A free world needs satire | Patrick Chappatte

譯者: Lilian Chiu 審譯者: Amanda Chu

I've been a political cartoonist on the global stage for the last 20 years.

過去二十年來，我一直是 全球舞台上的政治漫畫家。

Hey, we have seen a lot of things happen in those 20 years.

在這二十年間， 我們看到很多事情發生。

We saw three different Catholic popes,

我們看到三任天主教教宗，

and we witnessed that unique moment:

我們也見證了那獨一無二的時刻：

the election of a pope on St. Peter's Square --

聖彼得廣場上的教宗選舉——

you know, the little white smoke

那一縷白煙

and the official announcement.

以及正式的宣告。

[It's a boy!]

〔是個男孩！〕（笑聲）

(Laughter)

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We saw four American presidents.

我們看到四任美國總統。

Obama, of course.

當然，其中有歐巴馬。

Oh, Europeans liked him a lot.

喔，歐洲人很喜歡他。

He was a multilateralist.

他是位多邊主義者。

He favored diplomacy.

他喜歡外交，他想和伊朗交朋友。

He wanted to be friends with Iran.

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And then ...

接著……

reality imitated caricature

在川普成為美國總統的那一天，

the day Donald Trump became the President of the United States of America.

現實也成了諷刺漫畫。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

(Applause)

（掌聲）

You know, people come to us and they say,

大家會來跟我們說：

"It's too easy for you cartoonists. I mean -- with people like Trump?"

「對你們漫畫家來說，

川普這種人是太容易描繪的素材。」

Well, no, it's not easy

不，要用諷刺漫畫

to caricature a man who is himself a caricature.

來畫一個本身就是 諷刺漫畫的人並不容易。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

No.

不。

(Applause)

（掌聲）（歡呼聲）

Populists are no easy target for satire

對諷刺作品來說， 民粹主義者不是簡單的素材，

because you try to nail them down one day,

今天你針對他們 努力畫出最貼切的作品，

and the next day, they outdo you.

隔天，他的行徑比你的漫畫還諷刺。

For example, as soon as he was elected,

比如，他一當選，

I tried to imagine the tweet that Trump would send on Christmas Eve.

我就試著想像川普 在聖誕夜時會發的推文，

So I did this, OK?

然後做了這件作品：

[Merry Christmas to all! Except all those pathetic losers. So sad.]

〔祝大家聖誕快樂！除了那些 可悲的魯蛇。真可憐。〕

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And basically, the next day, Trump tweeted this:

隔天，川普發了這樣的推文：

[Happy New Year to all, including to my many enemies

〔祝大家新年快樂， 包括我的許多敵人，

and those who have fought me and lost so badly

以及那些對抗我，然後慘輸到 不知如何是好的人。愛你們唷！〕

they just don't know what to do. Love!]

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It's the same!

跟我畫的基本上是一樣的！

(Applause)

（掌聲）

This is the era of strongmen.

這是鐵腕人物的時代。

And soon, Donald Trump was able to meet his personal hero, Vladimir Putin,

沒多久，川普就得以見到 他心中的英雄――俄羅斯總統普丁，

and this is how the first meeting went:

第一次會面的狀況是這樣的：

[I'll help you find the hackers. Give me your password.]

〔我會幫你找到駭客。 把你的密碼給我。〕

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And I'm not inventing anything.

我並沒有杜撰什麼。

He came out of that first meeting saying that the two of them had agreed

他結束了第一次會面之後，

說他們兩人同意合作來 針對網路安全成立專案小組。

on a joint task force on cybersecurity.

This is true, if you do remember.

是真的，如果你們記得。

Oh, who would have imagined the things we saw over these 20 years.

誰能想像得到我們 這二十年所看到的事情。

We saw Great Britain run towards a European Union exit.

我們看到了英國跑向歐盟的出口。

[Hard Brexit?]

〔很硬的脫歐出口？〕

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

In the Middle East, we believed for a while

有段時間我們還相信

in the democratic miracle of the Arab Spring.

中東會有阿拉伯之春的民主奇蹟。

We saw dictators fall, we saw others hang on.

我們看到一些獨裁者下台， 也看到有些人還在撐。

(Laughter)

〔阿薩德〕（笑聲）

And then there is the timeless Kim dynasty of North Korea.

接著，有北韓永遠的金家王朝。

These guys seem to be coming straight out of Cartoon Network.

這些人似乎是直接 從卡通頻道跑出來的。

I was blessed to be able to draw two of them.

我很有福，能夠畫到 他們家的兩個人。

Kim Jong-il, the father,

父親金正日，

when he died a few years ago, that was a very dangerous moment.

幾年前他過世時， 是個非常危險的時刻。

[That was close!]

〔好驚險！〕

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

That was --

那是——

(Applause)

（掌聲）

And then the son, Kim Jong-un,

接著，兒子金正恩，

proved himself a worthy successor to the throne.

他證明了自己是夠格的繼承者。

He's now friends with the US president.

現在他和美國總統是朋友。

They meet each other all the time, and they talk like friends.

他們常常見面，像朋友般交談。

[What kind of hair gel?]

〔哪種髮膠？〕

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Should we be surprised

我們應該要很訝異

to be living in a world

我們所居住的世界

ruled by egomaniacs?

是由自大狂所統治嗎？

What if they were just a reflection of ourselves?

如果他們只是 我們自己的一面鏡子呢？

I mean, look at us, each of us.

看看我們每個人。

（笑聲）

(Laughter)

〔「你」在地圖的中心〕

Yeah, we love our smartphones;

是的，我們愛我們的智慧手機；

we love our selfies;

我們愛我們的自拍照；

we love ourselves.

我們愛我們自己。

And thanks to Facebook, we have a lot of friends

因為臉書的功勞，我們有很多朋友，

all over the world.

遍及全世界。

Mark Zuckerberg is our friend.

馬克祖克柏是我們的朋友。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

〔通訊錄〕

You know, he and his peers in Silicon Valley

要知道，他和他在矽谷的同儕

are the kings and the emperors

是我們這個時代的國王和皇帝。

of our time.

Showing that the emperors have no clothes,

揭示出帝王沒有穿衣服

that's the task of satire, right?

就是諷刺的任務，對吧？

Speaking truth to power.

向有權力的人說出真相，

This has always been the historical role of political cartooning.

一直都是政治漫畫 所扮演的歷史角色。

In the 1830s, postrevolutionary France under King Louis Philippe,

1830 年代，大革命後的法國 在路易菲力普國王的統治下，

journalists and caricaturists fought hard for the freedom of the press.

記者和諷刺漫畫家 很努力爭取媒體的自由。

They were jailed, they were fined, but they prevailed.

他們被關、被罰錢，但他們勝利了。

And this caricature of the king by Daumier

杜米埃畫的這張國王諷刺漫畫

came to define the monarch.

定義了這個君王。

It marked history.

它成了歷史標記。

It became the timeless symbol of satire triumphing over autocracy.

它成了諷刺打敗獨裁的永久象徵。

Today, 200 years after Daumier,

現今，杜米埃時代的兩百年後，

are political cartoons at risk of disappearing?

政治漫畫是否有消失的風險？

Take this blank space on the front page of Turkish opposition newspaper "Cumhuriyet."

土耳其反對派報紙 《共和報》頭版的這塊空白

This is where Musa Kart's cartoon used to appear.

是姆薩卡爾特的漫畫專欄的版位。

In 2018, Musa Kart was sentenced to three years in jail.

2018 年，

姆薩卡爾特被判了三年徒刑。

For doing what?

原因是什麼？

For doing political cartoons in Erdoğan's Turkey.

因為他在艾爾多安 當土耳其總統期間畫政治漫畫。

Cartoonists from Venezuela, Russia, Syria have been forced into exile.

而來自委內瑞拉、俄國、 敘利亞的漫畫家則被迫流亡。

Look at this image.

看看這張圖。

It seems so innocent, right?

看起來很無害吧？

Yet it is so provocative.

但它很有挑撥性。

When he posted this image,

當漢尼阿巴斯刊出這張圖時，

Hani Abbas knew it would change his life.

他知道他的人生會因此改變。

It was in 2012, and the Syrians were taking to the streets.

那年是 2012 年， 敘利亞人民走上街頭。

Of course, the little red flower is the symbol of the Syrian revolution.

當然，這朵小紅花

是敘利亞革命的象徵。

So pretty soon, the regime was after him,

很快的，政權便找上他，

and he had to flee the country.

他得要逃出國。

A good friend of his, cartoonist Akram Raslan,

他的一位好友， 漫畫家阿克拉姆拉斯蘭，

didn't make it out of Syria.

沒有逃出敘利亞。

He died under torture.

他被刑求至死。

In the United States of America recently,

最近，美國的一些頂尖的漫畫家，

some of the very top cartoonists, like Nick Anderson and Rob Rogers --

像是尼克安德森和羅布羅傑斯――

this is a cartoon by Rob --

這是羅布的漫畫——

[Memorial Day 2018. (on tombstone) Truth. Honor. Rule of Law.]

〔2018 陣亡將士紀念日。 （墓碑上）真相．榮譽．法治〕

他們丟了工作，

they lost their positions

因為他們的出版商覺得 他們的作品太過批判川普。

because their publishers found their work too critical of Trump.

And the same happened to Canadian cartoonist Michael de Adder.

加拿大漫畫家邁克爾德阿德 也遇到同樣的事。

Hey, maybe we should start worrying.

也許我們應該要開始擔心。

Political cartoons were born with democracy,

政治漫畫和民主一起誕生，

and they are challenged when freedom is.

當自由受到挑戰時， 它們也受到挑戰。

You know, over the years,

這些年來，

with the Cartooning for Peace Foundation and other initiatives,

隨著「為和平畫漫畫基金會」 及其他發起的活動，

Kofi Annan -- this is not well known -- he was the honorary chair

出現了像科菲安南這樣的人物，

大家可能不熟悉， 他是我們基金會的榮譽主席。

of our foundation,

the late Kofi Annan, Nobel Peace Laureate.

已故的科菲安南， 諾貝爾和平獎得主，

He was a great defender of cartoons.

是漫畫的偉大捍衛者。

Or, on the board of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists,

「美國報刊漫畫家協會」董事會上，

we have advocated on behalf of jailed, threatened, fired, exiled cartoonists.

我們也為受到監禁、威脅、 開除、驅逐的漫畫家發聲。

But I never saw a case of someone losing his job

但我從來沒有看過

有人因為他沒有畫的漫畫 而丟了工作。

over a cartoon he didn't do.

Well, that happened to me.

那就發生在我身上。

For the last 20 years, I have been with the "International Herald Tribune"

過去二十年，

我都在為《國際紐約時報》 及《紐約時報》工作，

and the "New York Times."

Then something happened.

接著，發生了一件事。

In April 2019,

2019 年四月，

a cartoon by a famous Portuguese cartoonist,

一位知名葡萄牙漫畫家畫的漫畫，

which was first published in a newspaper "El Expresso" in Lisbon,

最先在里斯本的《快報》刊出，

was picked by an editor at the "New York Times"

《紐約時報》的一位編輯選中它，

and reprinted in the international editions.

將它轉載到國際版上。

This thing blew up.

這件事鬧大了。

It was denounced as anti-Semitic,

這則漫畫被譴責為有反猶太意味，

triggered widespread outrage,

觸發了眾怒，

apologies

《紐約時報》道歉， 並做了很多損害控制。

and a lot of damage control by the Times.

A month after, my editor told me

一個月後，我的編輯告訴我，

they were ending political cartoons altogether.

他們要把政治漫畫也一併結束。

So we could, and we should, have a discussion about that cartoon.

所以我們可以，也應該 討論一下那張漫畫。

Some people say it reminds them of the worst anti-Semitic propaganda.

有些人說，那張漫畫讓他們 想起了最糟糕的反猶太宣傳。

Others, including in Israel,

其他人，包括以色列，

say no, it's just a harsh criticism of Trump,

都說不，那只是 對川普的嚴厲批判，

who is shown as blindly following the Prime Minister of Israel.

漫畫中的他盲目地 跟隨著以色列首相。

I have some issues with this cartoon,

我對這漫畫有點意見，

but that discussion did not happen at the "New York Times."

但《紐約時報》並沒有 進行那樣的討論。

Under attack, they took the easiest path:

在攻擊之下，他們選了 最好走的那條路：

in order to not have problems with political cartoons in the future,

為了在未來不要再碰到 政治漫畫的問題，

let's not have any at all.

乾脆全面取消政治漫畫。

Hey, this is new.

嘿，這是新招。

Did we just invent preventive self-censorship?

我們發明了預防性自我審查嗎？

I think this is bigger than cartoons.

我認為這議題比漫畫更大。

This is about opinion and journalism.

這是和意見及新聞有關的議題，

This, in the end, is about democracy.

到頭來，就等於是民主的議題。

We now live in a world

現在我們所居住的世界

where moralistic mobs gather on social media

有滿口仁義道德的暴民 在社群媒體上聚集，

and rise like a storm.

像暴風一樣興起。

The most outraged voices tend to define the conversation,

最憤怒的聲音得以主導談話內容，

and the angry crowd follows in.

生氣的群眾接著跟進。

These social media mobs,

這些社群媒體暴民，

sometimes fueled by interest groups,

有時還有利益團體從旁推一把，

fall upon newsrooms in an overwhelming blow.

他們猛力攻擊新聞編輯部，

They send publishers and editors scrambling for countermeasures.

出版者和主編 因而手忙腳亂地拼湊對策，

This leaves no room for meaningful discussions.

沒有留下任何空間 來做有意義的討論。

Twitter is a place for fury, not for debate.

推特是用來發洩怒氣的空間， 不是用來辯論。

And you know what?

且，你們知道嗎？

Someone described pretty well our human condition in this noisy age.

有人把這個吵鬧時代的 人類境況描述得相當好。

You know who?

知道是誰嗎？

Shakespeare, 400 years ago.

四百年前的莎士比亞。

["(Life is) a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing."]

〔（人生是）一個白痴講述的故事， 喧嚷而憤怒，沒半點意義。〕

This speaks to me. Shakespeare is still very relevant, no?

這我有同感。莎士比亞 仍然非常重要，對吧？

But the world has changed a bit.

但世界有點改變了。

[Too long!]

〔太長了！〕

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

It's true.

是真的。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

You know, social media is both a blessing and a curse for cartoons.

對漫畫來說，社群媒體 既是祝福也是詛咒。

This is the era of the image, so they get shared, they get viral,

這是影像的時代，所以漫畫 會被分享、會被瘋傳，

but that also makes them a prime target.

但它們也因此成為主要的箭靶。

More than often, the real target behind the cartoon

漫畫背後的真正箭靶，

is the media that published it.

經常是出版漫畫的媒體。

[Covering Iraq? No, Trump!]

〔報導伊拉克？不，川普！〕

That relationship between traditional media and social media

傳統媒體和社群媒體之間的關係

is a funny one.

是很有趣的。

On one hand, you have the time-consuming process

一方面，有一個很花時間的過程，

of information, verification, curation.

收集資訊、驗證、彙整。

On the other hand, it's an open buffet, frankly,

另一方面，坦白說， 它就像是開放的自助餐，

for rumors, opinions, emotions,

有謠言、意見、情緒，

amplified by algorithms.

被電腦演算法的設計給放大。

Even quality newspapers mimic the codes of social networks on their websites.

就算是有品質的報紙，

也會在它們的網站上 模仿社群網路的程式碼。

They highlight the 10 most read, the 10 most shared stories.

它們會強調出最熱門、 最多人分享的前十名報導。

They should put forward the 10 most important stories.

它們應該要擺出來的是 最重要的前十名報導才對。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

The media must not be intimidated by social media,

媒體不能被社群媒體給威嚇到，

and editors should stop being afraid of the angry mob.

編輯應該停止害怕憤怒的暴民。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

We're not going to put up warnings the way we do on cigarette packs, are we?

我們不會像香菸在外包裝上 印上警語，對吧？

[Satire can hurt your feelings]

〔諷刺可能會傷到你的感受〕

(Laughter)

（笑聲）拜託。

Come on.

[Under your burkini you could be hiding a sex bomb]

〔在你的比基尼底下， 你可能藏了一個性感炸彈〕

Political cartoons are meant to provoke, just like opinions.

政治漫畫的本意就在挑釁， 就像是一種意見的表達；

But before all, they are meant to be thought-provoking.

但重要的是，它是要讓人們思考。

You feel hurt?

你覺得很受傷嗎？讓它去吧。

Just let it go.

You don't like it?

你不喜歡它嗎？

Look the other way.

把頭轉開。

Freedom of expression is not incompatible with dialogue

自由的表達

並不會和對話及傾聽彼此 有不相容之處。

and listening to each other.

But it is incompatible with intolerance.

但它和狹隘的包容心就不相容。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Let us not become our own censors in the name of political correctness.

我們不要以政治正確性之名，

成為我們自己的審查員。

We need to stand up, we need to push back,

我們得要站出來，我們得要反抗，

because if we don't, we will wake up tomorrow

若我們不這麼做，明早醒來時， 面對的會是一個被消毒的世界，，

in a sanitized world,

where any form of satire and political cartooning becomes impossible.

在這個世界中，任何形式的 諷刺作品和政治漫畫都不復存在。

Because, when political pressure meets political correctness,

因為，當政治壓力碰上政治正確性，

freedom of speech perishes.

言論自由就會被消滅。

(Applause)

（掌聲）

Do you remember January 2015?

大家還記得 2015 年一月嗎？

With the massacre of journalists and cartoonists

巴黎《查理週刊》的 記者及漫畫家屠殺事件。

at "Charlie Hebdo" in Paris,

we discovered the most extreme form of censorship:

這是審查制度最極端形式的表現：

murder.

謀殺。

Remember how it felt.

將那個感覺銘記在心。

[Without humor we are all dead]

〔沒有幽默，我們都等於死了〕

Whatever one thought of that satirical magazine,

不論大家對那諷刺雜誌 有什麼看法，

however one felt about those particular cartoons,

不論大家對那些漫畫 有什麼樣的感受，

we all sensed that something fundamental was at stake,

我們都能感覺到，有某種 很根本的東西在危急關頭，

that citizens of free societies -- actually, citizens of any society --

自由社會的公民， 甚或任何社會的公民，

need humor as much as the air we breathe.

需要幽默就如同 需要呼吸空氣一樣。

This is why the extremists,

這就是為什麼極端主義者、 獨裁者、專制君主，

the dictators, the autocrats and, frankly, all the ideologues of the world

以及，坦白說， 世上所有的意識形態主義者，

cannot stand humor.

無法忍受幽默。

In the insane world we live in right now,

在我們現在所居住的瘋狂世界中，

we need political cartoons more than ever.

我們比以往都更需要政治漫畫。

And we need humor.

我們需要幽默。

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）