请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员: Shiwen He
校对人员: Nova Upinel Altesse
00:13
I feel so fortunate that my first job
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我很幸运,我的第一份工作
00:15
was working at the Museum of Modern Art
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是在现代艺术博物馆里,
00:18
on a retrospective of painter Elizabeth Murray.
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给画家伊丽莎白·默里办一个回顾展。
00:21
I learned so much from her.
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我从她那里学到很多。
00:23
After the curator Robert Storr
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在馆长罗伯特·斯托
00:25
selected all the paintings
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从她一生的作品中
00:27
from her lifetime body of work,
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选取了画作之后,
00:30
I loved looking at the paintings from the 1970s.
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我爱上了欣赏这些 20 世纪 70 年代的画作。
00:33
There were some motifs and elements
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在她生命的后期,
00:36
that would come up again later in her life.
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一些主题和元素得到重现。
00:39
I remember asking her
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我记得自己问她,
00:41
what she thought of those early works.
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她对那些早期作品的想法是什么。
00:43
If you didn't know they were hers,
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如果人们起先不知道,
00:45
you might not have been able to guess.
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也许就猜不到这些是她的作品了。
00:47
She told me that a few didn't quite meet
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她告诉我,一些作品并没有
00:50
her own mark for what she wanted them to be.
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达到她所希望的水准。
00:54
One of the works, in fact,
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其中一幅,事实上,
00:55
so didn't meet her mark,
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远没有满足她的要求,
00:57
she had set it out in the trash in her studio,
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她把它扔进了公寓的垃圾箱里,
01:00
and her neighbor had taken it
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之后被她的邻居拿走了,
01:02
because she saw its value.
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因为她看到了其中的价值。
01:04
In that moment, my view of success
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在那一刻,我对成功和创新的
01:07
and creativity changed.
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想法改变了。
01:10
I realized that success is a moment,
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我意识到成功是一个瞬间,
01:13
but what we're always celebrating
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然而我们总是在庆祝
01:15
is creativity and mastery.
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创新和卓越。
01:19
But this is the thing: What gets us to convert success
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问题来了:我们如何将一次成功
01:22
into mastery?
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转化为卓越的成就呢?
01:24
This is a question I've long asked myself.
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这个问题我已经问了自己很久。
01:27
I think it comes when we start to value
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我想这个转换在于我们开始
01:30
the gift of a near win.
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重视每一次 “差一点的成功”。
01:33
I started to understand this when I went
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我是这样开始理解这一点的:
01:36
on one cold May day
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那是一个寒冷的五月天,
01:38
to watch a set of varsity archers,
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我在曼哈顿的北角,
01:40
all women as fate would have it,
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哥伦比亚大学的贝克田径综合楼里,
01:42
at the northern tip of Manhattan
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观看校队弓箭手比赛,
01:45
at Columbia's Baker Athletics Complex.
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碰巧的是选手全是女性。
01:48
I wanted to see what's called archer's paradox,
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我很想看看所谓的 “弓箭手悖论”,
01:52
the idea that in order to actually hit your target,
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就是说,为了击中目标,
01:54
you have to aim at something slightly skew from it.
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你必须在瞄准时稍微偏离目标。
01:59
I stood and watched as the coach
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我站在那里,看到教练
02:01
drove up these women in this gray van,
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把那些女生用灰色的卡车送过去,
02:04
and they exited with this kind of relaxed focus.
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然后她们离开,神情自若,
02:07
One held a half-eaten ice cream cone in one hand
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有个人的右手还拿着一个
吃了一半的甜筒冰淇淋,
02:09
and arrows in the left with yellow fletching.
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左手拿着黄色箭羽的箭。
02:12
And they passed me and smiled,
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她们笑着从我身边走过,
02:15
but they sized me up as they
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不过她们走向场地的时候
02:16
made their way to the turf,
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打量了我一下,
02:18
and spoke to each other not with words
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她们不出声地彼此交流,
02:20
but with numbers, degrees, I thought,
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我猜是用数字、角度之类
02:23
positions for how they might plan
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来谈论她们可能计划好的
02:24
to hit their target.
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射击位置。
02:26
I stood behind one archer as her coach
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我当时站在一个弓箭手后面,
02:29
stood in between us to maybe assess
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她的教练站在我们中间,
02:31
who might need support, and watched her,
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可能是看看谁需要支撑,还有照看她,
02:33
and I didn't understand how even one
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我甚至不知道怎么样
02:35
was going to hit the ten ring.
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才能击中十环。
02:38
The ten ring from the standard 75-yard distance,
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十环在 75 码之外,
02:41
it looks as small as a matchstick tip
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看上去和一臂以外的火柴头
02:44
held out at arm's length.
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一般大小,
02:46
And this is while holding 50 pounds of draw weight
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而且每次发射都要发力 50 磅。
02:49
on each shot.
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而且每次发射都要发力 50 磅。
02:52
She first hit a seven, I remember, and then a nine,
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那个弓箭手第一次射中了 7 环,
我记得接下来是个 9 环,
02:55
and then two tens,
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然后是 2 个十环,
02:56
and then the next arrow
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接下来的那支箭
02:57
didn't even hit the target.
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甚至没有射到靶上。
02:59
And I saw that gave her more tenacity,
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我看出这些使她更有韧性了,
03:01
and she went after it again and again.
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她一次又一次地射箭。
03:04
For three hours this went on.
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三小时就这样过去了。
03:07
At the end of the practice, one of the archers
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在练习的最后,其中一个弓箭手
03:09
was so taxed that she lied out on the ground
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精疲力竭地躺在地上,
03:12
just star-fished,
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像只海星,
03:14
her head looking up at the sky,
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她仰头望天,
03:16
trying to find what T.S. Eliot might call
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试图寻找艾略特所说的
(T.S.Eliot:诗人,1948 年诺贝尔文学奖得主)
03:19
that still point of the turning world.
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转动不息的世界里的静止点。
03:22
It's so rare in American culture,
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在美国文化里,这种现象很少见。
03:25
there's so little that's vocational about it anymore,
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已经很少有如此专业的事情,
03:28
to look at what doggedness looks like
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看上去这么傻,
03:30
with this level of exactitude,
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还要如此精确。
03:32
what it means to align your body posture
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这意味着你要摆好姿势,
03:35
for three hours in order to hit a target,
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坚持 3 个小时去射击一个目标,
03:38
pursuing a kind of excellence in obscurity.
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在一片模糊中追寻卓越。
03:42
But I stayed because I realized I was witnessing
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我留下来,是因为自己亲眼目睹了
03:44
what's so rare to glimpse,
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这难得的瞬间:
03:47
that difference between success and mastery.
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成功和卓越的区别。
03:50
So success is hitting that ten ring,
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所以说,成功是打中十环,
03:53
but mastery is knowing that it means nothing
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然而卓越是你懂得:
03:55
if you can't do it again and again.
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如果不去一次次地尝试,就会一无所得。
03:59
Mastery is not just the same as excellence, though.
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但是,卓越和优异不尽相同,
04:02
It's not the same as success,
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也和成功不一样,
04:04
which I see as an event,
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成功在我看来是一次事件,
04:07
a moment in time,
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一个时刻,
04:08
and a label that the world confers upon you.
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一个世界赋予你的标签。
04:11
Mastery is not a commitment to a goal
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卓越不是对某个目标的承诺,
04:15
but to a constant pursuit.
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而是一个持续的追求。
04:17
What gets us to do this,
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而让我们不断追求,
04:19
what get us to forward thrust more
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能把我们推得更远的方法,
04:22
is to value the near win.
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就是重视 “差一点的胜利”
04:26
How many times have we designated something
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有多少次我们将一些作品
04:28
a classic, a masterpiece even,
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定义为经典之作,甚至是大师级作品,
04:31
while its creator considers it hopelessly unfinished,
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即使作者认为它根本无望完成,
04:34
riddled with difficulties and flaws,
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充满了困难和瑕疵,
04:36
in other words, a near win?
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换言之,是一个 “差一点的成功” ?
04:39
Elizabeth Murray surprised me
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伊丽莎白·默里让我感到惊讶,
04:41
with her admission about her earlier paintings.
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她接受了自己早期的画作。
04:45
Painter Paul Cézanne so often
thought his works were incomplete
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画家保罗·塞尚经常认为
他的作品不够完善,
04:48
that he would deliberately leave them aside
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他会故意把它们丢在一边,
04:50
with the intention of picking them back up again,
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心里想着一会再捡回来。
04:53
but at the end of his life,
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然而到了他生命的终点,
04:54
the result was that he had only signed
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结果就是他只在 10% 的
04:56
10 percent of his paintings.
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画作上签了名。
04:59
His favorite novel was "The [Unknown]
Masterpiece" by Honoré de Balzac,
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塞尚最喜欢的小说
是巴尔扎克的《不为人知的杰作》,
05:03
and he felt the protagonist was the painter himself.
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他觉得自己就是那个画家主角。
05:09
Franz Kafka saw incompletion
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弗兰兹·卡夫卡能看到缺点,
05:11
when others would find only works to praise,
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而其他人只找到赞美的作品,
05:14
so much so that he wanted all of his diaries,
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以至于他想把他所有的日记、
05:17
manuscripts, letters and even sketches
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手稿、信件和草稿,
05:19
burned upon his death.
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死后全部焚烧。
05:21
His friend refused to honor the request,
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他的朋友拒绝这样做,
05:24
and because of that, we now have all the works
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正因如此,我们现在还有这些
05:25
we now do by Kafka:
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卡夫卡的作品:
05:27
"America," "The Trial" and "The Castle,"
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《亚美利加》、《审判》、《城堡》,
05:31
a work so incomplete it even stops mid-sentence.
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这个作品不完整到有破句。
05:34
The pursuit of mastery, in other words,
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对卓越的追求,换句话说,
05:37
is an ever-onward almost.
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几乎是要不断向前的。
05:41
"Lord, grant that I desire
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“神啊,您赐给我的欲望
05:43
more than I can accomplish,"
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超过了我的能力。“
05:46
Michelangelo implored,
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米开朗基罗这样祷告,
05:47
as if to that Old Testament God on the Sistine Chapel,
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对着西斯廷教堂穹顶上的旧约之神,
05:51
and he himself was that Adam
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他自己变成了亚当,
05:52
with his finger outstretched
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向前伸出手指
05:54
and not quite touching that God's hand.
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却无法碰触到神的手。
05:59
Mastery is in the reaching, not the arriving.
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卓越是追求的过程,而不是结果。
06:03
It's in constantly wanting to close that gap
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它要持续不断地缩小
06:06
between where you are and where you want to be.
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现实的自己和理想的自己
之间的差距。
06:11
Mastery is about sacrificing for your craft
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卓越是为自己的才华而做出牺牲,
06:14
and not for the sake of crafting your career.
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而不是为了开发自己的事业。
06:18
How many inventors and untold entrepreneurs
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有多少发明家和无名的企业家们
06:21
live out this phenomenon?
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在现实中印证了这一现象?
06:24
We see it even in the life
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我们甚至能看到
06:25
of the indomitable Arctic explorer Ben Saunders,
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不屈不挠的北极探险家本·桑德斯,
06:28
who tells me that his triumphs
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他跟我说起自己的辉煌
06:30
are not merely the result
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不仅仅是一次
06:32
of a grand achievement,
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伟大成功的结果。
06:34
but of the propulsion of a lineage of near wins.
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而是由一系列 “差一点的成功” 推动的。
06:39
We thrive when we stay at our own leading edge.
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当我们处于领先优势时,
我们就能成长。
06:42
It's a wisdom understood by Duke Ellington,
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艾灵顿公爵领悟了这一智慧,
(Duke Ellington(1899–1974年),
美国著名作曲家、钢琴家、乐队队长。)
06:45
who said that his favorite song out of his repertoire
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他说在自己的作品中,最喜欢的
06:48
was always the next one,
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永远是下一首。
06:50
always the one he had yet to compose.
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永远是他还没有写好的那首。
06:54
Part of the reason that the near win
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差一点的胜利是卓越的内涵,
06:56
is inbuilt to mastery
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一部分是因为
06:58
is because the greater our proficiency,
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我们做事越熟练,就越清楚地知道:
07:00
the more clearly we might see
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我们并不完全了解
07:03
that we don't know all that we thought we did.
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那些我们自认为了解的事物。
07:06
It's called the Dunning–Kruger effect.
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这被称为 “达克效应”。
(Dunning–Kruger effect)
07:08
The Paris Review got it out of James Baldwin
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《巴黎评论》采访詹姆斯·鲍德温时,
( James Baldwin:美国当代著名小说家、
散文家、戏剧家和社会评论家)
07:11
when they asked him,
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他的回应正是如此。他被问道:
07:12
"What do you think increases with knowledge?"
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“您认为是什么增加了知识?”
07:15
and he said, "You learn how little you know."
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他回答说:“知道的越少,学到的越多。”
07:20
Success motivates us, but a near win
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成功激励我们,然而 “差一点儿成功”
07:22
can propel us in an ongoing quest.
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能推动我们不断追寻。
07:25
One of the most vivid examples of this comes
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最生动的例子之一,就是
07:27
when we look at the difference
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当奥运比赛结束时,
07:29
between Olympic silver medalists
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我们观察银牌获得者
07:31
and bronze medalists after a competition.
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和铜牌获得者之间的差距。
07:34
Thomas Gilovich and his team from Cornell
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托马斯·季洛维奇和他在康奈尔大学的团队
07:36
studied this difference and found
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研究了银牌和铜牌获得者的情绪差别。
07:39
that the frustration silver medalists feel
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他们发现银牌获得者相对沮丧,
07:41
compared to bronze, who are typically a bit
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而铜牌获得者通常更开心一点,
07:43
more happy to have just not received fourth place
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因为他们没有拿到第四名,
07:46
and not medaled at all,
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总比没有奖牌的强。
07:47
gives silver medalists a focus
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在后续的比赛中
07:49
on follow-up competition.
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集中关注银牌获得者。
07:52
We see it even in the gambling industry
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我们发现甚至在博彩界,
07:54
that once picked up on this phenomenon
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那里从前就深谙 “差点就成功”
07:56
of the near win
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这一现象。
07:57
and created these scratch-off tickets
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“刮刮乐”类型的彩票被创造出来,
08:00
that had a higher than average rate of near wins
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这些彩票可能的中奖率超过平均数,
08:03
and so compelled people to buy more tickets
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这样会促使人们去买更多的彩票,
08:06
that they were called heart-stoppers,
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这些人被称作 "心脏骤停者" ,
08:08
and were set on a gambling industry set of abuses
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这些博彩界的滥用手法发生在
08:11
in Britain in the 1970s.
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1970 年代的英国。
08:14
The reason the near win has a propulsion
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差一点的成功之所以有推动力,
08:16
is because it changes our view of the landscape
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是因为它改变了我们观察的角度,
08:19
and puts our goals, which we tend to put
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同时,把我们的目标
08:22
at a distance, into more proximate vicinity
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从我们认为的那个距离
08:25
to where we stand.
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拉近到我们所在的地方。
08:26
If I ask you to envision what a
great day looks like next week,
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如果我请你想象
下周一个美好的日子,
08:30
you might describe it in more general terms.
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你可能会更笼统地描述。
08:33
But if I ask you to describe a
great day at TED tomorrow,
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然而,如果我请你描述一下
明天在 TED ,美好的一天是什么样的,
08:37
you might describe it with granular, practical clarity.
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你也许会说得很清晰又真实。
08:40
And this is what a near win does.
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这就是 “差一点的成功” 做到的。
08:42
It gets us to focus on what, right now,
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它能让我们集中注意力在当下的计划,
08:45
we plan to do to address that mountain in our sights.
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去处理我们目之所及的那座大山。
08:49
It's Jackie Joyner-Kersee, who in 1984
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杰西·乔伊娜-柯西 (Joyner-Kersee)
在1984 年
08:53
missed taking the gold in the heptathlon
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2006
以三分之一秒的差距
08:55
by one third of a second,
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和七项全能金牌失之交臂,
08:57
and her husband predicted that would give her
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她的丈夫预测说,这个经历会带给她
08:59
the tenacity she needed in follow-up competition.
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在后续比赛中所需要的韧性。
09:03
In 1988, she won the gold in the heptathlon
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1988 年,她获得了七项全能金牌,
09:06
and set a record of 7,291 points,
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并刷新了 7291 分的记录,
09:10
a score that no athlete has come very close to since.
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之前从未有运动员能接近这个分数。
09:15
We thrive not when we've done it all,
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我们不是在一切完工之后再突破,
09:18
but when we still have more to do.
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而是当我们还有更多作为的时候。
09:21
I stand here thinking and wondering
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我站在这里思索和想象
09:24
about all the different ways
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每一种方法,让我们有可能
09:25
that we might even manufacture a near win
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在这个房间里完成哪怕一项
09:28
in this room,
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差一点的成功。
09:29
how your lives might play this out,
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你的生命可能如何去实现这一切,
09:31
because I think on some gut level we do know this.
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因为我想,潜意识里我们确实知道。
09:36
We know that we thrive when we stay
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我们知道当我们处于领先地位时,
09:37
at our own leading edge,
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我们就能迅速成长,
09:39
and it's why the deliberate incomplete
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这就是为什么在创新的神话里
09:41
is inbuilt into creation myths.
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蕴含了有意识的未完成。
09:44
In Navajo culture, some craftsmen and women
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在纳瓦霍文明中,一些男女工匠
09:46
would deliberately put an imperfection
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会故意在纺织品和陶瓷上
09:49
in textiles and ceramics.
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留下一点缺陷。
09:51
It's what's called a spirit line,
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这被称为 “精神之线” ,
09:53
a deliberate flaw in the pattern
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在花样上有意留下缺陷,
09:55
to give the weaver or maker a way out,
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不去太苛求纺织工和制陶工人,
09:58
but also a reason to continue making work.
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同时也是为了
让制作过程得以继续下去。
10:03
Masters are not experts because they take
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大师之所以是专家,并不是因为
10:05
a subject to its conceptual end.
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他们完结了某个学科的概念。
10:08
They're masters because they realize
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而是因为他们意识到
10:09
that there isn't one.
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终点并不存在。
10:12
Now it occurred to me, as I thought about this,
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如今当我想到这些,我明白了
10:15
why the archery coach
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为什么在那场练习的最后,
10:17
told me at the end of that practice,
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在队员听不见的地方,
10:19
out of earshot of his archers,
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射箭队教练告诉我,
10:21
that he and his colleagues never feel
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1977
他和他的同事们总是觉得
10:23
they can do enough for their team,
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为队伍做的还是不够。
10:25
never feel there are enough visualization techniques
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总觉得还有更多的视觉技巧、
10:28
and posture drills to help them overcome
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姿势训练可以帮助她们去克服
10:31
those constant near wins.
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那些连续的 “差一点的成功” 。
10:33
It didn't sound like a complaint, exactly,
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这听上去真不像什么抱怨,
10:36
but just a way to let me know,
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而是为了让我明白,
10:38
a kind of tender admission,
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一种软性的承认,
10:40
to remind me that he knew
he was giving himself over
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提示我,他知道自己全身心地投入了
10:43
to a voracious, unfinished path
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这条没有止境的征程,
10:46
that always required more.
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这条路还在不停地延伸。
10:49
We build out of the unfinished idea,
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我们挖掘未完成的想法,
10:52
even if that idea is our former self.
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即使它们就是过去的自己。
10:57
This is the dynamic of mastery.
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这就是卓越的动态优化。
11:00
Coming close to what you thought you wanted
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不断接近你心中想要的东西,
11:03
can help you attain more than you ever dreamed
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可以帮助你获得比你一度梦想的
11:06
you could.
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还要多的东西。
11:07
It's what I have to imagine Elizabeth Murray
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当我看到有一天,伊丽莎白·默里
11:10
was thinking when I saw her smiling
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2015
对着画廊里她的早期画作
11:12
at those early paintings one day
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微笑的时候,
11:14
in the galleries.
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我想她一定也是这么想的。
11:17
Even if we created utopias, I believe
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虽然我们创作出了乌托邦,
11:20
we would still have the incomplete.
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我相信我仍旧有未完成的追求。
11:23
Completion is a goal,
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完满是一种目标,
11:25
but we hope it is never the end.
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但我们希望它永无止境。
11:29
Thank you.
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谢谢大家。
11:32
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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