A free world needs satire | Patrick Chappatte

翻译人员: chunhua zhang 校对人员: psjmz mz

I've been a political cartoonist on the global stage for the last 20 years.

在过去的二十年里，我是一个 活跃在世界舞台上的政治漫画家。

Hey, we have seen a lot of things happen in those 20 years.

这二十年间，我们见证了 很多事情的发生。

We saw three different Catholic popes,

我们看到了三位不同的教皇，

and we witnessed that unique moment:

并且见证了那个独一无二的时刻：

the election of a pope on St. Peter's Square --

圣彼得广场上的教皇选举——

you know, the little white smoke

烟囱里传出的白烟

and the official announcement.

以及官方的正式通告。

[It's a boy!]

【是个男孩】

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

We saw four American presidents.

我们见证了四位美国总统。

Obama, of course.

奥巴马当然也是其中一位。

Oh, Europeans liked him a lot.

对了，欧洲人很喜欢他。

He was a multilateralist.

他是一个多边主义者。

He favored diplomacy.

他青睐外交手段。

He wanted to be friends with Iran.

他想跟伊朗交朋友。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And then ...

然后......

reality imitated caricature

在特朗普当选为美国总统那天

the day Donald Trump became the President of the United States of America.

现实世界模仿了讽刺漫画。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

(Applause)

（掌声）

You know, people come to us and they say,

人们跑过来对我们说，

"It's too easy for you cartoonists. I mean -- with people like Trump?"

“要讽刺像特朗普这样的人， 对你们漫画家来说应该太容易了吧？”

Well, no, it's not easy

其实不是这样的，要讽刺一个

to caricature a man who is himself a caricature.

本身就是一个讽刺的人并不容易。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

No.

不容易。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Populists are no easy target for satire

民粹主义者对于讽刺文学来说 不是一个容易的目标，

because you try to nail them down one day,

因为当有一天你终于 画出比较贴合他们的漫画，

and the next day, they outdo you.

第二天，他们又做出 比你的漫画还讽刺的行为。

For example, as soon as he was elected,

例如，在他一当选后，

I tried to imagine the tweet that Trump would send on Christmas Eve.

我就马上试着想象特朗普 平安夜会在推特上说什么。

So I did this, OK?

所以我画了这幅漫画。

[Merry Christmas to all! Except all those pathetic losers. So sad.]

【祝大家圣诞快乐， 除了那些可怜的失败者。真难过。】

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And basically, the next day, Trump tweeted this:

然后第二天特朗普在推特上写道：

[Happy New Year to all, including to my many enemies

【祝大家新年快乐，包括我众多的敌人

and those who have fought me and lost so badly

以及那些曾经跟我斗过 并严重失败的人们，

they just don't know what to do. Love!]

他们只是不知道该做什么。爱!】

(Laughter)

(笑声）

It's the same!

是一样的！

(Applause)

（掌声）

This is the era of strongmen.

这是政治强人的时代。

And soon, Donald Trump was able to meet his personal hero, Vladimir Putin,

很快，特朗普就有机会 见到了心中的英雄，普京，

and this is how the first meeting went:

这是他们第一次会见的场景：

[I'll help you find the hackers. Give me your password.]

【我会帮助你找出黑客。 把你的密码给我。】

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And I'm not inventing anything.

这都不是我发明创造出来的。

He came out of that first meeting saying that the two of them had agreed

他在结束第一次会见后说他们已经同意

on a joint task force on cybersecurity.

建立一个网络安全联合工作组。

This is true, if you do remember.

如果你还记得的话，这些都是真的。

Oh, who would have imagined the things we saw over these 20 years.

谁能预先想到这二十年 我们所见证的事情呢。

We saw Great Britain run towards a European Union exit.

我们看到英国跑向了欧盟的出口处。

[Hard Brexit?]

【硬脱欧？】

(Laughter)

（笑声）

In the Middle East, we believed for a while

在中东地区，我们有一段时间相信过

in the democratic miracle of the Arab Spring.

“阿拉伯之春”这一所谓的民主奇迹。

We saw dictators fall, we saw others hang on.

我们看到一些独裁者倒下了， 但是其他的还在继续坚持。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

And then there is the timeless Kim dynasty of North Korea.

然后还有永恒不变的朝鲜金家王朝。

These guys seem to be coming straight out of Cartoon Network.

这些人看起来好像是直接 从卡通频道里走出来似的。

I was blessed to be able to draw two of them.

我很幸运能够画出他们中的两父子。

Kim Jong-il, the father,

父亲金正日，

when he died a few years ago, that was a very dangerous moment.

几年前当他去世的时候， 真的是一个非常危险的时刻。

[That was close!]

【差一点！】

(Laughter)

（笑声）

That was --

差点——

(Applause)

（掌声）

And then the son, Kim Jong-un,

然后是他儿子，金正恩，

proved himself a worthy successor to the throne.

他证明了自己是一个 合格的接班人。

He's now friends with the US president.

他现在是美国总统的朋友。

They meet each other all the time, and they talk like friends.

他们经常会面，像朋友一样谈话。

[What kind of hair gel?]

【你用的是哪款发胶？】

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Should we be surprised

我们应该为生活在一个

to be living in a world

极端自我主义者治下的世界

ruled by egomaniacs?

而感到惊讶吗？

What if they were just a reflection of ourselves?

如果他们只是 我们自身的一个映射呢？

I mean, look at us, each of us.

我是说，看看我们每一个人。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Yeah, we love our smartphones;

我们热爱自己的智能手机；

we love our selfies;

我们热衷于自拍；

we love ourselves.

我们爱自己。

And thanks to Facebook, we have a lot of friends

感谢Facebook让我们

all over the world.

的朋友遍布世界。

Mark Zuckerberg is our friend.

马克·扎克伯格是我们的朋友。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

You know, he and his peers in Silicon Valley

他和他在硅谷的同事

are the kings and the emperors

是我们这个时代的

of our time.

帝王。

Showing that the emperors have no clothes,

展现国王没穿衣服这一事实

that's the task of satire, right?

是讽刺文学的任务，对吧？

Speaking truth to power.

对权力说出真相。

This has always been the historical role of political cartooning.

这一直是政治漫画的历史使命。

In the 1830s, postrevolutionary France under King Louis Philippe,

1830年代，后革命时代的法国 处于菲利普国王的统治之下，

journalists and caricaturists fought hard for the freedom of the press.

记者和讽刺漫画家们 为新闻自由而艰苦斗争。

They were jailed, they were fined, but they prevailed.

他们被关押，被处罚，但最终获胜。

And this caricature of the king by Daumier

杜米埃的这张关于国王的讽刺画

came to define the monarch.

定义了君王。

It marked history.

它书写了新的历史篇章。

It became the timeless symbol of satire triumphing over autocracy.

它成为了讽刺文学战胜 专制政权的永恒标志。

Today, 200 years after Daumier,

距离杜米埃200年之后的今天，

are political cartoons at risk of disappearing?

政治漫画正面临消失的风险吗？

Take this blank space on the front page of Turkish opposition newspaper "Cumhuriyet."

拿土耳其反对派报纸《共和报》 头版的这一块空白来说。

This is where Musa Kart's cartoon used to appear.

这里曾经刊登过穆萨·卡特的漫画。

In 2018, Musa Kart was sentenced to three years in jail.

2018年，穆萨·卡特被判入狱三年。

For doing what?

他为何被判刑？

For doing political cartoons in Erdoğan's Turkey.

因为他在埃尔多安统治下的 土耳其发表政治漫画。

Cartoonists from Venezuela, Russia, Syria have been forced into exile.

委内瑞拉、俄罗斯、叙利亚的 漫画家们都被迫流亡。

Look at this image.

看看这张漫画。

It seems so innocent, right?

它看起来似乎毫无恶意，是吧？

Yet it is so provocative.

但它又具有很强的煽动性。

When he posted this image,

当发表这张漫画的时候，

Hani Abbas knew it would change his life.

哈尼·阿巴斯就知道它会改变他的人生。

It was in 2012, and the Syrians were taking to the streets.

那是2012年，叙利亚民众走向了街头。

Of course, the little red flower is the symbol of the Syrian revolution.

显然，画上的小红花是叙利亚革命的象征。

So pretty soon, the regime was after him,

很快，政府就开始追捕他，

and he had to flee the country.

而他也逃离了这个国家。

A good friend of his, cartoonist Akram Raslan,

他的一个好朋友， 漫画家阿克拉姆·拉斯兰

didn't make it out of Syria.

没能逃出叙利亚。

He died under torture.

他被折磨至死。

In the United States of America recently,

最近在美国，

some of the very top cartoonists, like Nick Anderson and Rob Rogers --

一些很顶尖的漫画家， 比如尼克·安德森和罗伯·罗杰斯——

this is a cartoon by Rob --

这是一张罗伯的漫画作品——

[Memorial Day 2018. (on tombstone) Truth. Honor. Rule of Law.]

【2018年阵亡将士纪念日。 （碑文）真相。荣誉。法治。】

they lost their positions

他们已经失业了，

because their publishers found their work too critical of Trump.

因为出版商发现他们的作品 对特朗普有太多的批评。

And the same happened to Canadian cartoonist Michael de Adder.

这样的事情也同样发生在 加拿大漫画家迈克尔身上。

Hey, maybe we should start worrying.

也许我们应该开始担心。

Political cartoons were born with democracy,

政治漫画生来与民主息息相关，

and they are challenged when freedom is.

当自由受到挑战时它也难逃厄运。

You know, over the years,

过去这些年，

with the Cartooning for Peace Foundation and other initiatives,

在和平漫画基金会和其他人的倡导下，

Kofi Annan -- this is not well known -- he was the honorary chair

科菲·安南——鲜为人知的是——他是

of our foundation,

我们基金会的誉主席，

the late Kofi Annan, Nobel Peace Laureate.

已逝的他曾获诺贝尔和平奖。

He was a great defender of cartoons.

他是一个伟大的政治漫画捍卫者。

Or, on the board of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists,

在美国报刊漫画家协会的董事会里，

we have advocated on behalf of jailed, threatened, fired, exiled cartoonists.

我们为那些被关押、威胁、 辞退、流亡的漫画家们辨护。

But I never saw a case of someone losing his job

但我从来没遇到过一个人因为一幅

over a cartoon he didn't do.

他没画过的漫画而失业的案例。

Well, that happened to me.

那是发生在我身上的。

For the last 20 years, I have been with the "International Herald Tribune"

过去二十年，我一直跟《国际先驱导报》

以及《纽约时报》合作。

and the "New York Times."

Then something happened.

然后突然发生了一些事。

In April 2019,

2019年4月，

a cartoon by a famous Portuguese cartoonist,

一幅由一个著名的葡萄牙 漫画家画的漫画，

which was first published in a newspaper "El Expresso" in Lisbon,

首先发表在了里斯本 的《El Expresso》上，

was picked by an editor at the "New York Times"

然后又被《纽约时报》的编辑选中

and reprinted in the international editions.

并转载在了它的国际版上。

This thing blew up.

然后事情爆发了。

It was denounced as anti-Semitic,

它被谴责为反犹太主义，

triggered widespread outrage,

引起了广泛的愤怒，

apologies

《纽约时报》

and a lot of damage control by the Times.

不停的道歉并且采取了 很多措施止损。

A month after, my editor told me

一个月后，编辑告诉我

they were ending political cartoons altogether.

他们将要彻底停止刊发政治漫画。

So we could, and we should, have a discussion about that cartoon.

我们可以，并且应该讨论一下那幅漫画。

Some people say it reminds them of the worst anti-Semitic propaganda.

有些人说它使他们想起了 最极端的反犹太主义宣传。

Others, including in Israel,

而其他人，包括以色列国内的，

say no, it's just a harsh criticism of Trump,

却说，不，它只是对特朗普的严厉批评，

who is shown as blindly following the Prime Minister of Israel.

批评他盲目跟随以色列总理。

I have some issues with this cartoon,

我对这幅漫画也有一些疑问，

but that discussion did not happen at the "New York Times."

但是那场讨论却并没有 真的在《纽约时报》进行。

Under attack, they took the easiest path:

被攻击之下，他们选择了最容易的路：

in order to not have problems with political cartoons in the future,

为了将来不再因政治漫画惹上麻烦，

let's not have any at all.

现在就将它们一刀切的停掉。

Hey, this is new.

这是一件新鲜事。

Did we just invent preventive self-censorship?

我们刚刚创造了预防性的自我审查吗？

I think this is bigger than cartoons.

我想这件事比漫画本身更重大。

This is about opinion and journalism.

这是事关观点和新闻业的。

This, in the end, is about democracy.

最终，是事关民主的。

We now live in a world

我们现在生活在一个

where moralistic mobs gather on social media

道德暴徒在社交媒体聚集

and rise like a storm.

并像暴风雨一样增长的世界。

The most outraged voices tend to define the conversation,

谁的声音最义愤填膺谁就最有理，

and the angry crowd follows in.

而愤怒的民众也会紧随而上。

These social media mobs,

这些社交媒体上的暴徒，

sometimes fueled by interest groups,

有时被利益集团推动

fall upon newsrooms in an overwhelming blow.

压倒性地进攻新闻编辑部。

They send publishers and editors scrambling for countermeasures.

他们让出版商和编辑疲于应对。

This leaves no room for meaningful discussions.

这样就无法留下任何 有意义的讨论空间。

Twitter is a place for fury, not for debate.

推特是一个发怒的地方， 而不是辩论的平台。

And you know what?

你知道吗？

Someone described pretty well our human condition in this noisy age.

有人很好地描述了人类 在这个嘈杂年代里的处境。

You know who?

你知道是谁吗？

Shakespeare, 400 years ago.

是四百年前的莎士比亚。

["(Life is) a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing."]

【“人生如痴人说梦，充满着喧哗 与骚动，却没有任何意义。”】

This speaks to me. Shakespeare is still very relevant, no?

这是对我说的。 莎士比亚的话仍然很切题，是吗？

But the world has changed a bit.

但是世界已经发生了一些变化。

[Too long!]

【太长了！】

(Laughter)

（笑声）

It's true.

这是事实。

(Applause)

（掌声）

You know, social media is both a blessing and a curse for cartoons.

你知道，社交媒体对漫画来说 既是祝福也是诅咒。

This is the era of the image, so they get shared, they get viral,

这是一个图像时代， 它们被分享、爆红，

but that also makes them a prime target.

但这也使它们成为主要被攻击目标。

More than often, the real target behind the cartoon

而通常，漫画后面真正的目标

is the media that published it.

是发表它的媒体。

[Covering Iraq? No, Trump!]

【去伊拉克采访？ 不，去采访特朗谱！】

That relationship between traditional media and social media

传统媒和社交媒体的关系

is a funny one.

非常有趣。

On one hand, you have the time-consuming process

一方面，你得有一个很费时的对信息、

of information, verification, curation.

核实、监管的处理过程。

On the other hand, it's an open buffet, frankly,

另一方面，坦率地说， 它是一个被算法放大的

for rumors, opinions, emotions,

谣言、观点、情绪的

amplified by algorithms.

开放式自助餐。

Even quality newspapers mimic the codes of social networks on their websites.

甚至高质量的报纸在它们的网站上 都要模仿社交网络上的规则。

They highlight the 10 most read, the 10 most shared stories.

他们会标出十个最多人阅读的， 以及十个最多人分享的故事。

They should put forward the 10 most important stories.

但他们应该推出十个最重要的故事。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The media must not be intimidated by social media,

传统媒体一定不能被社交媒体吓倒，

and editors should stop being afraid of the angry mob.

而编辑们也应该不再害怕愤怒的暴徒。

(Applause)

（掌声）

We're not going to put up warnings the way we do on cigarette packs, are we?

我们不会像在香烟盒上 那样设立警示，对吗？

[Satire can hurt your feelings]

【讽刺作品会伤害你的感情】

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Come on.

拜托。

[Under your burkini you could be hiding a sex bomb]

【在你的布坚尼下可能藏着一颗性感炸弹】

Political cartoons are meant to provoke, just like opinions.

政治漫画意味着要激发比如说观点。

But before all, they are meant to be thought-provoking.

但首先，它们是能够引人深思的。

You feel hurt?

你感觉受到伤害？

Just let it go.

随它去吧。

You don't like it?

你不喜欢它？

Look the other way.

那就视而不见好了。

Freedom of expression is not incompatible with dialogue

言论自由跟对话以及互相倾听

and listening to each other.

并不矛盾。

But it is incompatible with intolerance.

但它跟偏狭是不相容的。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Let us not become our own censors in the name of political correctness.

让我们不要变得 因政治正确之名而自我审查。

We need to stand up, we need to push back,

我们需要站起来，我们需要反抗，

because if we don't, we will wake up tomorrow

因为如果我们不这样做，那么明天

in a sanitized world,

我们将在一个美化了的世界醒来，

where any form of satire and political cartooning becomes impossible.

在那里，任何的讽刺文学 和政治漫画都不可能存在。

Because, when political pressure meets political correctness,

因为当政治压力遇上政治正确，

freedom of speech perishes.

言论自由就消失了。

(Applause)

（掌声）

Do you remember January 2015?

还记得2015年1月吗？

With the massacre of journalists and cartoonists

通过发生在巴黎《查理周刊》的 针对记者和漫画家的

at "Charlie Hebdo" in Paris,

袭击事件，

we discovered the most extreme form of censorship:

我们发现最极端的审查禁言就是：

murder.

谋杀。

Remember how it felt.

记住那种感觉。

[Without humor we are all dead]

【失去了幽默我们就都是行尸走肉】

Whatever one thought of that satirical magazine,

不管人们对这本讽刺漫画杂志 有什么看法，

however one felt about those particular cartoons,

也不管人们对这幅漫画有什么感觉，

we all sensed that something fundamental was at stake,

我们都感觉到有些基本的 东西正处于危险当中，

that citizens of free societies -- actually, citizens of any society --

自由社会中的民众—— 事实上，任何社会中的民众——

need humor as much as the air we breathe.

都像需要空气一样需要幽默。

This is why the extremists,

这就是为什么极端主义分子、

the dictators, the autocrats and, frankly, all the ideologues of the world

专制独裁者，以及坦白地说， 所有意识形态的拥护者

cannot stand humor.

都忍受不了幽默。

In the insane world we live in right now,

我们现在生活的这个疯狂的世界，

we need political cartoons more than ever.

比任何时候都更需要政治漫画。

And we need humor.

同时我们需要幽默。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）