Richard Baraniuk on open-source learning

103,014 views ใƒป 2007-01-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jin Uk Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Larry Kang
00:25
I'm Rich Baraniuk and what I'd like to talk a little bit about today
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๋ฆฌ์น˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ ˆ๋‹‰ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง€๋‚œ ์ดํ‹€ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์”€์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ ,
00:28
are some ideas that I think have just tremendous resonance
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐ๋™๊ณผ ์šธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”,
00:31
with all the things that have been talked about the last two days.
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•ด๋ณผ ๊นŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
So many different points of resonance
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:37
that it's going to be difficult to bring them all up,
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์ผ์ผ์ด ์—ด๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ธด ํž˜๋“คํ…Œ๊ตฌ์š”. ๋ญ, ์•„๋ฌดํŠผ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•ด๋ณผ๊ป˜์š”.
00:39
but I'll try to do my best.
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์ด๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์„ธ์š”?
00:41
Does anybody remember these?
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00:42
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:44
OK, so these are LP records and they've been replaced, right?
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์˜ˆ, ๋งž์•„์š”. LP ๋ ˆ์ฝ”๋“œํŒ์ด์ฃ . ์ด์   ์•ˆ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
00:50
They've been swept away over the last two decades
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์ง€๋‚œ 20 ์—ฌ๋…„๊ฐ„ LPํŒ ํ™ˆ์„ ๋‚ฉ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ€์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ
00:53
by these types of world-flattening digitization technologies, right?
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๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋ฐ€๋ ค ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์ฃ .
00:57
And I think it was best witnessed
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜ค์…”์„œ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค์”จ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
01:00
when Thomas was playing the music as we came in the room today.
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๋‹ค๋“ค ํ™•์ธํ•˜์…จ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:04
What's happened in the music world is there's a culture,
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์Œ์•…๊ณ„์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌธํ™”๋‚˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๊ฐ€
01:07
or an ecosystem that's been created
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์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
01:08
that, if you take some words from Apple,
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์• ํ”Œ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋นŒ์ž๋ฉด
01:11
the catchphrase -- that we create, rip, mix and burn.
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'๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์„ž๊ณ , ๊ตฝ๋Š”๋‹ค'๋Š” ์บ์น˜ํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์ฆˆ์— ์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ฃ .
01:15
What I mean by that is that anyone in the world is free and allowed
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋งํ•ด, ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์Œ์•…์  ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
01:18
to create new music and musical ideas.
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์ž์œ ๋กœ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๊ณ ,
01:21
Anyone in the world is allowed to rip or copy musical ideas,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ์ง€ ์Œ์•…์  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋ ค๋‚ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ
01:24
use them in innovative ways.
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ํ˜์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
01:26
Anyone is allowed to mix them in different types of ways,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋“ ์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋‚˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ž์–ด,
01:29
draw connections between musical ideas,
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์Œ์•…์  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์„œ
01:31
and people can burn them or create final products and continue the circle.
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์Œ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฝ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ˆœํ™˜๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:35
And what that's done is it's created, like I said,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ ๋ง์€
์Œ์•…์  ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ ค ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์• ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ์—ฌ
01:38
a vibrant community that's very inclusive,
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01:40
with people continually working to connect musical ideas,
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐฌ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ๊ฐ€
01:43
innovate them and keep things constantly up to date.
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์Œ์•…์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‹œ์ผœ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
01:47
Today's hit single is not last year's hit single.
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์ตœ์‹  ์œ ํ–‰๊ณก์ด ์ž‘๋…„ ํžˆํŠธ ๊ณก์ผ ์ˆœ ์—†์ž–์•„์š”. ๊ทธ์ตธ.
01:51
But I'm not here to talk about music today.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ „ ์Œ์•…์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
01:53
I'm here to talk about books.
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์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์™”์–ด์š”. ๊ทธ์ตธ.
01:54
In particular, textbooks and the kind of educational materials
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ํŠนํžˆ, ๋งค์ผ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
01:58
that we use every day in school.
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๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์™€ ๊ต์œก์ž๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
02:00
Has anyone here ever been to school?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•™๊ต ๋‹ค๋…€ ๋ณด์‹  ๋ถ„?
02:02
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:03
OK, does anybody realize there's a crisis in our schools,
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ค ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ž€ ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„์‹  ๋ถ„์€์š”?
02:07
around the world?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ.
02:09
I'm not going to spend too much time on that,
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๋ฐ”๋ผ๊ฑด๋ฐ, ์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋ญ, ์ด ๊ฑด ์ด ์ฏค ํ•ด๋‘์ฃ .
02:12
but what I want to talk about is some of the disconnects
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ๋งํ•˜๋ ค ํ•˜๋ƒ๋ฉด์š”. ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•  ๋•Œ
02:15
that appear when an author publishes a book.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ (์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต, ์ง€์‹๊ณต์œ ์˜) ๋‹จ์ ˆ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:18
That in fact, the publishing process --
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ถœํŒ๊ณต์ •์ƒ
02:19
just because of the fact that it's complicated,
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ , ํž˜๋“ค๊ณ 
02:22
it's heavy, books are expensive --
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๋น„์‹ผ ์ฑ… ํƒ“์—
02:23
creates a sort of a wall between authors of books
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์ฑ…์˜ ์ €์ž์™€ ์ตœ์ข… ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž, ์ฆ‰
02:27
and the ultimate users of books,
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๊ต์‚ฌ, ํ•™์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜๋…์ž๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
02:28
be they teachers, students or just general readers.
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
02:32
And this is even more true if you happen to speak a language
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์„ธ๊ณ„์  ๊ณต์šฉ์–ด, ํŠนํžˆ ์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์–ธ์–ด์™€
02:36
other than one of the world's major languages, and especially English.
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๋ง์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒ ์—„์—ฐํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์ด๋ผ๊ตฌ์š”.
02:39
I'm going to call these people below the barrier "shutouts"
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์— ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰ํžŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ '์†Œ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธต'์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
because they're really shut out of the process
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์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ์šธ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
02:44
of being able to share their knowledge with the world.
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์ ˆ์ฐจ๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์†Œ์™ธ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
And so what I want to talk about today is trying to take these ideas
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
02:50
that we've seen in the musical culture
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์•ž์„œ ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์  ๋ฌธํ™”์™€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค์„
02:52
and try to bring these towards reinventing the way
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ ์ฑ…์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ์ฝ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๋ฐ
02:54
we think about writing books, using them and teaching from them.
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์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด์ž๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
02:58
So, that's what I'd like to talk about
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ
03:00
and, really, how we get from where we are now
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
03:02
to where we need to go.
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03:04
The first thing I'd like you to do is a little thought experiment.
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๋จผ์ €, ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ƒ์ƒ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
03:07
Imagine taking all the world's books.
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์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฑ…๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:09
OK, everybody imagine books and imagine just tearing out the pages.
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์ข‹์•„์š”. ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฑ…์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์žฅ๋“ค์„ ๋œฏ์–ด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
So, liberating these pages
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ œ๋ณธ์ด ํ’€๋ฆฐ ์ฑ…์„ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŒŒ์ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ .
03:14
and imagine digitizing them and then storing them
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ, ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํฌ๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ด€์†Œ์— ์ €์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:18
in a vast, interconnected, global repository.
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03:20
Think of it as a massive iTunes for book-type content.
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์ฑ… ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์•„๋†“์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์ดํŠ ์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:26
And then take that material and imagine making it all open,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—”, ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณต๊ฐœํ•ด์„œ
03:29
so that people can modify it, play with it, improve it.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ์น˜๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
Imagine making it free,
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ์„ธ์ƒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜
03:34
so that anyone in the world can have access to all of this knowledge,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์‹์„ ์ ‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ๋˜, (์›น ๊ฐ™์€) ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
03:37
and imagine using information technology
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03:39
so that you can update this content, improve it, play with it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๋…„ ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ดˆ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ
03:43
on a timescale that's more on the order of seconds instead of years.
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์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:47
Instead of editions of a book coming out every two years,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”. ์ฑ…์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •๋ณธ์ด 2๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์”ฉ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
03:50
imagine them coming out every 25 seconds.
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25์ดˆ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:53
So, imagine we could do that and imagine we could put people into this.
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
03:58
So that we could truly build an ecosystem with not just authors,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์ €์ž์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
04:01
but all the people who could be or want to be authors
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฟˆ๊พธ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ž‘๊ฐ€์  ์†Œ์–‘์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„
04:05
in all the different languages of the world,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ง ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
04:07
and I think if you could do this, it would be called --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ๋ถ™์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ . ์Œ..
04:09
I'm just going to refer to it as a knowledge ecosystem.
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์ „, '์ง€์‹ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„'๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
So, really, this is the dream,
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์ž, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ง ๊ฟˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ
04:14
and in a sense what you can think of it
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ๋“ค์„
04:16
is we're trying to enable anyone in the world,
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์„ธ์ƒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
I mean anyone in the world --
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์„ธ์ƒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„
04:20
(Laughter)
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ต์œก DJ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„œ,
04:21
to be their own educational DJ,
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04:23
creating educational materials, sharing them with the world,
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๊ต์œก์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ , ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ ,
04:26
constantly innovating on them.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”, ๊ฟˆ๊ฐ™์€ ์–˜๊ธฐ์ฃ .
04:28
So, this is the dream.
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04:29
In fact, this dream is actually being realized.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๊ฟˆ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
04:32
Over the last six-and-a-half years,
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์ง€๋‚œ 6๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ๋™์•ˆ
04:33
we've been working really hard at Rice University
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๋ผ์ด์Šค ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ '์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์ฆˆ'๋ผ๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ
04:36
on a project called Connexions,
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์ •๋ง ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
04:38
and so what I'd like to do for the rest of the talk
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—”
04:40
is just tell you a little bit
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'์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์ฆˆ'์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด๋ณด๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
about what people are doing with Connexions,
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์ด ์–˜๊ธด ์–ด์ œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์Šค ๋‹ˆ๊ทธ๋กœํฐํ…Œ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋˜
04:44
which you can kind of think of as the counterpoint
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04:46
to Nicholas Negroponte's talk yesterday,
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๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”,
04:48
where they're working on the hardware of bringing education to the world.
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค(OLPC)์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ต์œก์— ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด๋ฅผ
๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ์ฃ .
04:51
We're working on the open-source tools
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์ €ํฐ ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ๋„๊ตฌ์™€ ์ปจํ…์ธ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๊ตฌ์š”. ์•„์‹œ๊ฒ ์ฃ ?
04:54
and the content.
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04:55
So, that's sort of to put it in perspective here.
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์ฐจ๊ทผ์ฐจ๊ทผ ์งš์–ด๋ณผ๊ป˜์š”.
04:58
So, create.
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๋จผ์ €, ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ. ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:00
What are some of the people that are using these kind of tools?
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05:03
Well, the first thing is,
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์Œ, ๋จผ์ €
05:04
there's a community of engineering professors,
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์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ ๊ตํ† ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ณตํ•™๊ต์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ์—์„œ
05:07
from Cambridge to Kyoto,
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05:09
who are developing engineering content in electrical engineering
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์Šˆํผ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
05:13
to develop what you can think of as a massive, super textbook
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
05:17
that covers the entire area of electrical engineering.
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์ „๊ธฐ๊ณตํ•™ ์ „ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
05:20
And not only that --
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๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์˜ ์šฉ๋„์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ
05:21
it can be customized for use in each of their own individual institutions.
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๊ฐ€๊ณต ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋งŒ์ผ, ํ‚คํ‹ฐ ์กด์Šค๊ฐ™์€ '์†Œ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธต' ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
05:27
If people like Kitty Jones, a shut-out --
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05:30
a private music teacher and mom from Champagne, Illinois,
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์€ ์ผ๋ฆฌ๋…ธ์ด์ฃผ, ์ƒดํŽ˜์ธ์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์Œ์•… ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ต์‚ฌ์ด์ž ์•  ์—„๋งˆ์ด๋ฉด์„œ
05:35
who wanted to share her fantastic music content with the world,
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์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์„ ์ง€
05:38
on how to teach kids how to play music --
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ์Œ์•… ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์ƒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
05:40
Her material is now used over 600,000 times per month.
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งค๋‹ฌ 60๋งŒ๋ฒˆ ๋„˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:46
Tremendous use.
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์‹ค๋กœ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด์ฃ .
05:47
In fact, a lot of this use coming from United States K-12 schools,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ, ํ•™๊ต๊ต๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ถ•์†Œ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”
05:51
because anyone who's involved in a school scale back,
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์œ ์น˜์›๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”.
05:56
the first thing that's cut is the music curriculum.
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์ œ์ผ ๋จผ์ € ์Œ์•…๊ต๊ณผ(์‹œ๊ฐ„,๊ต์‚ฌ,์žฌ์›)๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
05:59
And so this is just indicating the tremendous thirst
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์ด ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๋ฌด์ƒ ์ปจํ…์ธ ์—
06:01
for this kind of open, free content.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋ชฉ๋ง๋ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
06:03
A lot of teachers are using this stuff.
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๋งŽ์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋ ค๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค๊ฐ€์š”?
06:06
What about ripping? What about copying, reusing?
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๋ณต์‚ฌ, ์žฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€์š”?
06:09
A team of volunteers at the University of Texas at El Paso --
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์—˜ํŒŒ์†Œ ํ…์‚ฌ์Šค ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌํŒ€์„ ๊พธ๋ ค์„œ
06:12
graduate students translating this engineering super textbook ideas.
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์ด ๊ณตํ•™ ์Šˆํผ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๋งŒ์— ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์„ ํ•ด๋ƒˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
06:17
And within about a week,
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ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฉ•์‹œ์ฝ”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ค‘๋‚จ๋ฏธ ์ „์—ญ์—์„œ
06:19
having this be some of our most popular material
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06:21
in widespread use all over Latin America, and in particular in Mexico,
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์ œ์ผ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
because of the open, extensible nature of this.
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ™•์žฅ์„ฑ ๋•ํƒ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:28
People, volunteers and even companies
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์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ, ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž, ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค๊นŒ์ง€
06:31
that are translating materials into Asian languages
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์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด, ์ผ๋ณธ์–ด, ํƒœ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ฐ™์€
06:34
like Chinese, Japanese and Thai,
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์•„์‹œ์•„ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์„ ํ•ด์„œ
06:36
to spread the knowledge even further.
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์ง€์‹์„ ๋„๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š”๋ฐ ์• ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:40
OK, what about people who are mixing?
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์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์„ž์–ด๋ณผ ์ฐจ๋ก€๊ตฐ์š”. '์„ž๋Š”๋‹ค'๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
06:42
What does "mixing" mean?
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06:43
"Mixing" means building customized courses,
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์„ž๊ณ , ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๊ณ , ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์— ๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋งž์ถค ๊ณผ์ •๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
06:45
means building customized books.
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์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋ณ„ ๋งž์ถค ๊ต์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
Companies like National Instruments,
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๋‚ด์…”๋„ ์ธ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฃจ๋จผํŠธ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€
06:51
who are embedding very powerful, interactive simulations
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์ •๋ง ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์–‘๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์‹คํ—˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋ฅผ ๊ต์žฌ์— ํƒ‘์žฌํ•˜์˜€์ฃ .
06:56
into the materials,
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06:57
so that we can go way beyond our regular kind of textbook
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๋•๋ถ„์— ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
07:00
to an experience
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ต์œก์ž๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”,
07:01
that all the teaching materials are things you can actually interact with
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ
07:05
and play around with and actually learn as you do.
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์‹ค์Šต์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:09
We've been working with Teachers Without Borders,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์žฌ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ์‹ 
07:11
who are very interested in mixing our materials.
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'๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์—†๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ชจ์ž„'(Teachers Without Borders)๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž‘์—…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์ฆˆ๋ฅผ
07:14
They're going to be using Connexions as their platform
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07:16
to develop and deliver teaching materials for teaching teachers how to teach
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๊ต์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง€๋„๋ฒ• ๊ต์•ˆ๊ต์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ 
์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ 84๊ฐœ๊ตญ์— ์ „ํŒŒํ•˜๋Š”
07:22
in 84 countries around the world.
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๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
TWB is currently in Iraq,
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'๊ตญ๊ฒฝ์—†๋Š” ๊ต์‚ฌ๋ชจ์ž„'์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ '๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ตญ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ฒ˜'์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ด๋ผํฌ์— ๊ณ„์‹  2๋งŒ๋ช…์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:27
training 20,000 teachers supported by USAID.
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07:32
And to them, this idea of being able to remix
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋“ค์—๊ฒ ๊ต์•ˆ์˜ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€
07:35
and customize to the local context is extraordinarily important,
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๊ต์•ˆ์˜ ํ˜„์ง€ํ™” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๋ฐ์š”,
07:40
because just providing free content to people
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๊ทธ์ € ๊ณต์งœ ๊ต์žฌ๋‚˜ ๊ต์•ˆ์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ค€๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:42
has actually been likened by people in the developing world
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋„์ƒ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์‹๋ฏผํ™”์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ
07:45
to a kind of cultural imperialism --
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๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
that if you don't empower people
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๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ง๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•ด์„œ
07:49
with the ability to re-contextualize the material,
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์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
07:52
translate it into their own language and take ownership of it,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:55
it's not good.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ณ์€ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
07:57
OK, other organizations we've been working with, UC Merced --
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์ €ํฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ UC๋จธ์‹œ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™(UC Merced) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
people know about UC Merced.
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UC๋จธ์‹œ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์„ ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ณ„์‹ค ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
08:03
It's a new university in California, in the Central Valley,
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ค‘์•™์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋Œ€ํ•™์œผ๋กœ
08:07
working very closely with community colleges.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ทผ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์ง€์š”.
08:09
They're actually developing
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๊ทธ ๊ณณ์—์„  ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ฐฐํฌํ•  ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณผํ•™, ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ๊ณผ์ •์„
08:11
a lot of their science and engineering curriculum
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08:13
to spread widely around the world in our system.
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์ €ํฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ตฌ์š”,
08:18
And they're also trying to develop all of their software tools
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๋˜, ์˜คํ”ˆ์†Œ์Šค ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ํˆด์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
08:21
completely open-source.
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08:22
We've been working with AMD, which has a project called 50x15,
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๋˜, ์ €ํฐ AMD์‚ฌ์™€ 1550 ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰์ค‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”,
08:27
which is trying to bring Internet connectivity
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2015๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 50 ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€
08:30
to 50 percent of the world's population by 2015.
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์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ตฌ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
We're going to be providing content to them
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AMD์‚ฌ์— ๊ฐ€์šฉํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์–ธ์–ด๋ฒ„์ ผ์˜
08:35
in a whole range of different languages.
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์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
And we've also been working with a number of other organizations.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณณ ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘์—…์„ ํ•ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
In particular, a bunch of the projects that are funded by Hewlett Foundation,
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ํŠนํžˆ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๊ฐ€
ํœด๋ › ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”,
08:45
who have taken a real leadership role in this area of open content.
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์˜คํ”ˆ์ปจํ…์ธ ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์„ ๋„์žฌ๋‹จ์ด์ง€์š”.
08:49
OK, burn -- I think this is, sort of, quite interesting.
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์ž, ์ด์   ๊ตฌ์–ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”, ํฅ๋ฏธ์ง„์ง„ํ•˜๊ตฐ์š”.
08:53
"Burn" is the idea of trying to create the physical instantiation
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'๊ตฝ๋Š”๋‹ค'๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹ค์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ผ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
of one of these courses.
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08:58
And I think a lot of you received --
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๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ›์œผ์…จ์„ ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
09:00
I think all of you received one of these music books in your gift pack.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐ›์œผ์‹  ๊ธฐ๋…ํ’ˆ ์†์— ์Œ์•…์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:06
A little present for you.
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์ด๊ฑด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋‹น์‹ ๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆด ๊ป˜์š”.
09:08
Just to tell you quickly about it: this is an engineering textbook.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฑ…์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆด ํ…๋ฐ์š”. ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
It's about 300 pages long, hardbound.
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300 ์ชฝ ๋ถ„๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์–‘์žฅ๋ณธ์ด์ฃ .
09:16
This costs -- anybody guess?
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์ด ์ฑ… ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ, ์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„?
09:20
How much would it cost in a bookstore?
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์„œ์ ์—์„œ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
09:22
(Audience) 65 dollars.
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๊ด€๊ฐ: 65 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์š”.
09:23
Richard Baraniuk: OK. This costs 22 dollars to the student.
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ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ 22 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ์— ํŒ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:28
Why does it cost 22 dollars?
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์™œ 22 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
09:29
Because it's published on demand
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์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• ์ถœํŒ์—
09:31
and it's developed from this repository of open materials.
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์˜คํ”ˆ์ปจํ…์ธ  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
If this book were to be published by a regular publisher,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฑ…์„ ์ถœ๊ฐ„ํ•˜๋ฉด
09:38
it would cost at least 122 dollars.
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122 ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์กฑํžˆ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
So what we're seeing
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1์ธ ์ €์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ์ถœํŒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํ˜•ํƒœ์—์„œ
09:42
is moving this burning or publication process
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๊ณต๋™ ์ €์ˆ ๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ถœํŒํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์˜
09:45
from the regular, sort of single-authored book
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09:48
towards community-authored materials
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๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๋ฐ์š”,
09:51
that are modular, that are customized to each individual class
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์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“ˆ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์— ๊ฐ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ๋ณ„๋กœ
09:55
and published on demand very inexpensively,
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์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• ์ถœํŒ์„ ํ•œ ํ›„ Amazon์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:57
either pushed out through Amazon
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Coop ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• ์ถœ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ
10:00
or published directly through an on-demand press, like QOOP.
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์ง์ ‘ ์ถœํŒ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:04
And I think that this is an extraordinarily interesting area
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์ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
10:07
because there is tremendous area under this long tail in publishing.
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์ถœํŒ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ด ๋กฑํ…Œ์ผ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์˜์—ญ์„ ์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
We're not talking about the Harry Potter end,
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์™ผํŽธ์˜ ํ•ด๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
right at the left side.
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10:17
We're talking about books
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์ดˆ๊ธฐํ•˜ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
on hypergeometric partial differential equations.
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10:21
Books that might sell 100 copies a year, 1,000 copies a year.
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์ผ๋…„์— 100๊ถŒ ๋˜๋Š” 1000๊ถŒ์ด ํŒ”๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฑ… ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
There is tremendous sustaining revenue under this long tail
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์ €ํฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ํ”„๋กœํ…ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•ด ์ค„
์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์ต์ด ๋กฑํ…Œ์ผ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
to sustain open projects like ours,
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10:32
but also to sustain this new emergence of on-demand publishers,
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๋ฟ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ด๋Ÿฐ 2๊ถŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฐ„ํ•  Coop ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ˜• ์ถœํŒํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜
10:37
like QOOP, who produced these two books.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ถœํ˜„์„ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:39
And I think one of the things that you should take away from this talk
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์ค‘๊ฐ„ ์œ ํ†ต์—…์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‡ด์ถœ์ด ์ž„๋ฐ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
10:43
is that there's an impending cut-out-the-middle-man disintermediation,
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๊ตณ์ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง์ ‘๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ถœํŒ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ์ด๋ค„์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
10:47
that's going to be happening in the publishing industry.
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10:49
And it's going to reach a crescendo over the next few years,
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ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋ฉด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
and I think that it's for our benefit, really, and for the world's benefit.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด์ต์ด๊ณ , ์„ธ์ƒ์—๋„ ์ด์ต์ด์ฃ .
10:56
OK, so what are the enablers?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ, ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:58
What's really making all of this happen?
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๊ทธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์›๋™๋ ฅ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:00
There's tons of technology,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”
11:01
and the only piece of technology that I really want to talk about is XML.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘์— XML์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
How many people know about XML?
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XML์„ ์•„์‹œ๋Š”๋ถ„?
11:07
Oh, great.
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11:08
So it's the future of the web, right?
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๋„ค, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”, XML์€ ์›น์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ฃ .
11:10
It's semantic representation of content.
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์ฝ”๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋‚˜ ์ปจํ…์ธ ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ํ‘œํ˜„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
And what you can really think of XML in this case
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” XML์ด๋ž€ ์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋“ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์„
11:17
is it's the packaging that we're putting around these pages.
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๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์Œ€ ํฌ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
Remember we took the book, tore the pages out?
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์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋“ค์„ ๋œฏ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•˜์‹œ์ฃ ?
11:22
Well, what the XML is going to do
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์Œ, XML๋กœ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:24
is it's going to turn those pages into Lego blocks.
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์ด ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋“ค์„ ๋ ˆ๊ณ  ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
XML are the nubs on the Lego
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XML์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
11:30
that allow us to combine the content together in a myriad different ways,
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์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ ˆ๊ณ ์˜ ์š”์ฒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
and it provides us a framework to share content.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  XML์€ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‹€์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
So, it lets you take this ecosystem
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๋˜ํ•œ XML์€ ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋•Œ์–ด๋‚ธ ๋ชจ๋“  ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋“ค,
11:41
in its primordial state of all this content,
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์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
11:44
all the pages you've torn out of books,
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๋ฌธํ™” ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์— ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„œ
11:46
and create highly sophisticated learning machines:
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
11:50
books, courses, course packs.
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์ฑ…, ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ •, ๊ต์œก ๊ณผ์ • ๋ชจ์Œ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ฃ .
11:52
It gives you the ability to personalize the learning experience
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ํ•™์ƒ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•™์Šต ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„
11:56
to each individual student,
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๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:58
so that every student can have a book or a course
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜
12:01
that's customized to their learning style, their context,
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ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ์–ธ์–ด, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ
12:04
their language and the things that excite them.
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๋งž์ถคํ™” ๋œ ์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
It lets you reuse the same materials in multiple different ways,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ž„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„
12:10
and surprising new ways.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
It lets you interconnect ideas,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
12:14
indicating how fields relate to each other.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
And I'll just give you my personal story.
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์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
We came up with this six-and-a-half years ago
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์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ์ž์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ
12:23
because I teach the stuff in the red box.
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6๋…„ ๋ฐ˜ ์ „์— ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋–  ์˜ฌ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
And my day job, as Chris said -- I'm an electrical engineering professor.
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ, ์ €๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ณตํ•™ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
I teach signal processing
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์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
12:32
and my challenge was to show that this math --
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์ €์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
Wow, about half of you have already fallen asleep
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์ด๋Ÿฐ, ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๋ณด๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ ๋ฒŒ์จ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋Š” ์กธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ตฐ์š”.
12:36
just looking at the equation.
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12:38
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:39
But this seemingly dry math
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ฌด๋ฏธ๊ฑด์กฐํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ด
12:41
is actually the center of this tremendously powerful web
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๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์›น์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:45
that links technology --
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12:47
that links really cool applications like music synthesizers
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์Œ์•… ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์žฅ์น˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋ง ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์‘์šฉ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ
12:50
to tremendous economic opportunities,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๊ณ 
12:54
but also governed by intellectual property.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:56
And the thing that I realized
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์ €๋Š” ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋กœ์จ ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š”
12:57
is there was no way that I, as an engineer,
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์ฑ…์„ ์“ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:00
could write this book that would get all of this across.
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13:02
We needed a community to do it
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์ด ์ผ์„ ํ•ด ์ค„ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:04
and we needed new tools to be able to interconnect these ideas.
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค์„ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ๋น„๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
And I think that really, in a sense, what we're trying to do
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ
13:11
is make Minsky's dream come to a reality,
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13:13
where you can imagine all the books in a library
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์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ฏผ์Šคํ‚ค์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค„
13:15
actually starting to talk to each other.
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์ผ๋“ค์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:17
And people who are teachers out here -- whoever taught, you know this --
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๊ฑด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๊ณ„์‹  ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€
์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:21
it's the interconnections between ideas that teaching is really all about.
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๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ์ด๋ž€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋“ค๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
OK, back to math.
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์ž, ์ˆ˜ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
13:27
Imagine -- this is possible:
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13:30
that every single equation that you click on in one of your new e-texts
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „์ž ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์ค‘, ํ•œ๊ถŒ์—์„œ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ์ ์‹์ด
13:34
is something that you're going to be able to explore and experiment with.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:38
So imagine your kid's algebra textbook in seventh grade.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์•„์ด์˜ 7ํ•™๋…„ ๋Œ€์ˆ˜ํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
13:42
You can click on every single equation
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํด๋ฆญํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:43
and bring up a little tool to be able to experiment with it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:46
tinker with it, understand it.
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๊ณ ์น˜๊ณ  ์ดํ•ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:48
Because we really don't understand until we do.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ํ•ด๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
13:51
The same type of mark-up, like MathML, for chemistry.
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mathML ๊ฐ™์€ ํ™”ํ•™์šฉ XML์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:55
Imagine chemistry textbooks
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
13:57
that actually understand the structure of how molecules are formed.
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ํ™”ํ•™ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
14:01
Imagine Music XML
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์Œ์•…์šฉ XML์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
14:03
that actually lets you delve into the semantic structure of music,
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์Œ์•…์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
14:06
play with it, understand it.
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์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:08
It's no wonder that everybody's getting into it, right?
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ํ‘น ๋น ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
14:11
Even the three wise men.
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์„ธ ๋ช…์˜ ๋™๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•ด์„œ์š”.
14:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:14
OK, the second big enabler, and this is where I told a big lie.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์š”์†Œ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ
14:19
The second big enabler is intellectual property.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ง€์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
Because, in fact, I got up here
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ € ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ
14:24
and I talked about how great the music culture is.
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์Œ์•…๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์—ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”.
14:26
We can share and rip, mix and burn, but in fact, that's all illegal.
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๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ž๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:30
And we would be accused of [piracy] for doing that,
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๋„ค, ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด๋กœ ๊ณ ์†Œ ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:33
because this music has been propertized.
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์Œ์•…์—” ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
14:37
It's now owned, much of it by big industries.
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ํฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
14:41
So, really, the key thing here is we can't let this happen.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:44
We can't let this Napster thing happen here.
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๋ƒ…์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:47
So, what we have to do is get it right from the very beginning.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
And what we have to do is find an intellectual property framework
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ 
์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
14:53
that makes sharing safe and makes it easily understandable.
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์ง€์ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:58
And the inspiration here is taken from open-source software.
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๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค๋‚˜ GPL ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์†Œ์Šค ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด์—์„œ
15:02
Things like Linux and the GPL.
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์˜๊ฐ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
The Creative Commons licenses.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋“ค๊ณผ CCL๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
How many people have heard of creative commons?
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CC์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด์‹ ๋ถ„ ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
15:10
If you have not, you must learn about it.
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์—†์œผ์‹œ๋‹ค๋ฉด Creativecommons.org ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์— ๊ผญ ๊ฐ€๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
15:12
Creativecommons.org.
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15:14
At the bottom of every piece of material in Connexions
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์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์Šค์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•˜๋‹จ์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
15:17
and in lots of other projects,
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CC ๋กœ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:19
you can find their logo.
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15:20
Clicking on that logo takes you to an absolute no-nonsense,
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๊ทธ ๋กœ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์ง„์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜
15:24
human-readable document, a deed,
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๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:27
that tells you exactly what you can do with this content.
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๊ทธ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ๋†“์€ ์ฆ์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:30
In fact, you're free to share it, to do all of these things:
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ž์œ ๋กœ์ด ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„
15:34
to copy it, to change it, even to make commercial use of it,
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์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์ €์ž๋ฅผ ๋ช…์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ
15:37
as long as you attribute the author.
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์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:40
Because in academic publishing and much of educational publishing,
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ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ์ถœํŒ์—
๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
15:44
it's really this idea of sharing knowledge
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์ง€์‹ ๊ณต์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์ด๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
and making impact.
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15:50
That's why people write, not necessarily making bucks.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ผญ ๋ˆ์ด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:54
We're not talking about Harry Potter, right?
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ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ํฌํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:56
We're at the long tail end here.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋กฑํ…Œ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:57
Behind that is the legal code, very carefully constructed.
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ฌ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
๋ฒ•๋ฅ  ์ฝ”๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
16:02
And Creative Commons is taking off --
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์ด์— CC๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:04
over 43 million things out there,
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์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” CCL ๋ผ์ด์„ผ์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ด
16:08
licensed with a Creative Commons license.
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4์ฒœ 3๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๊ถŒ ์ด์ƒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
Not just text,
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๊ต์žฌ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์Œ์•…, ๊ทธ๋ฆผ, ๋น„๋””์˜ค๊นŒ์ง€๋„์š”.
16:13
but music, images, video.
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16:16
And there's actually a tremendous uptake
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์žฌ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ๋งํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜ค๋ ค๋‚ด๊ณ , ์„ž๊ณ , ๊ตฝ๊ณ , ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
16:18
of the number of people that are actually licensing music
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์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ธ์ฆ ๋ฐ›์€
16:21
to make it free for people who do this whole idea of re-sampling,
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์Œ์•…๋“ค์„ ๋ฌด๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๊ฐ€
16:25
ripping, mixing, burning and sharing.
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:27
OK, I'd like to conclude with just the last few points.
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:31
So, we've built this idea of a commons.
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ˜„์‹คํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:33
People are using it.
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16:35
We get over 500,000 unique visitors per month, just to our particular site.
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์ €ํฌ ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋งŒ ๋ดค์„๋•Œ ๋งค๋‹ฌ 5์‹ญ๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:41
MIT OpenCourseWare, which is another large open-content site,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํฐ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ์ธ MIT์˜ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์ฝ”์Šค์›จ์–ด์—๋Š”
16:45
gets a similar number of hits.
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๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
16:47
But how do we protect this?
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16:49
How do we protect it into the future?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋กœ ์ด์–ด ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”
16:51
And the first thing that people are probably thinking
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์•„๋งˆ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:54
is quality control, right?
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16:55
Because we're saying that anybody can contribute things to this commons.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์— ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ์ œ๊ณต ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด
17:00
Anybody can contribute anything.
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17:03
So that could be a problem.
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๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
It didn't take long until people started contributing materials,
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๋ž€์ œ๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์˜ˆ์ œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
for example, on lingerie,
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17:12
which is actually a pretty good module.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ํ•™์Šต ์ž๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:14
The only problem is it's plagiarized from a major French feminist journal,
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ‘œ์ ˆ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ง€์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์“ด ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
17:19
and when you go to the supposed course website,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ๊ต์œก๊ด€๋ จ ๋งํฌ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํด๋ฆญํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
17:22
it points to a lingerie-selling website.
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๋ž€์ œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:27
So this is a little bit of a problem.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ข€ ๊ณจ์น˜๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ฃ .
17:29
So we clearly need some kind of idea of quality control
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ถ„๋ช…, ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์–ด๋–ค ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ฃ .
17:32
and this is really where the idea of review and peer review comes in.
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๋น„ํ‰๊ณผ ๋™๋ฃŒํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:36
You come to TED. Why do you come to TED?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ TED์— ์˜ค์…จ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ์ฃ ?
17:38
Because Chris and his team have ensured
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŒ€์ด
17:40
that things are very, very high quality, right?
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๋งค์šฐ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ํ€„๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
17:44
And so we need to be able to do the same thing.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ €ํฌ๋„ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:46
And we need to be able to design structures,
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋””์ž์ธ ํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:49
and what we're doing is designing social software
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ค‘์ธ ์†Œ์…œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”,
17:52
to enable anyone to build their own peer review process,
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๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋„ ๋™๋ฃŒํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:55
and we call these things "lenses."
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์ด ๋™๋ฃŒํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ '๋ Œ์ฆˆ' ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
17:57
And basically what they allow
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒํ‰๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ
17:59
is anyone out there can develop their own peer-review process,
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๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:02
so that they can focus on the content in the repository
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์ž์‹ ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์—
18:06
that they think is really important.
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์ง‘์ค‘ํ• ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:08
And you can think of TED as a potential lens.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  TED๋ฅผ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋ Œ์ฆˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:11
So I'd just like to end by saying:
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด์„œ ๋งˆ์น˜๋„๋ก ํ• ๊ป˜์š”..
18:13
you can really view this as a call to action.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:18
Connexions and open content is all about sharing knowledge.
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์ปค๋„ฅ์…˜์Šค์™€ ์˜คํ”ˆ ์ปจํ…์ธ ๋Š” ๊ทธ์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์ง€์‹๊ณต์œ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
18:23
All of you here are tremendously imbued with tremendous amounts of knowledge,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ณ„์‹  ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ
์‹๊ฒฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ์ž–์•„์š”,
18:28
and what I'd like to do is invite each and every one of you
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
18:30
to contribute to this project and other projects of its type,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
18:34
because I think together we can truly change the landscape
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์ถœํŒ์˜ ํฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„
18:37
of education and educational publishing.
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์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:40
So, thanks very much.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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