Richard Baraniuk on open-source learning

譯者: Allison Shu 審譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai

I'm Rich Baraniuk and what I'd like to talk a little bit about today

我是Rich Baraniuk

我今天想與各位分享的看法

are some ideas that I think have just tremendous resonance

與前兩天大家所討論的問題

with all the things that have been talked about the last two days.

我認為可以產生很大的共鳴

So many different points of resonance

事實上，有太多不同的共鳴點

that it's going to be difficult to bring them all up,

在這裡很難一一提及，但我會盡力而為

but I'll try to do my best.

還有任何人記得這些東西嗎?

Does anybody remember these?

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

OK, so these are LP records and they've been replaced, right?

這些是黑膠唱片，它們現在都已經被取代了

They've been swept away over the last two decades

它們在過去二十年中被席捲殆盡

by these types of world-flattening digitization technologies, right?

取而代之的是使世界扁平化的數位化科技

And I think it was best witnessed

而我認為這件事最好的見證

when Thomas was playing the music as we came in the room today.

是在今天大家入場Thomas撥放音樂的時候

What's happened in the music world is there's a culture,

有一種文化或是生態環境

or an ecosystem that's been created

在音樂世界中被創造出來了

that, if you take some words from Apple,

如果套用蘋果公司的標語

the catchphrase -- that we create, rip, mix and burn.

那就是我們創造、拆解、混合和重製。

What I mean by that is that anyone in the world is free and allowed

我的意思是，世界上的任何人都可以自由地

to create new music and musical ideas.

去創造新的音樂以及有關音樂的想法

Anyone in the world is allowed to rip or copy musical ideas,

而世界上的每一個人也都被允許去拆解或複製音樂的想法

use them in innovative ways.

並以創新的方式去使用它們

Anyone is allowed to mix them in different types of ways,

任何人都可以以不同的方式去混和它們

draw connections between musical ideas,

並在許多音樂的想法當中建立聯繫

and people can burn them or create final products and continue the circle.

然後人們可以將它們燒製出來或創造產品，並繼續這個循環

And what that's done is it's created, like I said,

然後像我說的，在這樣的過程中創造了

一個活躍的社群，它有很大的包容性

a vibrant community that's very inclusive,

with people continually working to connect musical ideas,

人們在此社群中不斷聯繫音樂的想法

innovate them and keep things constantly up to date.

創新，並讓所有的東西不斷更新。

Today's hit single is not last year's hit single.

今天的熱門單曲不是去年的熱門單曲

But I'm not here to talk about music today.

但我今天其實不是來談音樂的

I'm here to talk about books.

我是來此談論書的

In particular, textbooks and the kind of educational materials

特別是，教科書以及其他教材

that we use every day in school.

我們每天在學校用的東西

Has anyone here ever been to school?

這裡有任何人上過學嗎？

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

OK, does anybody realize there's a crisis in our schools,

好的，有任何人知道世界各地的學校

around the world?

正面臨危機?

I'm not going to spend too much time on that,

好，我希望我不要花太多時間在說明這件事

but what I want to talk about is some of the disconnects

但我想談論的事情是，當一位作者出版了一本書的時候

that appear when an author publishes a book.

有一些斷層在此出現

That in fact, the publishing process --

事實上，就是出版過程

just because of the fact that it's complicated,

正因為出版過程是複雜的

it's heavy, books are expensive --

繁重的並且書價昂貴這些事實

creates a sort of a wall between authors of books

在書的作者和書的使用者之間

and the ultimate users of books,

創造了一道牆

be they teachers, students or just general readers.

而他們是老師、學生或一般讀者

And this is even more true if you happen to speak a language

而且如果你所使用的語言

other than one of the world's major languages, and especially English.

不是這個世界的主要語言，尤其英語，那麼這件事會顯得更真實。

I'm going to call these people below the barrier "shutouts"

而我要稱這些人是在被障礙封鎖之下的人

because they're really shut out of the process

因為他們真的無法進入

of being able to share their knowledge with the world.

與世界分享他們的知識的這一個過程。

And so what I want to talk about today is trying to take these ideas

因為如此，我今天想談論的，是想嘗試將這些想法

that we've seen in the musical culture

也就是我們今天在音樂的文化中已看到的

and try to bring these towards reinventing the way

並將這些想法帶入一個創新的

we think about writing books, using them and teaching from them.

寫書、用書以及教書的方式。

So, that's what I'd like to talk about

這就是我今天想談論的

and, really, how we get from where we are now

以及，我們如何從現在的位置，到達我們希望的目的地

to where we need to go.

The first thing I'd like you to do is a little thought experiment.

所以，我想要你們做的第一件事是一個小小的思想實驗

Imagine taking all the world's books.

想像一下世界上所有的書。

OK, everybody imagine books and imagine just tearing out the pages.

來吧，大家想像一下書

然後想像一頁頁地撕開這些書

So, liberating these pages

將這些書頁解放，將它們數位化

and imagine digitizing them and then storing them

然後將它們儲存在一個巨大、互相連結、全球性的寶庫裡。

in a vast, interconnected, global repository.

Think of it as a massive iTunes for book-type content.

把他想成是一個大規模的iTunes，專門做給書的

And then take that material and imagine making it all open,

然後把這些內容與想像開放

so that people can modify it, play with it, improve it.

讓人們可以修改、使用、並改良

Imagine making it free,

並想像它是免費的，這樣全世界的每個人都可以使用

so that anyone in the world can have access to all of this knowledge,

所有這些知識以及訊息使用的科技

and imagine using information technology

so that you can update this content, improve it, play with it,

你可以更新它的內容、改良、使用它

on a timescale that's more on the order of seconds instead of years.

在時間規模上來看，它是以秒而非以年在變化的。

Instead of editions of a book coming out every two years,

書籍以每兩年的速度在出新版本

imagine them coming out every 25 seconds.

我們以每25秒更新來替代

So, imagine we could do that and imagine we could put people into this.

想像我們都可以做那樣的事情

並想像我們也能讓人們也參與這樣的事。

So that we could truly build an ecosystem with not just authors,

由此我們便可真正造出一個生態系統，不再是只由書的作者參與

but all the people who could be or want to be authors

而是所有能夠成為或想要成為作者的人

in all the different languages of the world,

並使用全世界的所有不同語言

and I think if you could do this, it would be called --

而我認為如果你們可以做這樣的事情，那是很好的一件事

I'm just going to refer to it as a knowledge ecosystem.

我將把它稱作是一個知識的生態系統。

So, really, this is the dream,

這就是我所談論的夢想

and in a sense what you can think of it

某種程度上來說你可以把它想作是

is we're trying to enable anyone in the world,

我們正嘗試讓世界上的每一個人

I mean anyone in the world --

我指的是世界上的任何人

(Laughter)

做他們自己的教育的DJ

to be their own educational DJ,

creating educational materials, sharing them with the world,

創造教材，並與全世界分享

constantly innovating on them.

並時常地創新，大概就是這樣的夢想。

So, this is the dream.

In fact, this dream is actually being realized.

而事實上，這個夢想也正在實現

Over the last six-and-a-half years,

在過去的六年半

we've been working really hard at Rice University

我們在萊斯大學裡非常努力地

on a project called Connexions,

做一項計畫叫Connexions

and so what I'd like to do for the rest of the talk

因此接下來的我的談論

is just tell you a little bit

我想告訴大家參與Connexions的人

about what people are doing with Connexions,

在做些甚麼事，而你們可以把它想作

which you can kind of think of as the counterpoint

to Nicholas Negroponte's talk yesterday,

是對昨天Nicholas Negroponte的演講的一個對比

where they're working on the hardware of bringing education to the world.

他們正努力於硬體之上

試圖帶給世界教育

We're working on the open-source tools

我們則是努力於開放式資源的工具以及內容

and the content.

So, that's sort of to put it in perspective here.

因此，在這裡我們有點像是做一番全面性的了解

So, create.

那麼，是甚麼人在使用這種工具呢？

What are some of the people that are using these kind of tools?

Well, the first thing is,

嗯，首先

there's a community of engineering professors,

從劍橋到京都，有一群工程的教授

from Cambridge to Kyoto,

who are developing engineering content in electrical engineering

他們正在研發電子工程方面的工程內容

to develop what you can think of as a massive, super textbook

並建立大規模的超級教科書

that covers the entire area of electrical engineering.

這教科書範圍涵蓋整個電機領域

And not only that --

不僅如此，它還可以被客製化

it can be customized for use in each of their own individual institutions.

以適用於每一個特定的機構。

像Kitty Jones 這樣的人，也就是我說的被隔離在外的人

If people like Kitty Jones, a shut-out --

a private music teacher and mom from Champagne, Illinois,

一個私人音樂老師、來自伊利諾州的母親

who wanted to share her fantastic music content with the world,

想要與世界分享她美妙的音樂

on how to teach kids how to play music --

或是分享如何教孩子演奏音樂。

Her material is now used over 600,000 times per month.

她的教材現在每個月被使用超過六十萬次

Tremendous use.

非常驚人的使用量

In fact, a lot of this use coming from United States K-12 schools,

事實上很多使用者都來自美國，從幼稚園到高中所有階段

because anyone who's involved in a school scale back,

所有參與過學校經費預算縮減的人都知道

the first thing that's cut is the music curriculum.

最先被砍掉的就是音樂課程

And so this is just indicating the tremendous thirst

而這情況正證明了大量對於這種課程

for this kind of open, free content.

以及免費教材的需求。

A lot of teachers are using this stuff.

許多的教師正使用這些東西，那麼，甚麼是拆解

What about ripping? What about copying, reusing?

甚麼又是複製以及再利用呢？

A team of volunteers at the University of Texas at El Paso --

德州大學埃爾帕索分校的一群志願者

graduate students translating this engineering super textbook ideas.

一群研究生正在翻譯這個工程的超級教科書

And within about a week,

在一個禮拜之內，讓這成為了我們最受歡迎的教材

having this be some of our most popular material

in widespread use all over Latin America, and in particular in Mexico,

在拉丁美洲，特別在墨西哥受到了普及的使用

because of the open, extensible nature of this.

由於這開放可擴展的本質。

People, volunteers and even companies

一般人、志願者甚至是公司

that are translating materials into Asian languages

正在翻譯教材成亞洲語言

like Chinese, Japanese and Thai,

像是中文、日文或泰文

to spread the knowledge even further.

使這些知識散播得更廣更遠。

OK, what about people who are mixing?

好，那麼那些在做混合的人呢？混和是甚麼意思？

What does "mixing" mean?

"Mixing" means building customized courses,

混和指的是建造客製化的課程

means building customized books.

建造客製化的課本

Companies like National Instruments,

像是國家儀器這類公司

who are embedding very powerful, interactive simulations

正在把很強大的互動模擬裝置內嵌到教材裡

into the materials,

so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of textbook

以至於讓我們可以跳脫傳統的教科書

to an experience

而體驗到全新的教學材料

that all the teaching materials are things you can actually interact with

你都可以與其互動、寓教於樂

and play around with and actually learn as you do.

通過實作進行學習

We've been working with Teachers Without Borders,

我們一直在與“教師無國界”組織合作

who are very interested in mixing our materials.

他們對於混和教材非常有興趣

他們將使用Connexions作為他們的平台

They're going to be using Connexions as their platform

to develop and deliver teaching materials for teaching teachers how to teach

來開發或傳送他們的教材

教導教師如何教書

in 84 countries around the world.

這些教師分佈在世界上的84個國家。

TWB is currently in Iraq,

在美國國際發展署的支持下，教師無國界目前正在伊拉克培訓兩萬多名教師

training 20,000 teachers supported by USAID.

And to them, this idea of being able to remix

對他們來說，能夠混合

and customize to the local context is extraordinarily important,

以及為當地客製化教材是極重要的事情

because just providing free content to people

因為若只是提供人們免費的教材

has actually been likened by people in the developing world

在發展中國家，已被人們視為

to a kind of cultural imperialism --

與某種文化帝國主義聯繫

that if you don't empower people

也就是說，如果你不讓那些人

with the ability to re-contextualize the material,

有能力重新組織教材

translate it into their own language and take ownership of it,

翻譯成自己的語言並擁有自己的權利

it's not good.

那是不好的。

OK, other organizations we've been working with, UC Merced --

另外我們也跟加州大學梅瑟分校合作

people know about UC Merced.

人們都知道加州大學梅瑟分校

It's a new university in California, in the Central Valley,

這是一個加州的新大學，位於中央谷地

working very closely with community colleges.

與社區大學合作緊密

They're actually developing

他們正在開發許多科學與工程的課程

a lot of their science and engineering curriculum

to spread widely around the world in our system.

用我們的系統向世界各地傳遞

And they're also trying to develop all of their software tools

他們也正在研發自己的開放式資源的軟體。

completely open-source.

We've been working with AMD, which has a project called 50x15,

我們也一直在跟AMD合作進行一項名為50/15的計畫

which is trying to bring Internet connectivity

這計畫嘗試在2015年前要將網路連結

to 50 percent of the world's population by 2015.

帶給世界上一半的人口。

We're going to be providing content to them

我們也將提供以許多不同語言的

in a whole range of different languages.

內容給他們

And we've also been working with a number of other organizations.

我們也在跟其他許多不同的組織合作

In particular, a bunch of the projects that are funded by Hewlett Foundation,

特別是，有一些計畫

是由Hewlett基金會所資助的

who have taken a real leadership role in this area of open content.

此基金會在開放式內容的領域裡居於領導的角色。

OK, burn -- I think this is, sort of, quite interesting.

好接下來，重製，我認為這是很有趣的一點

"Burn" is the idea of trying to create the physical instantiation

重製是將這些課程之一化為實體的一個想法

of one of these courses.

And I think a lot of you received --

而我想你們很多人已經收到這樣的東西了

I think all of you received one of these music books in your gift pack.

我想所以的人在你們的禮物包裡已經收到一本音樂書。

A little present for you.

這是給你們的一個小禮物

Just to tell you quickly about it: this is an engineering textbook.

很快的跟你們說明一下，這是一本工程的教科書

It's about 300 pages long, hardbound.

大概有三百多頁的精裝本

This costs -- anybody guess?

而這要多少錢呢？有沒有人要猜猜看？

How much would it cost in a bookstore?

這在書店需要賣多少錢？

(Audience) 65 dollars.

65塊錢

Richard Baraniuk: OK. This costs 22 dollars to the student.

這要花學生22塊錢

Why does it cost 22 dollars?

為什麼這要花22塊錢

Because it's published on demand

因為它是應需求而出版的

and it's developed from this repository of open materials.

而且它是由開放式材料的儲藏庫所發展出來的

If this book were to be published by a regular publisher,

如果這本書是由一般的出版社所出版的話

it would cost at least 122 dollars.

它將會要價至少122塊錢。

So what we're seeing

所以我們在這裡所看到的，就是將重製

is moving this burning or publication process

從由單一作者而來的一般出版程序

from the regular, sort of single-authored book

towards community-authored materials

過渡到了社群撰寫的材料

that are modular, that are customized to each individual class

這是一種模組，可以對每一個不同的班級客製化

and published on demand very inexpensively,

並依照需求出版且價格不貴

either pushed out through Amazon

可以通過亞馬遜網站推出

or published directly through an on-demand press, like QOOP.

或直接通過需要的出版社，比如Coop出版

And I think that this is an extraordinarily interesting area

我認為，這是一個非常有趣的領域

because there is tremendous area under this long tail in publishing.

因為在這出版的長尾之下 ，還有一塊極大的領域

We're not talking about the Harry Potter end,

我們不是在討論哈利波特的完結篇，那在左邊這一塊

right at the left side.

We're talking about books

我們是在討論像超幾何偏微分方程這樣的書籍。

on hypergeometric partial differential equations.

Books that might sell 100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year.

這樣的書一年也許只能賣出一百本或一千本

There is tremendous sustaining revenue under this long tail

但確實存在極大持續性的收入

在這長尾之下支持像我們這樣開放式的計畫

to sustain open projects like ours,

but also to sustain this new emergence of on-demand publishers,

也支持應這種新需求而產生的出版社

like QOOP, who produced these two books.

像是出版了這兩本書的Coop出版社

And I think one of the things that you should take away from this talk

我認為你們今天從我的談話裡，應該認識到一點

is that there's an impending cut-out-the-middle-man disintermediation,

就是中間人即將要被移除了，是吧

非居間化，這件事即將發生在出版業當中

that's going to be happening in the publishing industry.

And it's going to reach a crescendo over the next few years,

並在接下來幾年這情況會越來越明顯

and I think that it's for our benefit, really, and for the world's benefit.

而我認為這對我們有利，也對世界有利。

OK, so what are the enablers?

那麼，是甚麼促使這一切發生

What's really making all of this happen?

到底是甚麼讓這一切發生？

There's tons of technology,

這中間有大量的技術

and the only piece of technology that I really want to talk about is XML.

而我真的想談的是XML技術

How many people know about XML?

有多少人知道XML？

Oh, great.

So it's the future of the web, right?

哦，很好，對，它是網路的未來

It's semantic representation of content.

它是內容的語義描述

And what you can really think of XML in this case

在我們的討論裡面，你可以把XML想做是

is it's the packaging that we're putting around these pages.

對於我們書頁的包裝

Remember we took the book, tore the pages out?

還記得我們將書撕成一頁一頁的嗎

Well, what the XML is going to do

是的，XML將要做的，就是它即將要

is it's going to turn those pages into Lego blocks.

它即將要把它些書業變成樂高積木

XML are the nubs on the Lego

XML是樂高積木上的小凸塊

that allow us to combine the content together in a myriad different ways,

讓我們可以用無數種的方式將內容結合

and it provides us a framework to share content.

它提供給我們框架來分享內容

So, it lets you take this ecosystem

它讓我們將這生態系統

in its primordial state of all this content,

以其內容最原始的狀態

all the pages you've torn out of books,

那些你從書上撕下來的書頁

and create highly sophisticated learning machines:

然後創造了高度複雜的學習機制，是吧

books, courses, course packs.

書籍、課程、課程包

It gives you the ability to personalize the learning experience

它給你能力去根據每個學生的情況

to each individual student,

讓學習經驗個人化

so that every student can have a book or a course

由此每個學生可以擁有適合自己的書或課程

that's customized to their learning style, their context,

是符合他們的學習方式以及背景

their language and the things that excite them.

符合他們的語言和能引起他們興趣的東西

It lets you reuse the same materials in multiple different ways,

它讓你可以用多種、嶄新的方式

and surprising new ways.

來重複使用相同的材料。

It lets you interconnect ideas,

它讓你連結許多想法

indicating how fields relate to each other.

並指出領域與領域間如何相互關聯

And I'll just give you my personal story.

我要說一下我自己的故事。

We came up with this six-and-a-half years ago

我們是六年半前想出這個東西

because I teach the stuff in the red box.

因為我在教這樣的東西

And my day job, as Chris said -- I'm an electrical engineering professor.

而我的日常工作，如克里斯所說，我是一位電機學教授

I teach signal processing

我教信號處理

and my challenge was to show that this math --

而我的挑戰是要表明，這種數學--

Wow, about half of you have already fallen asleep

哇，你們大概有一半人只看到這個方程式就睡著了

just looking at the equation.

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

But this seemingly dry math

但這個看似枯燥的數學其實是

is actually the center of this tremendously powerful web

這個功能極強大的網路技術核心，將科技以及

that links technology --

that links really cool applications like music synthesizers

非常酷的技術應用，像是音樂合成

to tremendous economic opportunities,

與巨大的商機連結起來

but also governed by intellectual property.

當然也受到智慧財產權的保護。

And the thing that I realized

問題是，我意識到我沒有辦法

is there was no way that I, as an engineer,

做為一名工程師——我沒有辦法寫出這樣一本書，把所有相關問題都談清楚

could write this book that would get all of this across.

We needed a community to do it

我們需要一個社群去做這件事

and we needed new tools to be able to interconnect these ideas.

而我們需要新的工具來連結這些想法

And I think that really, in a sense, what we're trying to do

我認為某方面來說我們是嘗試要

讓Minsky的夢想成真

is make Minsky's dream come to a reality,

where you can imagine all the books in a library

那個夢想是想像所有圖書館的書

actually starting to talk to each other.

開始與彼此對話

And people who are teachers out here -- whoever taught, you know this --

也與所有教書的老師對話

不論教的是甚麼。

it's the interconnections between ideas that teaching is really all about.

這就是思想相互之間的聯繫，也是教學的真諦。

OK, back to math.

回到數學上來，我們可以想像，這是可能的

Imagine -- this is possible:

that every single equation that you click on in one of your new e-texts

在你的新電子文本中，每一個公式，只要你點擊它

is something that you're going to be able to explore and experiment with.

你就能對它探索與實驗

So imagine your kid's algebra textbook in seventh grade.

所以，試著想像你小孩七年級的代數課本

You can click on every single equation

你可以點擊每個方程式

and bring up a little tool to be able to experiment with it,

這樣會彈出一個小工具，你可以對它進行實驗

tinker with it, understand it.

探索它並了解它

Because we really don't understand until we do.

因為我們必須通過做才能理解

The same type of mark-up, like MathML, for chemistry.

化學可以用相同類型的標注語言，比如mathML表示

Imagine chemistry textbooks

想像一下化學教科書可以讓你真正了解

that actually understand the structure of how molecules are formed.

分子的構造是如何形成的

Imagine Music XML

想像一下音樂的XML

that actually lets you delve into the semantic structure of music,

可以實際地讓你探究音樂的語義結構

play with it, understand it.

讓你演奏它並了解它

It's no wonder that everybody's getting into it, right?

這樣大家就都能理解它，對吧？

Even the three wise men.

甚至包括古希臘三智者也都可以

(Laughter)

(笑聲)

OK, the second big enabler, and this is where I told a big lie.

而說到第二大的推動者，我在這裡說了個大謊

The second big enabler is intellectual property.

第二大推動者是智慧財產權

Because, in fact, I got up here

因為事實上，我在這裡

and I talked about how great the music culture is.

我一直不斷地說音樂文化是多麼的棒

We can share and rip, mix and burn, but in fact, that's all illegal.

我們可以分享、拆解、混合和重製，但事實上這是違法的。

And we would be accused of [piracy] for doing that,

是的，而且我們可能會被控訴這些事情是盜版的行為

because this music has been propertized.

因為這些音樂是有財產權的

It's now owned, much of it by big industries.

它們現在大部分都被大企業所擁有著

So, really, the key thing here is we can't let this happen.

所以，現在的關鍵是，我們不能讓這樣的事發生

We can't let this Napster thing happen here.

我們不能讓像Napster這種事在這裡發生。

So, what we have to do is get it right from the very beginning.

所以我們需要在一開始就做對

And what we have to do is find an intellectual property framework

而我們要做的是

找到一個智財權的規範，讓分享變得安全

that makes sharing safe and makes it easily understandable.

並讓這個規範簡單好懂

And the inspiration here is taken from open-source software.

而這靈感是來自於開放式來源的軟體

Things like Linux and the GPL.

像是Linux或GPL

The Creative Commons licenses.

還有創用CC的想法

How many people have heard of creative commons?

有多少人聽過創用CC?

If you have not, you must learn about it.

如果你沒有，你一定要去看一下，Creativecommons.org.

Creativecommons.org.

At the bottom of every piece of material in Connexions

在Connexions的每個項目底下

and in lots of other projects,

還有許多其它的計畫，你都會發現它們的標誌

you can find their logo.

Clicking on that logo takes you to an absolute no-nonsense,

點擊那個標誌就會帶你到一個沒有廢話

human-readable document, a deed,

且人類都讀得懂的文件

that tells you exactly what you can do with this content.

一個契約會告訴你可以如何對這樣東西做使用

In fact, you're free to share it, to do all of these things:

事實上，你可以自由地分享它，或做一些其它的事

to copy it, to change it, even to make commercial use of it,

複製它、改變它甚至將它做商業性的使用

as long as you attribute the author.

只要你將作者標示清楚

Because in academic publishing and much of educational publishing,

因為在學術上的出版

還有許多教育上的出版

it's really this idea of sharing knowledge

都是基於這種分享知識的想法，而這就是為什麼出版，以及做出影響

and making impact.

That's why people write, not necessarily making bucks.

這是為什麼人寫書，卻未必有錢可賺。

We're not talking about Harry Potter, right?

我們不是在談論哈利波特

We're at the long tail end here.

我們是在長尾的末端

Behind that is the legal code, very carefully constructed.

在那之後是法律的規範

所以如果你想仔細地建造它

And Creative Commons is taking off --

創用CC正在開始普及

over 43 million things out there,

那裡有超過四千三百萬種東西

licensed with a Creative Commons license.

都被授予了創用CC的授權許可。

Not just text,

不只是文本，還有音樂、圖像、以及影像

but music, images, video.

And there's actually a tremendous uptake

而真的有非常多的人加入

of the number of people that are actually licensing music

在從事授權音樂這樣的事

to make it free for people who do this whole idea of re-sampling,

讓人們可以免費地實踐這整個拆解混合的想法

ripping, mixing, burning and sharing.

拆解、混合和重製和分享。

OK, I'd like to conclude with just the last few points.

好的，我現在要整理出一些結論

So, we've built this idea of a commons.

我們已經實踐這共享的想法，人們也在使用著

People are using it.

We get over 500,000 unique visitors per month, just to our particular site.

我們一個月有超過五十萬個訪客，還只是在某個站點

MIT OpenCourseWare, which is another large open-content site,

麻省理工學院的開放式課程網站，是另一個大規模的開放式內容網站

gets a similar number of hits.

點擊率也跟我們差不多，但我們要如何來保護它?

But how do we protect this?

How do we protect it into the future?

我們該如何保護它邁向未來?

And the first thing that people are probably thinking

很多人第一想到很可能是品質的控管

is quality control, right?

Because we're saying that anybody can contribute things to this commons.

因為我們說了任何人都可以貢獻東西上來

到這個共享網站，任何人都可以貢獻任何事情

Anybody can contribute anything.

So that could be a problem.

因此那可能會成為問題。

It didn't take long until people started contributing materials,

所以，沒多久

有人開始提供像內衣相關的資料

for example, on lingerie,

which is actually a pretty good module.

實際上這是一個很好的想法

The only problem is it's plagiarized from a major French feminist journal,

唯一的問題是，它是抄襲的

抄自一份主流法國女性雜誌

and when you go to the supposed course website,

而當你去這個應該是課程的網站時

it points to a lingerie-selling website.

它卻連結到內衣的銷售網站

So this is a little bit of a problem.

所以，這裡就有點問題

So we clearly need some kind of idea of quality control

所以我們的確需要品質的管制

and this is really where the idea of review and peer review comes in.

因此我們才引入了審查和同儕審查的想法。

You come to TED. Why do you come to TED?

嗯，大家來TED。為什麼來TED呢?

Because Chris and his team have ensured

是由於克里斯和他的團隊確保了

that things are very, very high quality, right?

這些是具有相當好的品質的

And so we need to be able to do the same thing.

因此我們也需要做相同的事

And we need to be able to design structures,

我們需要去設計一個構造

and what we're doing is designing social software

其實我們已經正在設計一個社群軟體

to enable anyone to build their own peer review process,

讓任何人都可以建造他自己的同儕審查過程

and we call these things "lenses."

我們把這東西叫做"鏡頭"

And basically what they allow

它的作用就是允許任何的訪客

is anyone out there can develop their own peer-review process,

建立自己的同儕審查過程

so that they can focus on the content in the repository

這樣他們就可以專注於庫中的內容

that they think is really important.

以及他們認為真正重要的東西

And you can think of TED as a potential lens.

大家可以把TED視為一種潛在的鏡頭

So I'd just like to end by saying:

所以我在這做個結尾

you can really view this as a call to action.

呼籲大家關注Connections

Connexions and open content is all about sharing knowledge.

Connexions和開放式內容是有關乎分享知識。

All of you here are tremendously imbued with tremendous amounts of knowledge,

在座的各位都是擁有

淵博知識的人

and what I'd like to do is invite each and every one of you

而我想要邀請每一個人

to contribute to this project and other projects of its type,

參與這個計畫或其他類似的計畫

because I think together we can truly change the landscape

因為我認為靠著一起的努力，我們可以改變

of education and educational publishing.

教育和教育的出版的景況

So, thanks very much.

非常謝謝你們