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譯者: Marie Wu
審譯者: Wenjer Leuschel
00:12
My name is Jonathan Zittrain,
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我是強納生·席全,
00:14
and in my recent work I've been a bit of a pessimist.
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我最近的工作讓我有點悲觀,
00:17
So I thought this morning I would try to be the optimist,
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所以我今早決定要讓自己樂觀一點,
00:21
and give reason to hope
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我想談談網路的現狀,
00:23
for the future of the Internet
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好讓我們對網路的未來
00:25
by drawing upon its present.
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能抱持一點希望。
00:28
Now, it may seem like there is less hope today than there was before.
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現在的人好像沒以前那麼充滿希望,
00:32
People are less kind. There is less trust around.
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不那麼友善、不那麼互信。
00:34
I don't know. As a simple example,
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這我可不確定。舉個簡單的例子
00:38
we could run a test here.
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測驗一下。
00:40
How many people have ever hitchhiked?
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搭過便車的人,請舉手?
00:47
I know. How many people have hitchhiked
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我就知道。那麼,有多少人
00:50
within the past 10 years?
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過去十年內搭過便車的?
00:55
Right. So what has changed?
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沒錯。到底有了什麼改變呢?
00:58
It's not better public transportation.
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這可不是因為大眾運輸有了改善...
01:01
So that's one reason to think that we might be
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你們看,這就是讓我們相信
01:04
declensionists, going in the wrong direction.
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世風日下、人心不古的原因之一。
01:07
But I want to give you three examples
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但是我要告訴各位三個例子,
01:10
to try to say that the trend line
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我要證明,整個趨勢其實還是
01:13
is in fact in the other direction,
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往另一個方向發展的,
01:15
and it's the Internet helping it along.
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而且網際網路一路上推波助瀾。
01:18
So example number one: the Internet itself.
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第一個例子:網路本身。
01:21
These are three of the founders of the Internet.
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這三位是網際網路的創始人,
01:25
They were actually high school classmates together
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他們原先是高中同學,
01:27
at the same high school in suburban Los Angles in the 1960s.
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1960年代就讀於洛杉磯市郊的同一所高中。
01:31
You might have had a French club or a Debate club.
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高中時你可能會參加法文社或辯論社,
01:34
They had a "Let's build a global network" club,
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他們參加的則是
01:36
and it worked out very well.
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「共同打造全球網路」社,結果還真不錯。
01:39
They are pictured here for their 25th anniversary
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這張是新聞週刊回顧網際網路報導
01:42
Newsweek retrospective on the Internet.
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為他們拍的慶祝25年週年照片。
01:45
And as you can tell,
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可以看出來,
01:47
they are basically goof balls.
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他們基本上是一群呆瓜。
01:50
They had one great limitation
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試圖構作全球網路時,他們得克服
01:53
and one great freedom
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一個很大的障礙,
01:55
as they tried to conceive of a global network.
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但他們也有很大的創作自由。
01:58
The limitation was that they didn't have any money.
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障礙是他們沒有什麼錢,
02:02
No particular amount of capital to invest,
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實在沒有資本可以投入,
02:05
of the sort that for a physical network
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沒有建造實體網路時
02:07
you might need for trucks and people
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所需的卡車、工人
02:09
and a hub to move packages around overnight.
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或轉運中心,隔夜就可以把貨物送到。
02:12
They had none of that.
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那些他們都沒有。
02:14
But they had an amazing freedom,
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可是他們有驚人的自由,
02:16
which was they didn't have to make any money from it.
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也就是他們不必從這頂上賺什麼錢。
02:20
The Internet has no business plan, never did.
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網際網路沒有營運計畫,從來沒有,
02:24
No CEO,
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沒有CEO,
02:26
no firm responsible, singly, for building it.
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也沒有單獨的一家公司負責打造網際網路。
02:30
Instead, it's folks getting together
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不過是一些人聚在一起,
02:32
to do something for fun,
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為了好玩而做這件事而已,
02:35
rather than because they were told to,
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既沒有人要他們做這件事,
02:37
or because they were expecting to make a mint off of it.
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也不是他們當時想靠這個發財。
02:41
That ethos led to a network architecture,
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那樣的特質導致一種網路架構,
02:44
a structure that was unlike
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這種架構前所未有,
02:46
other digital networks then or since.
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其後的其它數位網路也無法比擬。
02:50
So unusual, in fact,
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真的很特別,
02:52
that it was said that it's not clear the Internet could work.
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那時大家也搞不懂網際網路是否行得通。
02:56
As late as 1992, IBM was known to say
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直到1992年,IBM還宣稱
02:59
you couldn't possibly build a corporate network
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利用網際網路協定根本不可能
03:02
using Internet Protocol.
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打造出公司網路。
03:05
And even some Internet engineers today say
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甚至今天還有些
03:07
the whole thing is a pilot project and the jury is still out.
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網路工程師說這只是個試行計畫,還沒有定論。
03:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:12
That's why the mascot of Internet engineering,
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因此有人說,若要幫網際網路選定吉祥物的話,
03:16
if it had one, is said to be the bumblebee.
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絕對非大黃蜂莫屬。
03:19
Because the fur-to-wingspan ratio of the bumblebee
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因為大黃蜂翅膀小,身體又太大得不成比例,
03:22
is far too large for it to be able to fly.
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根本飛不起來才對。
03:24
And yet, mysteriously, somehow the bee flies.
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但很奇怪的是,這些蜜蜂還是飛了起來。
03:29
I'm pleased to say that, thanks to massive government funding,
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我很高興在此宣布,感謝政府的大力資助,
03:32
about three years ago we finally figured out
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我們三年前終於瞭解
03:35
how bees fly.
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蜜蜂到底是怎麼飛起來的。
03:37
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:39
It's very complicated, but it turns out they
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道理很複雜,但說穿了
03:41
flap their wings very quickly.
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就是翅膀拍得很快。
03:44
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
03:47
So what is this bizarre architecture configuration
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究竟是什麼怪異的架構,
03:51
that makes the network sing and be so unusual?
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讓網路合唱得如此美妙與特別呢?
03:54
Well, to move data around
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嗯,要從一個地方
03:56
from one place to another -- again, it's not like a package courier.
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傳送資料到另一個地方,這並不像包裹快遞,
03:59
It's more like a mosh pit.
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反倒比較像魔秀舞池。
04:02
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
04:03
Imagine, you being part of a network
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假設你是某網路的成員,
04:05
where, you're maybe at a sporting event,
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你們在某個運動比賽場合,
04:08
and you're sitting in rows like this,
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像這樣坐成一排,
04:10
and somebody asks for a beer,
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有人點了啤酒,
04:12
and it gets handed at the aisle.
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那要從走道傳進去給他,
04:15
And your neighborly duty
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你坐在鄰近就有義務
04:17
is to pass the beer along,
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把啤酒傳過去,
04:19
at risk to your own trousers,
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冒著弄髒自己褲子的風險
04:22
to get it to the destination.
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也要把啤酒傳到。
04:24
No one pays you to do this.
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沒有人付錢要你這麼做,
04:26
It's just part of your neighborly duty.
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你坐在鄰近就有這個義務。
04:29
And, in a way, that's exactly how packets move around the Internet,
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某個程度上來說,這正是網路傳遞封包的方式,
04:33
sometimes in as many as 25 or 30 hops,
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有時得經過25到30個節點,
04:35
with the intervening entities
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附上協調性的信息,
04:37
that are passing the data around
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幫忙把資料傳遞下去,
04:39
having no particular contractual or legal obligation
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與原始送件人或收件人之間,
04:43
to the original sender
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並沒有特定的合約
04:45
or to the receiver.
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或法律上的義務。
04:48
Now, of course, in a mosh pit it's hard to specify a destination.
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當然,在魔秀舞池裡很難料定目的地,
04:52
You need a lot of trust,
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需要很大的信任,
04:54
but it's not like, "I'm trying to get to Pensacola, please."
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不能簡單說:「請送我到潘薩科拉,謝謝。」
04:57
So the Internet needs addressing and directions.
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網際網路上需要地址和方向,
05:01
It turns out there is no one overall map of the Internet.
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可是網路世界並沒有涵蓋整個領域的地圖,
05:05
Instead, again, it is as if we are all sitting together in a theater,
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反倒比較像大家都坐在戲院裡,
05:08
but we can only see amidst the fog
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只因為煙霧迷漫,我們只能看到
05:11
the people immediately around us.
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緊鄰我們的幾個人,
05:13
So what do we do to figure out who is where?
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那要怎麼知道誰在哪裡呢?
05:16
We turn to the person on the right,
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我們轉向右邊的人,
05:18
and we tell that person what we see on our left,
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告訴他我們在左邊看到的是什麼,
05:21
and vice versa.
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他也反過來依樣畫葫蘆,
05:23
And they can lather, rinse, repeat. And before you know it,
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大家告訴大家之後,
05:25
you have a general sense of where everything is.
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大家就大略知道戲院裡的狀況了。
05:28
This is how Internet addressing and routing actually work.
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這就是網路找尋路徑的方法。
05:33
This is a system that relies on kindness and trust,
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這個系統依賴的是大家的友善和信任,
05:37
which also makes it very delicate and vulnerable.
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但也因此,網路是很嬌嫩脆弱的。
05:40
In rare but striking instances,
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在某些少見的特殊情況下,
05:42
a single lie told by just one entity
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只要有那麼個成員在這個蜂巢裡
05:45
in this honeycomb
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撒了個小謊,
05:47
can lead to real trouble.
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就可能造成大麻煩。
05:49
So, for example, last year,
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舉例來說,去年(2008),
05:52
the government of Pakistan
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巴基斯坦政府
05:54
asked its Internet service providers there
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要求當地的網路服務業者,不要讓
05:57
to prevent citizens of Pakistan from seeing YouTube.
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巴基斯坦人民看到YouTube,因為政府當局
06:01
There was a video there that the government did not like
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不樂見那裡的某支影片,
06:03
and they wanted to make sure it was blocked.
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所以想確保封鎖它。
06:05
This is a common occurrence. Governments everywhere
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這種事很常見,
06:07
are often trying to block
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到處總有政府試圖
06:09
and filter and censor content on the Internet.
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封鎖、過濾、檢查網路內容。
06:12
Well this one ISP in Pakistan
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好啦,這家巴基斯坦ISP
06:14
chose to effectuate the block for its subscribers
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選用了一個相當不尋常的方式
06:17
in a rather unusual way.
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來達到封鎖用戶的目的,
06:20
It advertised --
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它宣稱--
06:22
the way that you might be asked, if you were part of the Internet,
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你若是網路的成員,有時別人會要你回報
06:25
to declare what you see near you -- it advertised
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你看到鄰近有些什麼--它宣稱
06:27
that near it, in fact, it had suddenly awakened to find
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在它附近有...--不對--它突然發現
06:32
that it was YouTube.
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自己就是YouTube,
06:34
"That's right," it said, "I am YouTube."
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它說:「沒錯,我就是YouTube。」
06:37
Which meant that packets of data
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從那一刻起,用戶們傳送
06:39
from subscribers going to YouTube
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給YouTube的封包,
06:41
stopped at the ISP, since they thought they were already there,
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全都被那家ISP給擋了下來,
06:44
and the ISP threw them away unopened
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那家ISP不拆包就丟包了,
06:46
because the point was to block it.
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因為目的只是封鎖而已。
06:48
But it didn't stop there.
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但這件事並非到此為止,
06:50
You see, that announcement
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只要一點選YouTube,
06:52
went one click out,
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那個公告就會傳出去,
06:54
which got reverberated, one click out.
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每次點選都會把消息擴散出去。
06:57
And it turns out that as you look
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要是我們從事後
06:59
at the postmortem of this event,
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來看這件事,
07:01
you have at one moment
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前一分鐘
07:03
perfectly working YouTube.
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YouTube還好好的,
07:05
Then, at moment number two,
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下一分鐘,
07:07
you have the fake announcement go out.
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那份假的公告傳了出去,
07:10
And within two minutes,
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兩分鐘之後,
07:12
it reverberates around
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到處都在傳播這個假公告,
07:14
and YouTube is blocked everywhere in the world.
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全世界的人都無法使用YouTube了。
07:17
If you were sitting in Oxford, England, trying to get to YouTube,
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假如你在英國牛津,想連上YouTube,
07:20
your packets were going to Pakistan
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你的封包
07:22
and they weren't coming back.
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就會被導向巴基斯坦,一去不復返。
07:25
Now just think about that.
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現在請想想,
07:27
One of the most popular websites in the world,
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這是最受歡迎的網站之一,
07:29
run by the most powerful company in the world,
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也是最有權勢的公司所經營的,
07:31
and there was nothing that YouTube or Google
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但Google或YouTube卻無任何特權
07:35
were particularly privileged to do about it.
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可以處理這種情況。
07:38
And yet, somehow, within about two hours,
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但不知怎的,不到二個小時,
07:42
the problem was fixed.
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問題解決了。
07:44
How did this happen?
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到底怎麼回事?
07:46
Well, for a big clue, we turn to NANOG.
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嗯,NANOG可以提供一點線索,
07:49
The North American Network Operators Group,
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NANOG就是北美網路營運商會。
07:52
a group of people who,
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有一群人在外頭
07:54
on a beautiful day outside,
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天氣不錯的日子裡,
07:56
enter into a windowless room,
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關在沒有窗戶的房間裡,
07:58
at their terminals
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用他們的電腦
08:00
reading email and messages
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讀取像這種標準字體大小寫的
08:03
in fixed proportion font, like this,
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郵件和訊息,
08:07
and they talk about networks.
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他們談的是網路。
08:09
And some of them are mid-level employees at Internet service providers
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他們有些人是世界
08:11
around the world.
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各地ISP的中階員工,
08:13
And here is the message where one of them says,
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其中有人寫下這則訊息:
08:15
"Looks like we've got a live one. We have a hijacking of YouTube!
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「看來有麻煩,有人挾持了YouTube!
08:18
This is not a drill. It's not just the cluelessness
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這不是演習,也不是YouTube工程師的愚蠢,
08:21
of YouTube engineers. I promise.
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我保證不是。
08:23
Something is up in Pakistan."
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問題出在巴基斯坦!」
08:25
And they came together to help find the problem and fix it.
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然後他們集合起來找問題,把它修復。
08:29
So it's kind of like if your house catches on fire.
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這就像是你家失火了,
08:32
The bad news is there is no fire brigade.
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糟糕的是附近沒有救火隊,
08:36
The good news is random people apparate from nowhere,
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但幸好有幾個不認識的人不期然出現,
08:39
put out the fire and leave without expecting payment or praise.
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幫你滅了火,然後分文不取就離開了。
08:43
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
08:48
I was trying to think of the right model to describe
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我在想,要用什麼模式來形容
08:50
this form of random acts of kindness
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這些電腦怪客
08:52
by geeky strangers.
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隨機的善行義舉呢?
08:54
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
08:59
You know, it's just like the hail goes out
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就好像有人一招手,
09:02
and people are ready to help.
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就有人前來幫忙一樣。
09:04
And it turns out this model is everywhere, once you start looking for it.
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我發現只要開始找尋,到處都有這種善行義舉。
09:08
Example number two: Wikipedia.
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我們來看第二個例子:維基百科。
09:11
If a man named Jimbo came up to you in 2001
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如果2001年有個名叫金寶的人來找你
09:14
and said, "I've got a great idea! We start with seven articles
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說:「我有個好主意!我們設定七個主題,
09:17
that anybody can edit anything, at any time,
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人人都可以隨時上來編寫,
09:19
and we'll get a great encyclopedia! Eh?"
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這不就可編寫出很棒的百科全書了嗎?」
09:22
Right. Dumbest idea ever.
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沒錯,這是有史以來最笨的主意。
09:26
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:27
In fact, Wikipedia is an idea so profoundly stupid
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其實,維基百科這個主意簡直笨到極點,
09:32
that even Jimbo never had it.
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就連金寶也不這麼想。
09:35
Jimbo's idea was for Nupedia.
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金寶的主意是「新百科全書」,
09:37
It was going to be totally traditional. He would pay people money
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完全傳統方式、付錢請人寫。
09:39
because he was feeling like a good guy,
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他覺得自己是個好人,
09:41
and the money would go to the people
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付錢請人寫,
09:43
and they would write the articles.
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就會寫出文章。
09:45
The wiki was introduced
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維基的概念來自於
09:47
so others could make suggestions on edits --
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讓別人提出編寫建議,
09:49
as almost an afterthought, a back room.
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好比補充作業或加蓋密室,
09:51
And then it turns out the back room grew
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但後來密室卻越蓋越大,
09:54
to encompass the entire project.
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涵蓋了整個工程。
09:56
And today, Wikipedia is so ubiquitous
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今天,維基百科已經普及到
09:59
that you can now find it on Chinese restaurant menus.
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連中國餐廳的菜單上也找得到它。
10:03
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:09
I am not making this up.
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這可不是我捏造的!
10:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:13
I have a theory I can explain later.
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關於這點我有個理論,稍後再作解釋。
10:16
Suffice it to say for now that I prefer my Wikipedia
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現在我只說我的最愛是
10:18
stir-fried with pimentos.
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青椒炒維基就夠了。
10:20
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:22
But now, Wikipedia doesn't just spontaneously work.
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不過,維基並非自發性的作品而已。
10:25
How does it really work? It turns out
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究竟怎麼運作的呢?
10:27
there is a back room that is kind of windowless,
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打個隱喻說,我發現
10:29
metaphorically speaking.
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維基有個沒窗戶的密室,
10:31
And there are a bunch of people who, on a sunny day,
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有那麼一群人
10:33
would rather be inside
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即使外頭陽光普照也寧可待在房間裡
10:36
and monitoring this, the administrator's notice board,
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盯著管理員的公布欄看,
10:38
itself a wiki page that anyone can edit.
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那是人人都可以編輯的維基頁面,
10:41
And you just bring your problems to the page.
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可以把問題放到那個頁面上。
10:44
It's reminiscent of the description of history
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這讓人想起一句老話:
10:47
as "one damn thing after another," right?
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「壞事接踵而來」對不對?
10:50
Number one: "Tendentious editing by user Andyvphil."
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第一件:「安地夫菲爾的編輯有傾向性」。
10:54
Apologies, Andyvphil, if you're here today.
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安地夫菲爾,如果你在現場的話,對不起啦,
10:57
I'm not taking sides.
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我沒有偏袒誰的意思。
10:59
"Anon attacking me for reverting."
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還有「只因我撤回修改,阿儂就攻擊我」。
11:02
Here is my favorite: "A long story."
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這是我最喜歡的:「說來話長」。
11:04
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:05
It turns out there are more people checking this page for problems
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結果,越來越多人在那個頁面上找問題,
11:09
and wanting to solve them
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想辦法解決問題,
11:11
than there are problems arising on the page.
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那個頁面上就越來越少問題。
11:14
And that's what keeps Wikipedia afloat.
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那就是讓維基百科飄浮不沉的原因。
11:17
At all times, Wikipedia is approximately
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任何時刻,維基百科都面臨著
11:20
45 minutes away from utter destruction. Right?
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45分鐘後就會解體的危機,不是嗎?
11:25
There are spambots crawling it, trying to turn every article
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惡意程式隨時伺機出手,
11:27
into an ad for a Rolex watch.
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要把每一篇文章變成勞力士廣告。
11:29
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:30
It's this thin geeky line
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但就靠這群電腦狂熱份子單薄的力量,
11:33
that keeps it going.
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使得維基能夠運作下去。
11:35
Not because it's a job,
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這既不是一份工作,
11:37
not because it's a career,
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也不是一個職業生涯,
11:39
but because it's a calling.
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而是一種使命的召喚。
11:41
It's something they feel impelled to do
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這是他們覺得非做不可的事,
11:44
because they care about it.
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因為他們在乎。
11:46
They even gather together in such groups
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他們甚至組成幾個小團體,
11:48
as the Counter-Vandalism Unit --
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其中一個叫「反破壞小組」,
11:50
"Civility, Maturity, Responsibility" --
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口號是:「文明、成熟、負責任」,
11:53
to just clean up the pages.
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這個小組專門清理頁面。
11:55
It does make you wonder if there were, for instance,
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這不禁讓人納悶,要是有一天週末
11:58
a massive, extremely popular Star Trek convention one weekend,
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舉行極受歡迎的星際大戰迷的大型集會,
12:02
who would be minding the store?
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那還有誰來顧店?
12:04
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
12:09
So what we see --
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我們所看到的...
12:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
12:14
what we see in this phenomenon
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我們在這個現象中看到的,
12:18
is something that the crazed, late traffic engineer
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正如同醉心於交通的工程師漢斯·蒙德曼
12:22
Hans Monderman discovered in the Netherlands,
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最近在荷蘭以及
12:24
and here in South Kensington, that sometimes
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南肯辛頓所發現的一樣,
12:26
if you remove some of the external rules and signs and everything else,
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他說,有時如果拿掉某些外加的交通規則和標誌等等,
12:31
you can actually end up
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結果就會是
12:33
with a safer environment in which people can function,
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人人都有了更安全的環境,
12:36
and one in which they are more human with each other.
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因為大家會以更人性的方式對待彼此。
12:39
They're realizing that they
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大家會體認到必須
12:41
have to take responsibility for what they do.
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為自己所做所為負責。
12:43
And Wikipedia has embraced this.
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維基抱持的就是這種理念。
12:46
Some of you may remember Star Wars Kid,
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你們有些人可能還記得這位星際大戰小子,
12:49
the poor teenager who filmed himself with a golf ball retriever,
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那位青少年把高爾夫取球桿當成光劍,
12:53
acting as if it were a light saber.
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給自己拍了一段影片。
12:55
The film, without his permission or even knowledge at first,
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這影片未經他允許,他甚至一開始也不知情,
12:58
found its way onto the Internet.
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就流傳到網路上,
13:00
Hugely viral video. Extremely popular.
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很快散佈出去,廣受大家喜愛,
13:03
Totally mortifying to him.
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但卻讓這個小男孩羞得要死。
13:06
Now, it being encyclopedic and all,
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維基既然稱作百科,
13:08
Wikipedia had to do an article about Star Wars Kid.
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那就得製作有關星際大戰小子的頁面。
13:11
Every article on Wikipedia has a corresponding discussion page,
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維基的每一篇都有其討論頁,
13:13
and on the discussion page
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星際大戰小子的討論頁裡,
13:15
they had extensive argument among the Wikipedians
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大家熱烈討論的是
13:18
as to whether to have his real name
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要不要把他的真實姓名
13:22
featured in the article.
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披露在文章裡。
13:24
You could see arguments on both sides.
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正反二面的意見都有,
13:26
Here is just a snapshot of some of them.
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這裡看到的只是一部分。
13:28
They eventually decided --
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最後他們決定,
13:30
not unanimously by any means --
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雖非全體一致通過,
13:32
not to include his real name,
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但是決定不披露。
13:34
despite the fact that nearly all media reports did.
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儘管幾乎所有的媒體報導都披露了,
13:37
They just didn't think it was the right thing to do.
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他們還是覺得不該披露。
13:40
It was an act of kindness.
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這是一種善行義舉。
13:42
And to this day, the page for Star Wars Kid
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直到今天,星際大戰小子
13:44
has a warning right at the top
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頁面頂端仍留有一段警語,
13:46
that says you are not to put his real name on the page.
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告訴大家不得在頁面上披露其真實姓名,
13:49
If you do, it will be removed immediately,
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違者立即刪除。
13:51
removed by people who may have disagreed with the original decision,
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刪除令的執行者原本或許並不贊同這個決定,
13:55
but respect the outcome
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但他尊重大家的決議,
13:58
and work to make it stay
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所以遵照決議執行,
14:00
because they believe in something bigger than their own opinion.
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因為他們認為還有比個人意見更重要的東西。
14:04
As a lawyer, I've got to say these guys are inventing the law
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身為律師,我得說這群人是在制定
14:07
and stare decisis and stuff like that as they go along.
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自己的法律、慣例等等這類東西。
14:11
Now, this isn't just limited to Wikipedia.
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這種現象也並不只出現在維基百科裡,
14:14
We see it on blogs all over the place.
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到處的網誌也如此,
14:16
I mean, this is a 2005 Business Week cover.
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請看,這是2005年商業週刊的封面,
14:19
Wow. Blogs are going to change your business.
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哇!網誌會改變你的企業!
14:21
I know they look silly. And sure they look silly.
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我知道這看起來很蠢,也還真的很蠢,
14:24
They start off on all sorts of goofy projects.
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他們報導各種很蠢的網誌,
14:26
This is my favorite goofy blog:
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這是我最愛的蠢網誌:
14:28
Catsthatlooklikehitler.com.
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catsthatlooklikehitler.com(長得像希特勒的貓)。
14:31
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
14:32
You send in a picture of your cat
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如果你的貓長得像希特勒,
14:35
if it looks like Hitler.
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可以把照片寄去。
14:37
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
14:44
Yeah, I know. Number four, it's like, can you imagine
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是啦,我懂,第四張嘛!
14:46
coming home to that cat everyday?
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你能想像天天回家看到那隻貓嗎?
14:48
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
14:49
But then, you can see the same kind of whimsy
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但是,你也會看到這種搞怪點子
14:53
applied to people.
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適用在人的身上。
14:55
So this is a blog devoted to unfortunate portraiture.
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這個網誌專門蒐集拍壞了的人像,
14:59
This one says, "Bucolic meadow with split-rail fence.
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這張的標題是:「有圍籬的鄉村草地...
15:02
Is that an animal carcass behind her?"
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她後面有一具動物屍體嗎?」
15:04
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
15:05
You're like, "You know? I think that's an animal carcass
329
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你們好像在說:「我覺得
15:07
behind her."
330
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她後面的確實是動物屍體。」
15:09
And it's one after the other.
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接下來這張照片,
15:11
But then you hit this one. Image removed at request of owner.
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當你要點進去時,照片應當事人要求已刪除。
15:15
That's it. Image removed at request of owner.
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沒錯,照片應當事人要求已刪除。
15:17
It turns out that somebody lampooned here
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這似乎有人寫信
15:19
wrote to the snarky guy that does the site,
335
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向愛搞怪的版主打槍,
15:22
not with a legal threat, not with an offer of payment,
336
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既不威脅採取法律行動,也不說給錢了事,
15:25
but just said, "Hey, would you mind?"
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只簡單說:「喂,拜託啦。」
15:27
The person said, "No, that's fine."
338
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版主回說:「哦,沒事兒。」
15:29
I believe we can build architectures online
339
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我相信我們可以在網路上建立某種架構,
15:33
to make such human requests
340
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讓我們更容易提出
15:36
that much easier to do,
341
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這種人性化的要求,
15:38
to make it possible for all of us to see
342
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讓我們每個人都能瞭解,
15:40
that the data we encounter online
343
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我們在網路上所看到的資料,
15:42
is just stuff on which to click and paste and copy and forward
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我們每天所點選、複製、貼上、轉寄的資料,
15:46
that actually represents human emotion
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其實背後都有每個人的情緒、
15:49
and endeavor and impact,
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努力和衝擊,
15:51
and to be able to have an ethical moment
347
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而在我們決定要如何對待這些資料時,
15:53
where we decide how we want to treat it.
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每個人都能以道德的角度來想這件事。
15:56
I even think it can go into the real world.
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我甚至覺得真實世界裡也可以採用這一套,
15:59
We can end up, as we get in a world with more censors --
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這個世界有愈來愈多的監視器,
16:02
everywhere there is something filming you, maybe putting it online --
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你隨時都可能被拍到,也許有人會把你的照片po上網,
16:05
to be able to have a little clip you could wear
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這時你可以穿上標語:
16:07
that says, "You know, I'd rather not."
353
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「這樣不好吧。」
16:09
And then have technology
354
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而透過科技,我們可以
16:12
that the person taking the photo will know later,
355
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讓拍下你的人知道,
16:14
this person requested to be contacted
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拜託一點,
16:16
before this goes anywhere big,
357
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請在散佈照片之前,
16:18
if you don't mind.
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要和當事人聯絡。
16:20
And that person taking the photo can make a decision
359
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拍攝照片的人可以決定,
16:22
about how and whether to respect it.
360
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要怎麼處理或要不要尊重。
16:26
In the real world, we see filtering of this sort
361
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在真實世界裡,我們會看到像巴基斯坦
16:28
taking place in Pakistan.
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這種過濾影片的事情發生,
16:30
And we now have means that we can build, like this system,
363
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而我們也有能力建造一個像這樣的系統,
16:34
so that people can report the filtering as they encounter it.
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告知大家有這樣一個過濾系統的存在,
16:37
And it's no longer just a "I don't know. I couldn't get there. I guess I'll move on,"
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那時就不會只是想:「不知道耶,就是連不上,回頭再試好了。」
16:41
but suddenly a collective consciousness
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而是大家突然都警覺到,
16:43
about what is blocked and censored
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網路上有些什麼東西被封鎖了、
16:46
where online.
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被河蟹了。
16:48
In fact, talk about technology imitating life
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若要說科技模倣我們的生活,
16:52
imitating tech, or maybe it's the other way around.
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或模倣其他的科技,倒不如反過來想:
16:55
An NYU researcher here took little cardboard robots
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有一位紐約大學研究生做了一些紙板小機器人,
16:58
with smiley faces on them,
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上面畫了笑臉,
17:00
and a motor that just drove them forward
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機器人有馬達可讓他們前進,
17:03
and a flag sticking out the back
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後面的旗子上則標註了
17:05
with a desired destination.
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機器人想去哪裡,
17:07
It said, "Can you help me get there?"
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寫著:「可以幫忙我到那裡去嗎?」
17:09
Released it on the streets of Manhattan.
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然後把機器人放在曼哈頓的街上。
17:13
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
17:15
They'll fund anything these days.
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這年頭什麼研究都有人贊助。
17:18
Here is the chart of over 43 people
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這張圖標示了有43位路人
17:20
helping to steer the robot that could not steer
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幫忙找不到路的機器人,
17:23
and get it on its way, from one corner
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讓它找到路,
17:25
from one corner of Washington Square Park
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從華盛頓廣場公園的一個角落
17:27
to another.
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走到另一個角落。
17:29
That leads to example number three: hitchhiking.
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這很像我們要談的第三個例子:搭便車。
17:33
I'm not so sure hitchhiking is dead.
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我不認為現在已經沒有人在搭便車了。
17:36
Why? There is the Craigslist rideshare board.
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為什麼?因為有克雷格共乘佈告欄啊...(Craigslist網站)
17:40
If it were called the Craigslist hitchhiking board,
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如果改成克雷格搭便車佈告欄,
17:43
tumbleweeds would be blowing through it.
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真情實相不就明白了?
17:45
But it's the rideshare board, and it's basically the same thing.
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共乘這件事不就和搭便車一樣嗎?
17:48
Now why are people using it?
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為什麼大家要用這個網站?
17:50
I don't know. Maybe they think that, uh, killers don't plan ahead?
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我不知道,也許大家想:殺人兇手總不會事先計畫吧?
17:53
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
17:59
No. I think the actual answer is
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不,我覺得真正的原因是,
18:01
that once you reframe it,
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一旦有人重新架構這件事,
18:03
once you get out of one set of stale expectations
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一旦人們對以往有過好時光
18:06
from a failed project that had its day,
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而今卻玷上了污名的事,不再抱持
18:09
but now, for whatever reason, is tarnished,
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其中有詐的疑慮時,
18:11
you can actually rekindle the kind of human kindness and sharing
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人們就可能重新點燃人性的善良,
18:15
that something like this on Craigslist represents.
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並且願意分享像克雷格網站上那樣的事情。
18:18
And then you can highlight it
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你也可以把這種概念
18:20
into something like,
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延伸到另一件事上,
18:22
yes, CouchSurfing.org.
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就是CouchSurfing.org(借宿沙發的網站),
18:25
CouchSurfing: one guy's idea
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借別人家的沙發睡。
18:28
to, at last, put together people who are going somewhere far away
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某個人突發奇想,把想去遠方旅行,
18:31
and would like to sleep on a stranger's couch for free,
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而希望免費睡在陌生人的沙發上的人集合起來,
18:36
with people who live far away,
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再搭配另一群住在遠方的人,
18:38
and would like someone they don't know to sleep on their couch for free.
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而他們也願意讓陌生人在他們的沙發上免費住宿。
18:42
It's a brilliant idea.
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這真是了不起的好點子!
18:46
It's a bee that, yes, flies.
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就是那隻會飛的黃蜂!
18:48
Amazing how many successful couch surfings there have been.
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你想不到有多少人已經成功地借宿別人的沙發!
18:51
And if you're wondering, no, there have been no known fatalities
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你可能想,到底有多少兇殺案是因為借宿沙發而發生的。
18:55
associated with CouchSurfing.
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沒有!
18:57
Although, to be sure, the reputation system, at the moment,
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雖然這個網站上的評價系統目前要求
19:00
works that you leave your report after the couch surfing experience,
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借宿人在離開後要再上網呈報評價,
19:03
so there may be some selection bias there.
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所以難免會有些失真...
19:06
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
19:10
So, my urging, my thought,
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所以我的想法是,我要呼籲,
19:14
is that the Internet isn't just a pile of information.
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網際網路不只是一堆資料而已,
19:17
It's not a noun. It's a verb.
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不只是個名詞,而是個動詞。
19:20
And when you go on it,
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當你要上網時,
19:22
if you listen and see carefully and closely enough,
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如果你仔細傾聽,靠得夠近觀察,
19:26
what you will discover
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你會發現
19:28
is that that information
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那些資料
19:30
is saying something to you.
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在對你說話,
19:32
What it's saying to you is what we heard yesterday,
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他們說的是我們昨天就聽到的一句話,
19:34
Demosthenes was saying to us.
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也就是古希臘演說家德摩西尼說的一句話:
19:37
It's saying, "Let's march." Thank you very much.
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「大家共同前進吧!」謝謝各位!
19:41
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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