Jonathan Zittrain: The Web as random acts of kindness

144,924 views ・ 2009-09-22

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翻译人员: Bin Xie 校对人员: Bo Wang
00:12
My name is Jonathan Zittrain,
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我叫乔纳森•兹特瑞
00:14
and in my recent work I've been a bit of a pessimist.
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在最近工作的时候,我总是有一点悲观主义。
00:17
So I thought this morning I would try to be the optimist,
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所以今天早晨我觉得我应该尝试变成一个乐观主义者。
00:21
and give reason to hope
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并且根据互联的现状
00:23
for the future of the Internet
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给大家足够的理由去憧憬
00:25
by drawing upon its present.
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互联网的未来
00:28
Now, it may seem like there is less hope today than there was before.
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现在,希望似乎比从前要少。
00:32
People are less kind. There is less trust around.
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人们越来越不友好,我们周围的信任少了。
00:34
I don't know. As a simple example,
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但我不这么认为。举个简单的例子。
00:38
we could run a test here.
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我们可以在这里做一个测试。
00:40
How many people have ever hitchhiked?
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请问在座的各位有多少人曾搭过便车?
00:47
I know. How many people have hitchhiked
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好,我知道了。多少人在过去的10年内
00:50
within the past 10 years?
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曾搭过便车?
00:55
Right. So what has changed?
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好。那么,什么改变了?
00:58
It's not better public transportation.
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看来公交交通并没有更发达
01:01
So that's one reason to think that we might be
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所以这个例子证明我们可能是
01:04
declensionists, going in the wrong direction.
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走向错误方向的变革主义者。
01:07
But I want to give you three examples
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但是我想给你们举三个例子,
01:10
to try to say that the trend line
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试着说明这个趋势
01:13
is in fact in the other direction,
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实际上是往相反方向的。
01:15
and it's the Internet helping it along.
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而且是互联网在推波助澜。
01:18
So example number one: the Internet itself.
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那么,举例一,互联网本身。
01:21
These are three of the founders of the Internet.
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这是互联网的三位创始人
01:25
They were actually high school classmates together
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他们实际上是中学同学。
01:27
at the same high school in suburban Los Angles in the 1960s.
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20世纪60年代他们在洛杉矶郊区的同一所中学上学。
01:31
You might have had a French club or a Debate club.
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你们也许曾创办过法国社或辩论社,
01:34
They had a "Let's build a global network" club,
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他们却创建了名为“让我们来建一个世界网络”的社团,
01:36
and it worked out very well.
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而且运行得很顺利。
01:39
They are pictured here for their 25th anniversary
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这是他们在
01:42
Newsweek retrospective on the Internet.
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新闻周刊回顾网络历史25周年的照片
01:45
And as you can tell,
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正如你们所见,
01:47
they are basically goof balls.
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他们基本上都是傻蛋。
01:50
They had one great limitation
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他们有一个很大的限制,
01:53
and one great freedom
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也有一个很棒的自由,
01:55
as they tried to conceive of a global network.
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当他们试图设想一个全球网络的时候。
01:58
The limitation was that they didn't have any money.
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限制在于,他们没有一丁点钱,
02:02
No particular amount of capital to invest,
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没有特定规模的资金来投资。
02:05
of the sort that for a physical network
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对于一个实体的网络来说,
02:07
you might need for trucks and people
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你可能需要卡车、人力
02:09
and a hub to move packages around overnight.
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和交换器去整夜运送包裹。
02:12
They had none of that.
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他们没有这些。
02:14
But they had an amazing freedom,
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但是他们有一个惊人的自由,
02:16
which was they didn't have to make any money from it.
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那就是,他们不需要从中赚钱。
02:20
The Internet has no business plan, never did.
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这个网络没有,也从来没有商业计划。
02:24
No CEO,
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没有首席执行官,
02:26
no firm responsible, singly, for building it.
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没有一个公司负责任地、单独地去建设它。
02:30
Instead, it's folks getting together
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取而代之,它是几个家伙凑在一起,
02:32
to do something for fun,
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去做一些好玩的事,
02:35
rather than because they were told to,
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而不是被人指使,
02:37
or because they were expecting to make a mint off of it.
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也不是想要从中牟取哪怕一点点利益。
02:41
That ethos led to a network architecture,
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那种风气酝酿出了一种网络架构,
02:44
a structure that was unlike
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一种前无古人后无来者的
02:46
other digital networks then or since.
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数字网络架构。
02:50
So unusual, in fact,
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所以,不寻常的是,事实上,
02:52
that it was said that it's not clear the Internet could work.
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据说搞不清楚这个网络是否能运作。
02:56
As late as 1992, IBM was known to say
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直到1992年,IBM表示,
02:59
you couldn't possibly build a corporate network
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不可能用互联网协议
03:02
using Internet Protocol.
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去建一个企业网络。
03:05
And even some Internet engineers today say
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甚至时至今日,一些网络工程师仍说,
03:07
the whole thing is a pilot project and the jury is still out.
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这整个东西是一个试点工程,陪审团还没到位。
03:11
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:12
That's why the mascot of Internet engineering,
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这就是为什么网络工程的吉祥物,
03:16
if it had one, is said to be the bumblebee.
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如果有的话,据说是一只大黄蜂。
03:19
Because the fur-to-wingspan ratio of the bumblebee
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是因为大黄蜂的皮和翼展比实在是太大了,
03:22
is far too large for it to be able to fly.
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大到不能飞。
03:24
And yet, mysteriously, somehow the bee flies.
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但是,奇怪的是,无论如何黄蜂飞起来了。
03:29
I'm pleased to say that, thanks to massive government funding,
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我很高兴地说,多亏了巨额政府基金,
03:32
about three years ago we finally figured out
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大约在三年前我们终于弄明白
03:35
how bees fly.
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黄蜂是怎么飞的了。
03:37
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:39
It's very complicated, but it turns out they
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原理非常复杂,但是结果是
03:41
flap their wings very quickly.
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他们非常快速地拍打翅膀。
03:44
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:47
So what is this bizarre architecture configuration
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那么,这个使网络运行起来且变得如此不同寻常的
03:51
that makes the network sing and be so unusual?
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奇异的结构配置是什么呢?
03:54
Well, to move data around
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要把数据从一个地方传输到另一个地方,
03:56
from one place to another -- again, it's not like a package courier.
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——再次声明,不是类似快递员那样
03:59
It's more like a mosh pit.
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它更像是“狂舞区”(摇滚表演时舞台下方疯狂混乱的人群)。
04:02
(Laughter)
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(笑)
04:03
Imagine, you being part of a network
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想象你自己是网络的一部分,
04:05
where, you're maybe at a sporting event,
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在那里你也许正在参加一个体育盛会,
04:08
and you're sitting in rows like this,
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你像这样坐在队伍里,
04:10
and somebody asks for a beer,
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有人要啤酒,
04:12
and it gets handed at the aisle.
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啤酒从过道被传递过来。
04:15
And your neighborly duty
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你作为邻座的义务
04:17
is to pass the beer along,
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就是把啤酒传递下去,
04:19
at risk to your own trousers,
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冒着自己裤子被弄脏的风险,
04:22
to get it to the destination.
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把它传递到那个人。™
04:24
No one pays you to do this.
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没有人付钱让你做这些。
04:26
It's just part of your neighborly duty.
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它只是你作为邻座的义务而已。
04:29
And, in a way, that's exactly how packets move around the Internet,
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某种程度上,那恰恰是信息包在互联网中传送的方式。
04:33
sometimes in as many as 25 or 30 hops,
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有时候要跳25或30个节点,
04:35
with the intervening entities
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借助那种将数据到处传递的
04:37
that are passing the data around
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干预进来的实体,
04:39
having no particular contractual or legal obligation
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对原始发送者或者接受者
04:43
to the original sender
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没有具体的合同
04:45
or to the receiver.
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或法律责任。
04:48
Now, of course, in a mosh pit it's hard to specify a destination.
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当然,现在很难在“狂舞区”里指定一个终点。
04:52
You need a lot of trust,
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你需要很多信任,
04:54
but it's not like, "I'm trying to get to Pensacola, please."
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但它不像是“麻烦您我想去彭萨科拉”。
04:57
So the Internet needs addressing and directions.
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所以互联网需要地址和方向。
05:01
It turns out there is no one overall map of the Internet.
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互联网变成了没有整体的地图。
05:05
Instead, again, it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater,
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而是,好像我们又一次都坐在剧场里,
05:08
but we can only see amidst the fog
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但我们只能在雾中看到
05:11
the people immediately around us.
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当下在我们身边的人。
05:13
So what do we do to figure out who is where?
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那么我们怎么样去弄清楚谁在哪里呢?
05:16
We turn to the person on the right,
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我们转向右边的人,
05:18
and we tell that person what we see on our left,
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告诉他我们在左边看到什么,
05:21
and vice versa.
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反之亦然。
05:23
And they can lather, rinse, repeat. And before you know it,
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他们可以传递下去,在你能意识到之前,
05:25
you have a general sense of where everything is.
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你已经对所以东西在哪有了个大致的印象。
05:28
This is how Internet addressing and routing actually work.
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这就是网络寻址和路由实际上的工作原理。
05:33
This is a system that relies on kindness and trust,
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这是一个依赖美德和信任的系统,
05:37
which also makes it very delicate and vulnerable.
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但美德和信赖也使它变得微妙而脆弱。
05:40
In rare but striking instances,
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举个罕见但突出的例子,
05:42
a single lie told by just one entity
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在这个网络中某一个人说了
05:45
in this honeycomb
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一个谎话,
05:47
can lead to real trouble.
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可以导致真正的麻烦。
05:49
So, for example, last year,
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所以,比如说,去年,
05:52
the government of Pakistan
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巴基斯坦政府
05:54
asked its Internet service providers there
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要求国内的网络服务提供商
05:57
to prevent citizens of Pakistan from seeing YouTube.
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屏蔽巴基斯坦市民看You Tube。
06:01
There was a video there that the government did not like
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那上面有政府不喜欢的一个视频,
06:03
and they wanted to make sure it was blocked.
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他们想要确保它被屏蔽了。
06:05
This is a common occurrence. Governments everywhere
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这是一个常见的现象。
06:07
are often trying to block
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各国政府都经常试图屏蔽,
06:09
and filter and censor content on the Internet.
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过滤和审查网络上的内容。
06:12
Well this one ISP in Pakistan
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但这个巴基斯坦网络服务提供商
06:14
chose to effectuate the block for its subscribers
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用一种不寻常的方式
06:17
in a rather unusual way.
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来屏蔽他的用户。
06:20
It advertised --
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它宣称——
06:22
the way that you might be asked, if you were part of the Internet,
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如果你懂网络,别人可能会要求你
06:25
to declare what you see near you -- it advertised
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告知你在周围看到了什么——它宣称——
06:27
that near it, in fact, it had suddenly awakened to find
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在它旁边的,事实上,它猛然发现是
06:32
that it was YouTube.
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You Tube
06:34
"That's right," it said, "I am YouTube."
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“对!”它说,“我是You Tube。”
06:37
Which meant that packets of data
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也就是说,从用户向You Tube
06:39
from subscribers going to YouTube
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发送的信息包
06:41
stopped at the ISP, since they thought they were already there,
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在网络服务提供商那里被截了下来,然而用户以为数据已经被传送到了youtube。
06:44
and the ISP threw them away unopened
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事实是网络服务提供商将它们悄悄扔掉,
06:46
because the point was to block it.
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因为重点就是屏蔽它。
06:48
But it didn't stop there.
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但是,它没有就此打住。
06:50
You see, that announcement
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你们看,那个公告,
06:52
went one click out,
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点一下就出来
06:54
which got reverberated, one click out.
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它不断回荡,点一下
06:57
And it turns out that as you look
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然后它就变成了你看到的样子。
06:59
at the postmortem of this event,
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后果是,
07:01
you have at one moment
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你的You Tube在短时间内
07:03
perfectly working YouTube.
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显得很正常
07:05
Then, at moment number two,
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然后,过一会,
07:07
you have the fake announcement go out.
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假公告出来了。
07:10
And within two minutes,
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然后,两分钟以内,
07:12
it reverberates around
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它在四周回荡开,
07:14
and YouTube is blocked everywhere in the world.
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然后Youtube就在全世界都被屏蔽了。
07:17
If you were sitting in Oxford, England, trying to get to YouTube,
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如果你在英国牛津,试图上You Tube,
07:20
your packets were going to Pakistan
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你的信息包去向了巴基斯坦,
07:22
and they weren't coming back.
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再也回不来了。
07:25
Now just think about that.
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大家想,
07:27
One of the most popular websites in the world,
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作为世界上最有影响力的公司经营的
07:29
run by the most powerful company in the world,
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世界上最有名的网站之一,
07:31
and there was nothing that YouTube or Google
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Youtube和Google
07:35
were particularly privileged to do about it.
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却没有有效的特权去解决这个问题。
07:38
And yet, somehow, within about two hours,
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但是,不知何故,两小时之内,
07:42
the problem was fixed.
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这个问题就解决了。
07:44
How did this happen?
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为什么会这样?
07:46
Well, for a big clue, we turn to NANOG.
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一个重要的线索来自NANOG,
07:49
The North American Network Operators Group,
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北美网络运营商组织,
07:52
a group of people who,
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这群人
07:54
on a beautiful day outside,
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他们在阳光明媚的天气里,
07:56
enter into a windowless room,
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进到一个没有窗子的房间,
07:58
at their terminals
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来到他们的终端前,
08:00
reading email and messages
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阅读邮件和信息,
08:03
in fixed proportion font, like this,
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用一种固定比例的字体,就像这个。
08:07
and they talk about networks.
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他们在谈论网络,
08:09
And some of them are mid-level employees at Internet service providers
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他们其中的一些人是全世界网络服务提供商的
08:11
around the world.
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中层雇员。
08:13
And here is the message where one of them says,
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其中一个人说,
08:15
"Looks like we've got a live one. We have a hijacking of YouTube!
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“看来我们抓到现形了,Youtube被劫持了!
08:18
This is not a drill. It's not just the cluelessness
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这不是演习,也不是Youtube工程师的无能
08:21
of YouTube engineers. I promise.
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我发誓。
08:23
Something is up in Pakistan."
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在巴基斯坦出事了。”
08:25
And they came together to help find the problem and fix it.
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然后他们就一起帮助寻找问题然后解决它。
08:29
So it's kind of like if your house catches on fire.
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所以这有点像你家房子着火了,
08:32
The bad news is there is no fire brigade.
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坏消息是,没有消防队。
08:36
The good news is random people apparate from nowhere,
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好消息是,不知从哪里冒出来的路人,
08:39
put out the fire and leave without expecting payment or praise.
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把火扑灭了,然后离开,不期待你付钱或表扬。
08:43
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
08:48
I was trying to think of the right model to describe
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我试图想出一种合适的模型来描述
08:50
this form of random acts of kindness
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这种“讨厌的陌生人随机善良行为”
08:52
by geeky strangers.
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的模式,
08:54
(Laughter)
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(笑)
08:59
You know, it's just like the hail goes out
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你知道,就像下冰雹的时候,
09:02
and people are ready to help.
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人们已经准备好伸出援手。
09:04
And it turns out this model is everywhere, once you start looking for it.
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原来当你开始寻找这种模型的时候,才发现它在世界的每个角落。
09:08
Example number two: Wikipedia.
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第二个例子:维基百科
09:11
If a man named Jimbo came up to you in 2001
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如果2001年,一个叫金博的人找到你,
09:14
and said, "I've got a great idea! We start with seven articles
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说,“我有一个好主意!我们从七篇文章开始,
09:17
that anybody can edit anything, at any time,
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任何人任何时候都可以编辑它们,
09:19
and we'll get a great encyclopedia! Eh?"
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那么我们就能获得一本很棒的百科全书!是吧?”
09:22
Right. Dumbest idea ever.
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对。有史以来最愚蠢的想法。
09:26
(Laughter)
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(笑)
09:27
In fact, Wikipedia is an idea so profoundly stupid
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事实上,维基百科是一个金博从来没有过的,
09:32
that even Jimbo never had it.
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愚蠢又深刻的点子。
09:35
Jimbo's idea was for Nupedia.
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金博的点子其实是Nupedia
09:37
It was going to be totally traditional. He would pay people money
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它会变得完全传统。他会付给人们钱,
09:39
because he was feeling like a good guy,
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因为他感觉好像是个好人。
09:41
and the money would go to the people
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钱会付给人们,
09:43
and they would write the articles.
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然后他们来写文章。
09:45
The wiki was introduced
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维基应运而生,
09:47
so others could make suggestions on edits --
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别人可以为修改提出意见——
09:49
as almost an afterthought, a back room.
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好像事后修补,相当于后屋。
09:51
And then it turns out the back room grew
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然后后屋越建越大,
09:54
to encompass the entire project.
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扩展成了整个项目。
09:56
And today, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous
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时至今日,维基百科无处不在,
09:59
that you can now find it on Chinese restaurant menus.
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以至于你可以在中餐馆的菜单里看见它。
10:03
(Laughter)
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(笑)
10:09
I am not making this up.
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我没有编造。
10:11
(Laughter)
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(笑)
10:13
I have a theory I can explain later.
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我有个理论,我可以迟些解释。
10:16
Suffice it to say for now that I prefer my Wikipedia
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一言以蔽之,目前我更喜欢我的维基百科
10:18
stir-fried with pimentos.
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和香果一起炒。
10:20
(Laughter)
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(笑)
10:22
But now, Wikipedia doesn't just spontaneously work.
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但是现在,维基百科并不只是自发地运作着
10:25
How does it really work? It turns out
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它实际上是怎样运作的呢?
10:27
there is a back room that is kind of windowless,
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原来有一个没有窗的后屋,
10:29
metaphorically speaking.
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打个比方,
10:31
And there are a bunch of people who, on a sunny day,
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有一群人,在阳光明媚的一天,
10:33
would rather be inside
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宁愿呆在屋内,
10:36
and monitoring this, the administrator's notice board,
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修改这个管理者公告板,
10:38
itself a wiki page that anyone can edit.
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它本身就是个谁都可以编辑的维基页。
10:41
And you just bring your problems to the page.
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于是你把你的问题放到这页上来,
10:44
It's reminiscent of the description of history
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这使人想起了历史的描述,
10:47
as "one damn thing after another," right?
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“糟糕的事一件接一件”,对吗?
10:50
Number one: "Tendentious editing by user Andyvphil."
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第一:“由用户安迪•弗菲尔编辑的有倾向性内容。”
10:54
Apologies, Andyvphil, if you're here today.
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安迪•弗菲尔,如果你今天在这儿,对不起。
10:57
I'm not taking sides.
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我没有在偏袒。
10:59
"Anon attacking me for reverting."
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“阿尼翁为了报复而攻击我。”
11:02
Here is my favorite: "A long story."
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这是我最喜欢的:“说来话长。”
11:04
(Laughter)
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(笑)
11:05
It turns out there are more people checking this page for problems
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之后越来越多的人来到这个页面挖掘问题
11:09
and wanting to solve them
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并解决这些问题
11:11
than there are problems arising on the page.
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现在有更多的问题在这个页面上出现了。
11:14
And that's what keeps Wikipedia afloat.
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这就是使维基百科传播下去的东西。
11:17
At all times, Wikipedia is approximately
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任何时候,维基百科都面临着45分钟后
11:20
45 minutes away from utter destruction. Right?
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就彻底崩溃的危险,对吧?
11:25
There are spambots crawling it, trying to turn every article
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有垃圾邮件程序在上面爬行,
11:27
into an ad for a Rolex watch.
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试图把每一篇文章都变成劳力士手表广告
11:29
(Laughter)
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(笑)
11:30
It's this thin geeky line
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正是这条细细的让人讨厌的线
11:33
that keeps it going.
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维持它的运行
11:35
Not because it's a job,
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不是因为它是个工作,
11:37
not because it's a career,
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不是因为它是份职业,
11:39
but because it's a calling.
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而是因为它是个感召,
11:41
It's something they feel impelled to do
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是一件他们认为必须去做的事。
11:44
because they care about it.
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因为他们在乎它。
11:46
They even gather together in such groups
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他们甚至在这种群组里聚在一起,
11:48
as the Counter-Vandalism Unit --
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作为“反破坏行为租”——
11:50
"Civility, Maturity, Responsibility" --
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“文明,成熟,责任”——
11:53
to just clean up the pages.
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来清理这些页面。
11:55
It does make you wonder if there were, for instance,
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确实令你想弄明白,举个例子,是不是
11:58
a massive, extremely popular Star Trek convention one weekend,
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每周末都有冗长而普遍的“星际迷航”公约
12:02
who would be minding the store?
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那谁会来看店?
12:04
(Laughter)
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12:09
So what we see --
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所以我们所看到的
12:11
(Laughter)
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12:14
what we see in this phenomenon
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我们所看到的这个现象
12:18
is something that the crazed, late traffic engineer
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是疯狂的交通工程师
12:22
Hans Monderman discovered in the Netherlands,
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汉斯 蒙德曼在荷兰的发明
12:24
and here in South Kensington, that sometimes
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在南肯辛通
12:26
if you remove some of the external rules and signs and everything else,
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如果你去除一些多余的规则和道路标识以及其他的相关事物
12:31
you can actually end up
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你最终会生活在
12:33
with a safer environment in which people can function,
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一个由人来发挥作用的更安全的环境
12:36
and one in which they are more human with each other.
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并且是一个更人性化的环境
12:39
They're realizing that they
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他们意识到他们
12:41
have to take responsibility for what they do.
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必须为他们所做的负责
12:43
And Wikipedia has embraced this.
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而维基百科就拥有这种精神
12:46
Some of you may remember Star Wars Kid,
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你们可能还记得那位星际男孩
12:49
the poor teenager who filmed himself with a golf ball retriever,
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那位拍摄自己拿着高尔夫球杆
12:53
acting as if it were a light saber.
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就好像自己拿着光剑一样的穷小孩
12:55
The film, without his permission or even knowledge at first,
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这个视频,未经他的允许,甚至在他不知道的情况下
12:58
found its way onto the Internet.
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在网上传播开来
13:00
Hugely viral video. Extremely popular.
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并成为携带严重病毒的视频,因为它非常受欢迎
13:03
Totally mortifying to him.
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这让星际男孩非常苦恼
13:06
Now, it being encyclopedic and all,
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如今,这事已广为人知
13:08
Wikipedia had to do an article about Star Wars Kid.
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所以维基百科应该写篇关于星际男孩的文章
13:11
Every article on Wikipedia has a corresponding discussion page,
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维基百科上的文章都有相应的讨论页面
13:13
and on the discussion page
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在这个讨论页面上
13:15
they had extensive argument among the Wikipedians
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维基百科人对是否要在文章中标注
13:18
as to whether to have his real name
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星际男孩的真实姓名
13:22
featured in the article.
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进行了广泛的争论
13:24
You could see arguments on both sides.
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你可以看到双方的争论观点
13:26
Here is just a snapshot of some of them.
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当然这只是其中一部分
13:28
They eventually decided --
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但他们最终决定
13:30
not unanimously by any means --
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并不是一致同意
13:32
not to include his real name,
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不标注真实姓名
13:34
despite the fact that nearly all media reports did.
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即使几乎所有的媒体在报导中写明了真实姓名
13:37
They just didn't think it was the right thing to do.
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维基百科人就认为这是不对的
13:40
It was an act of kindness.
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这是一种充满善意的行为
13:42
And to this day, the page for Star Wars Kid
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至今,关于星际男孩的网页
13:44
has a warning right at the top
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右上方有个警告提示
13:46
that says you are not to put his real name on the page.
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说星际男孩的真实姓名是不允许标注的
13:49
If you do, it will be removed immediately,
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如果你标注了,你的文章将被立即删除
13:51
removed by people who may have disagreed with the original decision,
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被不同意最初决定
13:55
but respect the outcome
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但尊重这个决定
13:58
and work to make it stay
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并让这个决定运作的人删除
14:00
because they believe in something bigger than their own opinion.
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因为他们相信与他们的观点相比,有些事更重要
14:04
As a lawyer, I've got to say these guys are inventing the law
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作为一名法律工作者,我得说这此家伙在创造法律
14:07
and stare decisis and stuff like that as they go along.
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和先例,一些他们要遵守的东西
14:11
Now, this isn't just limited to Wikipedia.
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现在,这不仅限于维基百科
14:14
We see it on blogs all over the place.
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我们随处都可以在博客上看到
14:16
I mean, this is a 2005 Business Week cover.
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这是一张2005年商业周刊的封面
14:19
Wow. Blogs are going to change your business.
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哇,博客正在改变着你们的商业模式
14:21
I know they look silly. And sure they look silly.
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我知道他们看起来很傻,确实他们很傻
14:24
They start off on all sorts of goofy projects.
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他们创建各种各样的愚蠢的项目
14:26
This is my favorite goofy blog:
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这是我最喜欢的傻瓜博客
14:28
Catsthatlooklikehitler.com.
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(一只像希特勒的猫)
14:31
(Laughter)
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14:32
You send in a picture of your cat
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你把你的猫的照片传上去
14:35
if it looks like Hitler.
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如果它看起来像希特勒
14:37
(Laughter)
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14:44
Yeah, I know. Number four, it's like, can you imagine
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哈哈我知道,第四张非常像,你能想像
14:46
coming home to that cat everyday?
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每天回家就看到那只猫吗
14:48
(Laughter)
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14:49
But then, you can see the same kind of whimsy
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但是,你可以看到很多类似的怪想法
14:53
applied to people.
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用在人类身上
14:55
So this is a blog devoted to unfortunate portraiture.
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这是一个全是不幸的肖像照片的博客
14:59
This one says, "Bucolic meadow with split-rail fence.
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这张照片的标题是:有栅栏的牧场
15:02
Is that an animal carcass behind her?"
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是不是有个动物尸体在她身后
15:04
(Laughter)
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15:05
You're like, "You know? I think that's an animal carcass
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你就可能会说:你知道吗,我觉得她身后
15:07
behind her."
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有个动物尸体
15:09
And it's one after the other.
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这是后面一个
15:11
But then you hit this one. Image removed at request of owner.
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但你点击这张图片时显示:经图片所有人要求,此图片已删除
15:15
That's it. Image removed at request of owner.
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看到了吧,经图片所有人要求,此图片已删除
15:17
It turns out that somebody lampooned here
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这是有人在嘲讽
15:19
wrote to the snarky guy that does the site,
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无礼的博主
15:22
not with a legal threat, not with an offer of payment,
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不用法律去威胁也不要求博主支付罚款
15:25
but just said, "Hey, would you mind?"
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而只是说:嗨,你介意吗
15:27
The person said, "No, that's fine."
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那人说:没关系
15:29
I believe we can build architectures online
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我相信我们可以在网上创建这样的架构
15:33
to make such human requests
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去提出人性化的要求
15:36
that much easier to do,
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这更容易实施
15:38
to make it possible for all of us to see
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也更可能让我们都了解
15:40
that the data we encounter online
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我们在网上遇到的数据
15:42
is just stuff on which to click and paste and copy and forward
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只是我们要点击,粘贴和转发的东西
15:46
that actually represents human emotion
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而这些东西代表了人类的情感
15:49
and endeavor and impact,
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努力和影响力
15:51
and to be able to have an ethical moment
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人类可以表现得有道德
15:53
where we decide how we want to treat it.
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当我们决定怎么去对待道德
15:56
I even think it can go into the real world.
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我甚至觉得这些都可以在现实世界中实现
15:59
We can end up, as we get in a world with more censors --
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我们可以结束这些现象,当我们处在审查越来越普遍的世界
16:02
everywhere there is something filming you, maybe putting it online --
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在各个地方你可能会被摄影,可能摄影的照片被放到网上
16:05
to be able to have a little clip you could wear
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可以有一小段里面你穿着写有
16:07
that says, "You know, I'd rather not."
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“你知道,我宁愿不。。。”的衣服
16:09
And then have technology
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然后有这样的一种科技
16:12
that the person taking the photo will know later,
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拍照的人知道
16:14
this person requested to be contacted
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他被要求与照片上的人联系
16:16
before this goes anywhere big,
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在这张照片还没有广泛传播以前
16:18
if you don't mind.
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如果你不介意
16:20
And that person taking the photo can make a decision
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那个拍照的人可以自己作决定
16:22
about how and whether to respect it.
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怎么或是否去尊重照片上的人
16:26
In the real world, we see filtering of this sort
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在现实世界中,我们看到与巴基斯坦
16:28
taking place in Pakistan.
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类似的过滤行为
16:30
And we now have means that we can build, like this system,
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并且我们现在有方法来创建这样一个系统
16:34
so that people can report the filtering as they encounter it.
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在这个系统中人们可以报告他们遇到的过滤行为
16:37
And it's no longer just a "I don't know. I couldn't get there. I guess I'll move on,"
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而不再是“我不知道,我没法登录,我想我要继续下去”
16:41
but suddenly a collective consciousness
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但突然之间,对于网络
16:43
about what is blocked and censored
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屏蔽和审查
16:46
where online.
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有了集体性的反省
16:48
In fact, talk about technology imitating life
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其实,谈到科技模仿生活
16:52
imitating tech, or maybe it's the other way around.
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或叫做模仿科技,或可能有其他的叫法
16:55
An NYU researcher here took little cardboard robots
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一位纽约大学的研究人员发明了小的纸板机器人
16:58
with smiley faces on them,
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并在机器人上画有笑脸
17:00
and a motor that just drove them forward
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用马达推动机器人前进
17:03
and a flag sticking out the back
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机器人的背面有面旗子
17:05
with a desired destination.
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写有想要到达的目的地
17:07
It said, "Can you help me get there?"
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同时也写着:你能把我带到那边吗?
17:09
Released it on the streets of Manhattan.
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那位研究人员竟然把机器人放在曼哈顿的街道上
17:13
(Laughter)
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17:15
They'll fund anything these days.
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看来如今任何事都可能被资助
17:18
Here is the chart of over 43 people
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这是一张图表,关于43人
17:20
helping to steer the robot that could not steer
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帮助迷路的机器人找到方向
17:23
and get it on its way, from one corner
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让机器人顺着路
17:25
from one corner of Washington Square Park
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华盛顿公园的一角到
17:27
to another.
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另一角
17:29
That leads to example number three: hitchhiking.
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那我们就可以谈谈第三个例子了:搭便车
17:33
I'm not so sure hitchhiking is dead.
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我不清楚搭便车是否已经不流行了
17:36
Why? There is the Craigslist rideshare board.
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为什么呢?因为这个克雷格列表(网站名)的共享车辆的公告板
17:40
If it were called the Craigslist hitchhiking board,
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如果这个排名被叫作克雷格列表的搭便车公告板
17:43
tumbleweeds would be blowing through it.
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那风野草(一种植物)就会把它吹掉
17:45
But it's the rideshare board, and it's basically the same thing.
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但这是共享车辆的公告板,这基本上是同样一回事
17:48
Now why are people using it?
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现在为什么人们要用这个词呢
17:50
I don't know. Maybe they think that, uh, killers don't plan ahead?
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我不知道,可能是因为他们认识杀手不会先下手为强?
17:53
(Laughter)
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17:59
No. I think the actual answer is
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不,我认为真正的答案是
18:01
that once you reframe it,
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一旦你重新构建它
18:03
once you get out of one set of stale expectations
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一旦你不再寄希望于
18:06
from a failed project that had its day,
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成功过
18:09
but now, for whatever reason, is tarnished,
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但现在出于某种原因失败的陈腐项目
18:11
you can actually rekindle the kind of human kindness and sharing
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事实上你可以重新唤起人类内心的道德和共享意识
18:15
that something like this on Craigslist represents.
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就像克雷格列表上展现的一样
18:18
And then you can highlight it
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然后你就可以
18:20
into something like,
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在一些类似的网站上倡导一下
18:22
yes, CouchSurfing.org.
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对,这是像CouchSurfing这个网站
18:25
CouchSurfing: one guy's idea
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CouchSurfing是某个家伙出于这样的想法而创建
18:28
to, at last, put together people who are going somewhere far away
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他把那些要去很远地方的
18:31
and would like to sleep on a stranger's couch for free,
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并想免费睡在陌生人家沙发上的人
18:36
with people who live far away,
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和那些在远方的
18:38
and would like someone they don't know to sleep on their couch for free.
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并愿意让陌生人免费睡在他们的沙发上的人联系在一起
18:42
It's a brilliant idea.
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这是很聪明的想法
18:46
It's a bee that, yes, flies.
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而且也成功了
18:48
Amazing how many successful couch surfings there have been.
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很不可思议,有那么多人通过CouchSurfing联系在一起
18:51
And if you're wondering, no, there have been no known fatalities
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你们是否想知道有没有不幸发生?在所知范围内完全没有
18:55
associated with CouchSurfing.
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关于CouchSurfing的不幸
18:57
Although, to be sure, the reputation system, at the moment,
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虽然我可以肯定,之所以现在有那么好的声誉
19:00
works that you leave your report after the couch surfing experience,
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是因为报告都是在事情发生之后的
19:03
so there may be some selection bias there.
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所以可能在选择上动过手脚
19:06
(Laughter)
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19:10
So, my urging, my thought,
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所以,我强烈建议,我的想法是
19:14
is that the Internet isn't just a pile of information.
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网络不只是一堆信息
19:17
It's not a noun. It's a verb.
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它不是一个名词,而是一个动词
19:20
And when you go on it,
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当你在网上时
19:22
if you listen and see carefully and closely enough,
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如果你足够仔细地听和看
19:26
what you will discover
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你就会发现
19:28
is that that information
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信息
19:30
is saying something to you.
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在向你诉说着什么
19:32
What it's saying to you is what we heard yesterday,
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它所说的就是我们昨天听到的
19:34
Demosthenes was saying to us.
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德摩斯梯尼(古希腊雄辩家)告诉我们
19:37
It's saying, "Let's march." Thank you very much.
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“让我们向前进”。谢谢大家
19:41
(Applause)
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