Jonathan Zittrain: The Web as random acts of kindness

145,066 views ใƒป 2009-09-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gad Amit ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shaike Katz
00:12
My name is Jonathan Zittrain,
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ืฉืžื™ ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื–ื™ืชืจืื™ืŸ,
00:14
and in my recent work I've been a bit of a pessimist.
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ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคืกื™ืžื™ืกื˜.
00:17
So I thought this morning I would try to be the optimist,
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ืื– ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™, ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื ืกื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜,
00:21
and give reason to hope
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ื•ืœืชืช ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืœืชืงื•ื•ื”
00:23
for the future of the Internet
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ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
00:25
by drawing upon its present.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™.
00:28
Now, it may seem like there is less hope today than there was before.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืœื™ ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื—ื•ืช ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
00:32
People are less kind. There is less trust around.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื. ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ.
00:34
I don't know. As a simple example,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข. ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
00:38
we could run a test here.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ืืŸ.
00:40
How many people have ever hitchhiked?
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืกืขื• ืคืขื ื‘ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื?
00:47
I know. How many people have hitchhiked
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข. ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืกืขื• ื‘ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื
00:50
within the past 10 years?
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ื‘ 10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช?
00:55
Right. So what has changed?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื– ืžื” ื”ืฉืชื ื”?
00:58
It's not better public transportation.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
01:01
So that's one reason to think that we might be
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ืื– ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืื•ืœื™
01:04
declensionists, going in the wrong direction.
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ื ืชืžืขื˜ื• ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
01:07
But I want to give you three examples
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช
01:10
to try to say that the trend line
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื”
01:13
is in fact in the other direction,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™
01:15
and it's the Internet helping it along.
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ืš.
01:18
So example number one: the Internet itself.
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ืื– ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช: ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:21
These are three of the founders of the Internet.
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ืืœื• ื”ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
01:25
They were actually high school classmates together
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
01:27
at the same high school in suburban Los Angles in the 1960s.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืก ืื ื’ืœืก ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”60.
01:31
You might have had a French club or a Debate club.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
01:34
They had a "Let's build a global network" club,
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ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช".
01:36
and it worked out very well.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
01:39
They are pictured here for their 25th anniversary
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ื”ื ืžืฆื•ืœืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื” 25 ืฉืœื”ื
01:42
Newsweek retrospective on the Internet.
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ื‘"ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื“ืฉืช ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜" ืฉืœ ืžื’ื–ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ืง
01:45
And as you can tell,
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช.
01:47
they are basically goof balls.
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ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื ื•ื ื™ื.
01:50
They had one great limitation
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:53
and one great freedom
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ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
01:55
as they tried to conceive of a global network.
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืืœื™ืช.
01:58
The limitation was that they didn't have any money.
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ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืกืฃ ื›ืœืœ.
02:02
No particular amount of capital to invest,
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ืฉื•ื ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื”ืฉืงืขื”,
02:05
of the sort that for a physical network
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ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช
02:07
you might need for trucks and people
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ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื•ืื ืฉื™ื
02:09
and a hub to move packages around overnight.
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ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
02:12
They had none of that.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:14
But they had an amazing freedom,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
02:16
which was they didn't have to make any money from it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื.
02:20
The Internet has no business plan, never did.
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ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืขืกืงื™ืช; ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื”.
02:24
No CEO,
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ืœื ืžื ื›"ืœ,
02:26
no firm responsible, singly, for building it.
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ืฉื•ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
02:30
Instead, it's folks getting together
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื–ื• ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืกืคื” ื™ื—ื“
02:32
to do something for fun,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื™ืคื™,
02:35
rather than because they were told to,
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ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืžืจื• ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืš,
02:37
or because they were expecting to make a mint off of it.
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ืื• ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื” ืจื•ื•ื—.
02:41
That ethos led to a network architecture,
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ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจืช ืจืฉืช,
02:44
a structure that was unlike
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ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื“ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ.
02:46
other digital networks then or since.
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืืœื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื– ืื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:50
So unusual, in fact,
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ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื”, ื‘ืขืฆื,
02:52
that it was said that it's not clear the Internet could work.
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ืฉืืžืจื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
02:56
As late as 1992, IBM was known to say
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ 1992, IBM ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืื™ืžืจื”
02:59
you couldn't possibly build a corporate network
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ืฉ"ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช
03:02
using Internet Protocol.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜".
03:05
And even some Internet engineers today say
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
03:07
the whole thing is a pilot project and the jury is still out.
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ื™ื.
03:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:12
That's why the mascot of Internet engineering,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืงืžืข ืฉืœ ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
03:16
if it had one, is said to be the bumblebee.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื›ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”.
03:19
Because the fur-to-wingspan ratio of the bumblebee
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื—ืก ืคืจื•ื•ื”-ืžื•ื˜ืช ื›ื ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื”
03:22
is far too large for it to be able to fly.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœืขื•ืฃ
03:24
And yet, mysteriously, somehow the bee flies.
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ื•ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืกืชื•ืจื™, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืขืคื”.
03:29
I'm pleased to say that, thanks to massive government funding,
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืžื™ื›ื” ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ,
03:32
about three years ago we finally figured out
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืฉื ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื•
03:35
how bees fly.
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ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืคื•ืช.
03:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:39
It's very complicated, but it turns out they
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš, ืื‘ืœ ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืŸ
03:41
flap their wings very quickly.
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ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื›ื ืคื™ื”ืŸ ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
03:44
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:47
So what is this bizarre architecture configuration
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”
03:51
that makes the network sing and be so unusual?
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืจืฉืช ืœืฉื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ?
03:54
Well, to move data around
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘
03:56
from one place to another -- again, it's not like a package courier.
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ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื -- ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช
03:59
It's more like a mosh pit.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• mosh pit (ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช).
04:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:03
Imagine, you being part of a network
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฉืช
04:05
where, you're maybe at a sporting event,
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ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
04:08
and you're sitting in rows like this,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื•,
04:10
and somebody asks for a beer,
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื”,
04:12
and it gets handed at the aisle.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืžืขื‘ืจ.
04:15
And your neighborly duty
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื›ืฉื›ืŸ
04:17
is to pass the beer along,
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ื–ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื”ืœืื”,
04:19
at risk to your own trousers,
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ืชื•ืš ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
04:22
to get it to the destination.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“.
04:24
No one pays you to do this.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืฉืœื ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
04:26
It's just part of your neighborly duty.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืœืš.
04:29
And, in a way, that's exactly how packets move around the Internet,
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืš ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
04:33
sometimes in as many as 25 or 30 hops,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ 25 ืื• 30 ื“ื™ืœื•ื’ื™ื
04:35
with the intervening entities
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื•ืš
04:37
that are passing the data around
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ืฉืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘
04:39
having no particular contractual or legal obligation
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ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ื–ื” ืื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช
04:43
to the original sender
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ืœืฉื•ืœื— ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™,
04:45
or to the receiver.
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ืื• ืœืžืงื‘ืœ.
04:48
Now, of course, in a mosh pit it's hard to specify a destination.
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ mosh pit ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ื™ืขื“.
04:52
You need a lot of trust,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžื•ืŸ,
04:54
but it's not like, "I'm trying to get to Pensacola, please."
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืžื•, "ืื ื™ ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื ืกืงื•ืœื” (ื‘ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”) ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”".
04:57
So the Internet needs addressing and directions.
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ืื– ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
05:01
It turns out there is no one overall map of the Internet.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืคื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:05
Instead, again, it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื™ืื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
05:08
but we can only see amidst the fog
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืคืœ
05:11
the people immediately around us.
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ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉ ืœื™ื“ื ื•.
05:13
So what do we do to figure out who is where?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืคื”?
05:16
We turn to the person on the right,
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ืื ื• ืคื•ื ื™ื ืœืื“ื ืžื™ืžื™ื ื ื•
05:18
and we tell that person what we see on our left,
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ื•ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื• ืžื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
05:21
and vice versa.
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ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคืš.
05:23
And they can lather, rinse, repeat. And before you know it,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“,
05:25
you have a general sense of where everything is.
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ืื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืื™ืคื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื.
05:28
This is how Internet addressing and routing actually work.
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ื›ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
05:33
This is a system that relies on kindness and trust,
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช,
05:37
which also makes it very delicate and vulnerable.
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืื•ื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืคื’ื™ืขื”.
05:40
In rare but striking instances,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ืืš ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื,
05:42
a single lie told by just one entity
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ืฉืงืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉืื•ืžืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
05:45
in this honeycomb
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ื‘ื—ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ื–ืืช
05:47
can lead to real trouble.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
05:49
So, for example, last year,
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ื›ืš, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
05:52
the government of Pakistan
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ
05:54
asked its Internet service providers there
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื” ืžืกืคืงื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื
05:57
to prevent citizens of Pakistan from seeing YouTube.
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘.
06:01
There was a video there that the government did not like
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืœื ืื”ื‘ื”
06:03
and they wanted to make sure it was blocked.
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ื•ื”ื ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื—ืกื•ื.
06:05
This is a common occurrence. Governments everywhere
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคื•ืฅ. ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
06:07
are often trying to block
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ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ืกื•ื
06:09
and filter and censor content on the Internet.
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ื•ืœืกื ืŸ ื•ืœืฆื ื–ืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
06:12
Well this one ISP in Pakistan
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืกืคืง ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ
06:14
chose to effectuate the block for its subscribers
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ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื—ืกื™ืžื” ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื•
06:17
in a rather unusual way.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช.
06:20
It advertised --
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ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจืกื --
06:22
the way that you might be asked, if you were part of the Internet,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืœ, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
06:25
to declare what you see near you -- it advertised
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ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืœื™ื“ื›ื -- ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจืกื
06:27
that near it, in fact, it had suddenly awakened to find
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ืฉืœื™ื“ื•, ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื
06:32
that it was YouTube.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘.
06:34
"That's right," it said, "I am YouTube."
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"ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง", ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘".
06:37
Which meant that packets of data
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ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
06:39
from subscribers going to YouTube
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ืžืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘
06:41
stopped at the ISP, since they thought they were already there,
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ื ื—ืกืžื• ื‘ืจืžืช ืกืคืง ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื.
06:44
and the ISP threw them away unopened
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ื•ื”ืกืคืง ื–ืจืง ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคืชื•ื—
06:46
because the point was to block it.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืกื•ื ืื•ืชื.
06:48
But it didn't stop there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืขืฆืจ ืฉื.
06:50
You see, that announcement
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ืืช
06:52
went one click out,
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ืขื‘ืจื” ืงืœื™ืง ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”,
06:54
which got reverberated, one click out.
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ื•ื”ื“ื”ื“ื” ืขื•ื“ ืงืœื™ืง ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
06:57
And it turns out that as you look
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ื•ื™ืฆื ืฉื›ืฉื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื
06:59
at the postmortem of this event,
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ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื”,
07:01
you have at one moment
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“
07:03
perfectly working YouTube.
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ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ.
07:05
Then, at moment number two,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื™,
07:07
you have the fake announcement go out.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืคืช ืฉื™ืฆืื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
07:10
And within two minutes,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช,
07:12
it reverberates around
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื”ื“ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘
07:14
and YouTube is blocked everywhere in the world.
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ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื ื—ืกื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
07:17
If you were sitting in Oxford, England, trying to get to YouTube,
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ืื ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ืื•ืงืกืคื•ืจื“, ืื ื’ืœื™ื”, ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘,
07:20
your packets were going to Pakistan
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ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื›ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ
07:22
and they weren't coming back.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืœื ื—ื–ืจื•.
07:25
Now just think about that.
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ื›ืขืช ืจืง ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
07:27
One of the most popular websites in the world,
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ืื—ื“ ืžืืชืจื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
07:29
run by the most powerful company in the world,
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ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
07:31
and there was nothing that YouTube or Google
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ืื• ื’ื•ื’ืœ
07:35
were particularly privileged to do about it.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ.
07:38
And yet, somehow, within about two hours,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื,
07:42
the problem was fixed.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจื”.
07:44
How did this happen?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”?
07:46
Well, for a big clue, we turn to NANOG.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืžื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื’ื™ืข ืž NANOG,
07:49
The North American Network Operators Group,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžื ื”ืœื™ ื”ืจืฉืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
07:52
a group of people who,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
07:54
on a beautiful day outside,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืคื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
07:56
enter into a windowless room,
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ืžืชืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืœืœื ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช,
07:58
at their terminals
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:00
reading email and messages
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ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื“ื•ืืจ ื•ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช
08:03
in fixed proportion font, like this,
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ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
08:07
and they talk about networks.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
08:09
And some of them are mid-level employees at Internet service providers
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืกืคืงื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
08:11
around the world.
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:13
And here is the message where one of them says,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืฉื‘ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื•ืžืจ,
08:15
"Looks like we've got a live one. We have a hijacking of YouTube!
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"ื ืจืื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื—ื“ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™. ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘!
08:18
This is not a drill. It's not just the cluelessness
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ื–ื” ืœื ืชืจื’ื™ืœ. ื–ื• ืœื ืจืง ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช
08:21
of YouTube engineers. I promise.
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ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ื‘. ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—.
08:23
Something is up in Pakistan."
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ."
08:25
And they came together to help find the problem and fix it.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชืื—ื“ื• ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
08:29
So it's kind of like if your house catches on fire.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ืคื•ืจืฆืช ืฉืจื™ืคื”.
08:32
The bad news is there is no fire brigade.
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื›ื‘ื™ ืืฉ.
08:36
The good news is random people apparate from nowhere,
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ืฆืฆื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื,
08:39
put out the fire and leave without expecting payment or praise.
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ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฉ, ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืื• ืฉื‘ื—
08:43
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:48
I was trying to think of the right model to describe
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ื™ืชืื™ื ืœืชืืจ
08:50
this form of random acts of kindness
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ืืงืจืื™
08:52
by geeky strangers.
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ืฉืœ ื–ืจื™ื ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื.
08:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:59
You know, it's just like the hail goes out
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื•ืฆืืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืœืขื–ืจื”
09:02
and people are ready to help.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
09:04
And it turns out this model is everywhere, once you start looking for it.
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื–ื”.
09:08
Example number two: Wikipedia.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืชื™ื™ื: ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
09:11
If a man named Jimbo came up to you in 2001
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ืื ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื™ืžื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ืืœื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ืช 2001
09:14
and said, "I've got a great idea! We start with seven articles
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื“ืจ! ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžืืžืจื™ื
09:17
that anybody can edit anything, at any time,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ,
09:19
and we'll get a great encyclopedia! Eh?"
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ื•ื ืงื‘ืœ ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช! ืื”?"
09:22
Right. Dumbest idea ever.
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ื‘ื˜ื—. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื.
09:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:27
In fact, Wikipedia is an idea so profoundly stupid
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื•
09:32
that even Jimbo never had it.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื’'ื™ืžื‘ื• ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื•.
09:35
Jimbo's idea was for Nupedia.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ืžื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” 'ื—ื“ืฉื•ืคื“ื™ื”'.
09:37
It was going to be totally traditional. He would pay people money
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™. ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืœื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืกืฃ
09:39
because he was feeling like a good guy,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
09:41
and the money would go to the people
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ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื ืฉื™ื
09:43
and they would write the articles.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื.
09:45
The wiki was introduced
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ื”'ื•ื•ื™ืงื™' ื”ื•ืฆื’
09:47
so others could make suggestions on edits --
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ื›ืš ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื --
09:49
as almost an afterthought, a back room.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœืื—ืจ ื™ื“, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื™.
09:51
And then it turns out the back room grew
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื’ื“ืœ
09:54
to encompass the entire project.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ื•ืœื•.
09:56
And today, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืคื•ืฆื”
09:59
that you can now find it on Chinese restaurant menus.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืกืขื“ื” ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
10:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:09
I am not making this up.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื–ื”.
10:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:13
I have a theory I can explain later.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:16
Suffice it to say for now that I prefer my Wikipedia
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉืœื™
10:18
stir-fried with pimentos.
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ืžื•ืงืคืฆืช ืขื ืคืœืคืœ ืื“ื•ื
10:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:22
But now, Wikipedia doesn't just spontaneously work.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืœื ืกืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™.
10:25
How does it really work? It turns out
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“? ืžืชื‘ืจืจ
10:27
there is a back room that is kind of windowless,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ืกืจ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช,
10:29
metaphorically speaking.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™.
10:31
And there are a bunch of people who, on a sunny day,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉ
10:33
would rather be inside
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ื™ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื
10:36
and monitoring this, the administrator's notice board,
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ื•ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื–ื” - ืœื•ื— ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืžื ื”ืœื™ื,
10:38
itself a wiki page that anyone can edit.
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ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืžื•ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืจื•ืš
10:41
And you just bring your problems to the page.
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ื•ืืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืœืขืžื•ื“.
10:44
It's reminiscent of the description of history
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ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
10:47
as "one damn thing after another," right?
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ื›"ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืžื˜ื ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™", ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:50
Number one: "Tendentious editing by user Andyvphil."
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ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ื“: "ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื’ืžืชื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืข"ื™ Andyvphil"
10:54
Apologies, Andyvphil, if you're here today.
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ืžืชื ืฆืœ, Andyvphil, ืื ืืชื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื.
10:57
I'm not taking sides.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืฆื“.
10:59
"Anon attacking me for reverting."
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"'ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™' ืžืืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื‘ื™"
11:02
Here is my favorite: "A long story."
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืฉืœื™: "ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš."
11:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:05
It turns out there are more people checking this page for problems
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช
11:09
and wanting to solve them
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ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ
11:11
than there are problems arising on the page.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœื“ืฃ.
11:14
And that's what keeps Wikipedia afloat.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื.
11:17
At all times, Wikipedia is approximately
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืขืจืš
11:20
45 minutes away from utter destruction. Right?
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45 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื’ืžื•ืจ. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
11:25
There are spambots crawling it, trying to turn every article
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ื™ืฉ 'ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™' ืกืคืื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืœ ืžืืžืจ
11:27
into an ad for a Rolex watch.
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ืœืคืจืกื•ืžืช ืœืฉืขื•ืŸ ืจื•ืœืงืก
11:29
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:30
It's this thin geeky line
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ื–ื” ื”ืงื• ื”ื’ื™ืงื™ ื”ื“ืง ื”ื–ื”
11:33
that keeps it going.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš.
11:35
Not because it's a job,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
11:37
not because it's a career,
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ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”,
11:39
but because it's a calling.
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืขื•ื“.
11:41
It's something they feel impelled to do
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช
11:44
because they care about it.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื”ื.
11:46
They even gather together in such groups
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืื’ื“ื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
11:48
as the Counter-Vandalism Unit --
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ื›ืžื• "ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื”ืฉื—ืชื”" --
11:50
"Civility, Maturity, Responsibility" --
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"ื ื™ืžื•ืก, ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช" --
11:53
to just clean up the pages.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ื“ืคื™ื.
11:55
It does make you wonder if there were, for instance,
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ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
11:58
a massive, extremely popular Star Trek convention one weekend,
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ื›ื ืก 'ืžืกืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื' ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
12:02
who would be minding the store?
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ืช?
12:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:09
So what we see --
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
12:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:14
what we see in this phenomenon
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื–ื•
12:18
is something that the crazed, late traffic engineer
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืข,
12:22
Hans Monderman discovered in the Netherlands,
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ื”ื ืก ืžื•ื ื“ืจืžืืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื—, ื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“,
12:24
and here in South Kensington, that sometimes
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื ืกื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื
12:26
if you remove some of the external rules and signs and everything else,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืœ,
12:31
you can actually end up
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ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ
12:33
with a safer environment in which people can function,
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“,
12:36
and one in which they are more human with each other.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ื–ื•ืœืช.
12:39
They're realizing that they
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื
12:41
have to take responsibility for what they do.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื™ื”ื.
12:43
And Wikipedia has embraced this.
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ื•ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ื–ื”.
12:46
Some of you may remember Star Wars Kid,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช 'ื”ื™ืœื“ ืžืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื',
12:49
the poor teenager who filmed himself with a golf ball retriever,
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ื”ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืฆื™ืœื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ืžืงืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื’ื•ืœืฃ,
12:53
acting as if it were a light saber.
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื• ื—ืจื‘ ื’'ื“ื™ื™.
12:55
The film, without his permission or even knowledge at first,
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ื”ืกืจื˜, ืœืœื ืื™ืฉื•ืจื• ืื• ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื•,
12:58
found its way onto the Internet.
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ืžืฆื ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
13:00
Hugely viral video. Extremely popular.
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ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช. ืคื•ืคื•ืœืืจื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
13:03
Totally mortifying to him.
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ืžืžืฉ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
13:06
Now, it being encyclopedic and all,
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ื›ืขืช, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ืช,
13:08
Wikipedia had to do an article about Star Wars Kid.
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ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ 'ื™ืœื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื'.
13:11
Every article on Wikipedia has a corresponding discussion page,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืืžืจ ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ืฃ ืฉื™ื—ื”.
13:13
and on the discussion page
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ื•ื‘ื“ืฃ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”
13:15
they had extensive argument among the Wikipedians
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ื”ื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”,
13:18
as to whether to have his real name
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ืขืœ ื”ืื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื•
13:22
featured in the article.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื“ืฃ.
13:24
You could see arguments on both sides.
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ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืฆื“.
13:26
Here is just a snapshot of some of them.
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ื”ื ื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
13:28
They eventually decided --
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื•,
13:30
not unanimously by any means --
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ื•ืœื ืคื” ืื—ื“,
13:32
not to include his real name,
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ืœื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื•.
13:34
despite the fact that nearly all media reports did.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืขืฉืชื” ื–ืืช.
13:37
They just didn't think it was the right thing to do.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
13:40
It was an act of kindness.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
13:42
And to this day, the page for Star Wars Kid
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ื•ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืขืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ 'ื™ืœื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื'
13:44
has a warning right at the top
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ืื–ื”ืจื” ื‘ืจืืฉื•
13:46
that says you are not to put his real name on the page.
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ืฉืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื‘ื“ืฃ.
13:49
If you do, it will be removed immediately,
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ืื ืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืกืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช,
13:51
removed by people who may have disagreed with the original decision,
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ื™ื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขื ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช,
13:55
but respect the outcome
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
13:58
and work to make it stay
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื”
14:00
because they believe in something bigger than their own opinion.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื.
14:04
As a lawyer, I've got to say these guys are inventing the law
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ื›ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง
14:07
and stare decisis and stuff like that as they go along.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžืจ ืื•ืชื•.
14:11
Now, this isn't just limited to Wikipedia.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืจืง ืœื•ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”.
14:14
We see it on blogs all over the place.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
14:16
I mean, this is a 2005 Business Week cover.
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ BusinessWeek ืž 2005
14:19
Wow. Blogs are going to change your business.
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ื•ื•ืื•. ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื.
14:21
I know they look silly. And sure they look silly.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™. ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ืจืื” ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™.
14:24
They start off on all sorts of goofy projects.
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืœืœื™ื.
14:26
This is my favorite goofy blog:
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ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืจืœืœื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™:
14:28
Catsthatlooklikehitler.com.
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Catsthatlooklikehitler.comย ('ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ')
14:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:32
You send in a picture of your cat
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ืืชื” ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ืชืžื•ื ืช ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉืœืš
14:35
if it looks like Hitler.
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ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.
14:37
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:44
Yeah, I know. Number four, it's like, can you imagine
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ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข. ืžืกืคืจ 4, ื›ืื™ืœื•, ืืชื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื
14:46
coming home to that cat everyday?
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืœื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”?
14:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:49
But then, you can see the same kind of whimsy
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ
14:53
applied to people.
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ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
14:55
So this is a blog devoted to unfortunate portraiture.
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืœื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื“ื™ื•ืงื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžื–ืœ
14:59
This one says, "Bucolic meadow with split-rail fence.
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ื›ืืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ืžืจืขื” ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืืœื™ ืขื ื’ื“ืจ.
15:02
Is that an animal carcass behind her?"
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ื ื‘ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”?"
15:04
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:05
You're like, "You know? I think that's an animal carcass
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ื•ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื ื‘ืœื”
15:07
behind her."
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”"
15:09
And it's one after the other.
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ื•ื›ืš ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™
15:11
But then you hit this one. Image removed at request of owner.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื–ืืช. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืกืจื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื.
15:15
That's it. Image removed at request of owner.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ. ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ืกืจื” ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื.
15:17
It turns out that somebody lampooned here
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฅ ื›ืืŸ,
15:19
wrote to the snarky guy that does the site,
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ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื” ืืช ื”ืืชืจ,
15:22
not with a legal threat, not with an offer of payment,
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ืœื ืขื ืื™ื•ื, ืœื ืขื ื”ืฆืขืช ืชืฉืœื•ื,
15:25
but just said, "Hey, would you mind?"
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ืจืง ื›ืชื‘, "ื”ื™ื™, ืื›ืคืช ืœืš?"
15:27
The person said, "No, that's fine."
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืžืจ, "ืœื, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ."
15:29
I believe we can build architectures online
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
15:33
to make such human requests
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืืœื”
15:36
that much easier to do,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
15:38
to make it possible for all of us to see
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ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช
15:40
that the data we encounter online
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ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื ื• ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
15:42
is just stuff on which to click and paste and copy and forward
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืœื™ืง ืขืœื™ื•, ืœืฆืจืฃ, ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
15:46
that actually represents human emotion
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืจื’ืฉ ืื ื•ืฉื™
15:49
and endeavor and impact,
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ื•ืžืืžืฅ ื•ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจ ื—ื•ืชื,
15:51
and to be able to have an ethical moment
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ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจื’ืข ืืชื™
15:53
where we decide how we want to treat it.
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ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื–ื”.
15:56
I even think it can go into the real world.
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ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
15:59
We can end up, as we get in a world with more censors --
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฆื‘, ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆื ื–ื•ืจื™ื --
16:02
everywhere there is something filming you, maybe putting it online --
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฆืœื ืื•ืชืš, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืžืขืœื” ื–ืืช ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ --
16:05
to be able to have a little clip you could wear
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื” ืงื˜ื ื”
16:07
that says, "You know, I'd rather not."
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ืฉืื•ืžืจืช, "ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฉืœื."
16:09
And then have technology
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ื•ืื– ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
16:12
that the person taking the photo will know later,
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ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืฆืœื ื™ื™ื“ืข ืื—ืจ ื›ืš
16:14
this person requested to be contacted
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ืฉื”ืื“ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื• ืงืฉืจ
16:16
before this goes anywhere big,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืคืฅ.
16:18
if you don't mind.
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ืื ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœืš.
16:20
And that person taking the photo can make a decision
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ื•ื”ืื“ื ืฉืžืฆืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”
16:22
about how and whether to respect it.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื•ื”ืื ืœื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืฉื”.
16:26
In the real world, we see filtering of this sort
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”
16:28
taking place in Pakistan.
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ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
16:30
And we now have means that we can build, like this system,
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื–ืืช,
16:34
so that people can report the filtering as they encounter it.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื
16:37
And it's no longer just a "I don't know. I couldn't get there. I guess I'll move on,"
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข. ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข. ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”."
16:41
but suddenly a collective consciousness
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ืืœื ืคืชืื•ื ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฆื™ืช
16:43
about what is blocked and censored
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื—ืกื•ื ื•ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื ื–ืจ ื•ืื™ืคื”,
16:46
where online.
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ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
16:48
In fact, talk about technology imitating life
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืžื—ืงื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
16:52
imitating tech, or maybe it's the other way around.
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ืฉืžื—ืงื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื”ื™ืคืš:
16:55
An NYU researcher here took little cardboard robots
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ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืœืงื—ื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ
16:58
with smiley faces on them,
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ืขื ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื™ื
17:00
and a motor that just drove them forward
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ื•ืžื ื•ืข ืฉืœืงื— ืื•ืชื ืจืง ืงื“ื™ืžื”
17:03
and a flag sticking out the back
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ื•ื“ื’ืœ ืžืชื ื•ืกืก ืžืื—ื•ืจ
17:05
with a desired destination.
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ืขื ื™ืขื“ ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
17:07
It said, "Can you help me get there?"
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• "ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื?"
17:09
Released it on the streets of Manhattan.
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ืฉื—ืจืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืจื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ื”ื˜ืŸ.
17:13
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:15
They'll fund anything these days.
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ืžืžืžื ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
17:18
Here is the chart of over 43 people
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 43 ืื ืฉื™ื
17:20
helping to steer the robot that could not steer
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ืฉืขื–ืจื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืืŸ ืœื™ืกื•ืข
17:23
and get it on its way, from one corner
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ื•ืฉืœื—ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื“ืจื›ื•, ืžืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช
17:25
from one corner of Washington Square Park
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ืฉืœ ืคืืจืง ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
17:27
to another.
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ืœืื—ืจืช.
17:29
That leads to example number three: hitchhiking.
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ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ: ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื.
17:33
I'm not so sure hitchhiking is dead.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื”ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื ืžืชื•.
17:36
Why? There is the Craigslist rideshare board.
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ืœืžื”? ื™ืฉ ื‘ืืชืจ craigslist ืขืžื•ื“ ืœื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช
17:40
If it were called the Craigslist hitchhiking board,
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืงืจื ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื˜ืจืžืคื™ื ืฉืœ craigslist
17:43
tumbleweeds would be blowing through it.
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ืจืง ืื‘ืง ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจื›ื•.
17:45
But it's the rideshare board, and it's basically the same thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื•ื— ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ.
17:48
Now why are people using it?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•?
17:50
I don't know. Maybe they think that, uh, killers don't plan ahead?
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืื”, ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื ืœื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ?
17:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:59
No. I think the actual answer is
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ืœื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื
18:01
that once you reframe it,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื—ืจืช,
18:03
once you get out of one set of stale expectations
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื•ืช
18:06
from a failed project that had its day,
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ืžืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื ื›ืฉืœ ื•ืฉืขื‘ืจ ื–ืžื ื•,
18:09
but now, for whatever reason, is tarnished,
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ื•ืฉื›ืขืช, ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉื ืจืข,
18:11
you can actually rekindle the kind of human kindness and sharing
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื—ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ
18:15
that something like this on Craigslist represents.
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ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ื‘ craigslist ืžื™ื™ืฆื’.
18:18
And then you can highlight it
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ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื–ื”
18:20
into something like,
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ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•,
18:22
yes, CouchSurfing.org.
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ื›ืŸ, CouchSurfing.org ('ื’ืœื™ืฉื” ืžื”ืกืคื”')
18:25
CouchSurfing: one guy's idea
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ื”ืืชืจ CouchSurfing: ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื—ื“
18:28
to, at last, put together people who are going somewhere far away
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ืฉืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื
18:31
and would like to sleep on a stranger's couch for free,
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ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืคื” ืฉืœ ื–ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื
18:36
with people who live far away,
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื,
18:38
and would like someone they don't know to sleep on their couch for free.
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ื•ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื“ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื” ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
18:42
It's a brilliant idea.
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ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
18:46
It's a bee that, yes, flies.
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ื–ื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืŸ, ืขืคื”.
18:48
Amazing how many successful couch surfings there have been.
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ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœื™ืฉืช-ืกืคื” ื”ื™ื•.
18:51
And if you're wondering, no, there have been no known fatalities
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื, ืœื, ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืขืœ ืžืงืจื™ ืžื•ื•ืช
18:55
associated with CouchSurfing.
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ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืชืจ CouchSurfing
18:57
Although, to be sure, the reputation system, at the moment,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช, ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื›ืจื’ืข ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช
19:00
works that you leave your report after the couch surfing experience,
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื›ืš ืฉืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื•"ื— ืœืื—ืจ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช-ื”ืกืคื”.
19:03
so there may be some selection bias there.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
19:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
19:10
So, my urging, my thought,
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ืื– ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื,
19:14
is that the Internet isn't just a pile of information.
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ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืจืง ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
19:17
It's not a noun. It's a verb.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืฉื ืขืฆื. ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ.
19:20
And when you go on it,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•,
19:22
if you listen and see carefully and closely enough,
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ืื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
19:26
what you will discover
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ืžื” ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื
19:28
is that that information
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
19:30
is saying something to you.
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ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื•.
19:32
What it's saying to you is what we heard yesterday,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืืชืžื•ืœ,
19:34
Demosthenes was saying to us.
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ืฉืืžืจ ืœื ื• ื“ืžื•ืกืชื ืก (ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™).
19:37
It's saying, "Let's march." Thank you very much.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืฆืขื“". ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
19:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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