提供了一个框架，以分享内容。

So, it lets you take this ecosystem

因此，它让你把这个生态系统，

in its primordial state of all this content,

以其原生状态呈现，所有这些内容，

all the pages you've torn out of books,

所有从书本中撕开的书页

and create highly sophisticated learning machines:

然后创造出这种高度复杂的学习机器，是不是？

books, courses, course packs.

书籍，课程，课程包……。

It gives you the ability to personalize the learning experience

它使你能够将学习体验个性化

to each individual student,

对个别学生都如此，

so that every student can have a book or a course

这样每一个学生都可以有一本书或课程

that's customized to their learning style, their context,

是根据他们的学习风格，他们的具体环境，

their language and the things that excite them.

以及他们的语言和能够激起他们兴趣的事情所定制的。

It lets you reuse the same materials in multiple different ways,

它让你能够以多种不同的方式，以令人惊讶的新途径，

and surprising new ways.

重新使用相同的材料。

It lets you interconnect ideas,

它让你把想法联系起来

indicating how fields relate to each other.

表明各个领域存在何种相互关系，

And I'll just give you my personal story.

这里我来给大家讲讲你我个人的故事。

We came up with this six-and-a-half years ago

我们是六年半前提出这一设想的

because I teach the stuff in the red box.

因为我教的的东西都是公文包里有的。

And my day job, as Chris said -- I'm an electrical engineering professor.

而我的日常工作，正如克里斯说的，我是电机系教授。

I teach signal processing

我教信号处理

and my challenge was to show that this math --

而且我的挑战是要表明，这种数学——

Wow, about half of you have already fallen asleep

哇，你们中大约有一半人一看到这个方程已经睡着了——

just looking at the equation.

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But this seemingly dry math

但这个看似枯燥的数学其实是

is actually the center of this tremendously powerful web

这个功能异常强大的网络技术的核心——

that links technology --

that links really cool applications like music synthesizers

它将非常酷的应用，比如音乐合成器

to tremendous economic opportunities,

以及巨大的经济机会联系在一起，

but also governed by intellectual property.

但也受知识产权的保护。

And the thing that I realized

问题是，我意识到我没有办法——

is there was no way that I, as an engineer,

作为一名工程师——我没有办法写出这样一本书，把所有的相关问题都谈清楚。

could write this book that would get all of this across.

We needed a community to do it

我们需要一个社区去做这件事

and we needed new tools to be able to interconnect these ideas.

我们需要新的工具能够将这些想法连接在一起，

And I think that really, in a sense, what we're trying to do

而且我认为，在某种意义上，我们正在试图做的

是使明斯基（Minksy，数学家）的梦想变成现实，

is make Minsky's dream come to a reality,

where you can imagine all the books in a library

你可以想象，图书馆里所有的书

actually starting to talk to each other.

都开始相互交谈，对，

And people who are teachers out here -- whoever taught, you know this --

也可以和所有的教师交谈，

只要他在教某种课程。

it's the interconnections between ideas that teaching is really all about.

这就是思想的相互之间的联系，这也正是教学的真正意义。

OK, back to math.

好，回到数学上来，我们可以想象，这是可能的。

Imagine -- this is possible:

that every single equation that you click on in one of your new e-texts

在你的新的电子文本中， 每一个公式，只要你点击它，

is something that you're going to be able to explore and experiment with.

就能够对其进行探索和试验。

So imagine your kid's algebra textbook in seventh grade.

那么可以想像，你的孩子的代数教科书，比如七年级的代数书，

You can click on every single equation

你可以点击每一个方程

and bring up a little tool to be able to experiment with it,

这样就能弹出一个小工具，你可以拿它进行实验，

tinker with it, understand it.

摆弄它，了解它，

Because we really don't understand until we do.

因为我们必须通过做才能理解。

The same type of mark-up, like MathML, for chemistry.

化学可以用相同类型的标注语言，比如mathML表示。

Imagine chemistry textbooks

想象一下，你的化学教科书能真正理解

that actually understand the structure of how molecules are formed.

分子结构是如何形成的。

Imagine Music XML

想象一下音乐的XML

that actually lets you delve into the semantic structure of music,

可以让你进入音乐的语义结构进行钻研，

play with it, understand it.

摆弄它，理解它。

It's no wonder that everybody's getting into it, right?

这样大家就都能理解它，对不对？

Even the three wise men.

即使是古希腊三智者都能弄懂。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

OK, the second big enabler, and this is where I told a big lie.

好，说到第二大的推动者，正是这里我曾说过一个大大的谎。

The second big enabler is intellectual property.

第二大推动者是知识产权，

Because, in fact, I got up here

因为事实上，我站在了这里

and I talked about how great the music culture is.

并且说到音乐文化多么了不起。

We can share and rip, mix and burn, but in fact, that's all illegal.

我们可以分享、抓取，混合和烧录，但实际上这是违法的。

And we would be accused of [piracy] for doing that,

是的，我们这样做会被指责为盗版，

because this music has been propertized.

因为这种音乐已经被财产化了。

It's now owned, much of it by big industries.

它现在为人所拥有，其中大部分由大公司拥有。

So, really, the key thing here is we can't let this happen.

因此，实在的，这里的关键是我们不能让这种情况发生。

We can't let this Napster thing happen here.

我们不能让Napster这类事情在这里发生。

So, what we have to do is get it right from the very beginning.

所以，我们要做的就是从一开始就要做得对

And what we have to do is find an intellectual property framework

而我们所要做的

是找到一个知识产权框架，使得共享是安全的，

that makes sharing safe and makes it easily understandable.

并使其易于理解，

And the inspiration here is taken from open-source software.

这里的灵感是来自开源软件，

Things like Linux and the GPL.

比如Linux和GPL诸如此类的东西。

The Creative Commons licenses.

以及相关的思想，如创作共用许可证。

How many people have heard of creative commons?

有多少人听说过创作共用？

If you have not, you must learn about it.

如果你没有听说过，那你必须了解它。 Creativecommons.org。

Creativecommons.org.

At the bottom of every piece of material in Connexions

Connections中的每一份材料

and in lots of other projects,

和许多其他项目的底下，你都可以他们的标志。

you can find their logo.

Clicking on that logo takes you to an absolute no-nonsense,

点击该标志，它将带你到一个绝对没有胡说八道，

human-readable document, a deed,

人类可读懂的文件，

that tells you exactly what you can do with this content.

这是一个契约，告诉你关于此内容你到底可以做些什么。

In fact, you're free to share it, to do all of these things:

事实上，你可以自由地分享它，做所有这些事情，

to copy it, to change it, even to make commercial use of it,

复制它，改变它，甚至将它用于商业用途

as long as you attribute the author.

只要你指出原作者。

Because in academic publishing and much of educational publishing,

因为在学术出版

和许多教育出版领域，

it's really this idea of sharing knowledge

人们的观念就是分享知识，这就是为什么出版，以及作出影响，

and making impact.

That's why people write, not necessarily making bucks.

这就是为什么有人写书，不一定非要赚钱。

We're not talking about Harry Potter, right?

我们现在谈论的不是《哈利波特》。

We're at the long tail end here.

我们处于长尾的末端。

Behind that is the legal code, very carefully constructed.

其背后是法律条款，

所以如果你想仔细地建造它，

And Creative Commons is taking off --

那么创作共用正在崛起。

over 43 million things out there,

那里有超过4300万种东西，

licensed with a Creative Commons license.

都被授予了创作共用许可权。

Not just text,

不只是文本，而且还有音乐、图像、视频

but music, images, video.

And there's actually a tremendous uptake

而且越来越多的人还将音乐的版权

of the number of people that are actually licensing music

授予它，这一现象在上升，

to make it free for people who do this whole idea of re-sampling,

这样那些希望将某个音乐概念重新取样的人，就可以自由地去做，

ripping, mixing, burning and sharing.

采集、混合，烧录并共享。

OK, I'd like to conclude with just the last few points.

所以我想用最后的几点意见结束我的讲话。

So, we've built this idea of a commons.

我们建立创作共用的想法。人们使用它。

People are using it.

We get over 500,000 unique visitors per month, just to our particular site.

我们每月的个体访问者就超过50万，只是在我们单一的网站上。

MIT OpenCourseWare, which is another large open-content site,

麻省理工学院的开放式课件，是另一个庞大的开放内容网站，

gets a similar number of hits.

其点击数跟我们差不多，但我们如何保护它们呢？

But how do we protect this?

How do we protect it into the future?

我们如何保护它们，使之流传久远？

And the first thing that people are probably thinking

人们想到的第一件事很可能是质量控制，对。

is quality control, right?

Because we're saying that anybody can contribute things to this commons.

因为我们说，任何人都可以贡献内容

到这个共用网站。任何人可以提供任何内容，

Anybody can contribute anything.

So that could be a problem.

这样可能就带来一个问题。

It didn't take long until people started contributing materials,

所以，没多久，

就有可能有人开始提供像和内衣相关的材料，

for example, on lingerie,

which is actually a pretty good module.

实际上这是一个很好的模块。

The only problem is it's plagiarized from a major French feminist journal,

唯一的问题是，它是抄袭的，

抄自一份主流法国女性杂志

and when you go to the supposed course website,

当你去访问课程网站的时候，

it points to a lingerie-selling website.

它指向了一个内衣销售网站，对吧？

So this is a little bit of a problem.

因此，这里就有点问题，

So we clearly need some kind of idea of quality control

所以我们需要一些质量管理的理念

and this is really where the idea of review and peer review comes in.

因此我们才引入了审查和同行审查的想法。

You come to TED. Why do you come to TED?

嗯，大家来参加TED。为什么来TED？

Because Chris and his team have ensured

是由于克里斯和他的团队，确保了

that things are very, very high quality, right?

它的质量非常非常的高，

And so we need to be able to do the same thing.

因此，我们需要做同样的事情。

And we need to be able to design structures,

我们需要能够设计出某种结构

and what we're doing is designing social software

我们正在做的是设计社交软件

to enable anyone to build their own peer review process,

让每个人都能建立自己的同行审查过程

and we call these things "lenses."

我们将这些东西称作“镜头”（lenses）

And basically what they allow

它的作用，就是允许任何访问者

is anyone out there can develop their own peer-review process,

建立自己的同行审查过程，

so that they can focus on the content in the repository

这样他们就能够专注于库中的内容

that they think is really important.

以及他们认为真正重要的东西

And you can think of TED as a potential lens.

大家可以将TED视为潜在的镜头。

So I'd just like to end by saying:

所以，我只是想在结束之前，

you can really view this as a call to action.

呼吁大家关注Connections。

Connexions and open content is all about sharing knowledge.

Connections和开放内容关注的是分享知识。

All of you here are tremendously imbued with tremendous amounts of knowledge,

在座各位都拥有

无穷无尽的知识

and what I'd like to do is invite each and every one of you

我想要做的就是邀请在座的每一位

to contribute to this project and other projects of its type,

为这一项目和其他类似项目贡献自己的内容，

because I think together we can truly change the landscape

因为我想，大家一起合作，就能实实在在地改变

of education and educational publishing.

教育和教育出版的面貌。

So, thanks very much.

谢谢！