請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。
譯者: Chen He
審譯者: Fanny Shen
00:13
I feel so fortunate that my first job
0
13506
2202
我十分慶倖自己的第一份工作
00:15
was working at the Museum of Modern Art
1
15708
2432
是在現代藝術博物館
00:18
on a retrospective of painter Elizabeth Murray.
2
18140
3454
當時正在籌備伊莉莎白•默里
(美國畫家)的回顧展
00:21
I learned so much from her.
3
21594
2386
她讓我受益匪淺
00:23
After the curator Robert Storr
4
23980
1768
在館長羅伯特•斯托
00:25
selected all the paintings
5
25748
1519
從默里的畢生心血中
00:27
from her lifetime body of work,
6
27267
2752
精心挑選出所有展品後
00:30
I loved looking at the paintings from the 1970s.
7
30019
3642
我總愛欣賞她創作於
二十世紀七十年代的畫作
00:33
There were some motifs and elements
8
33661
2556
其中的一些主題和元素
00:36
that would come up again later in her life.
9
36217
3506
未來都將反映到她的後期創作中
00:39
I remember asking her
10
39723
1639
我記得我問過她
00:41
what she thought of those early works.
11
41362
2558
對自己的早期作品有何看法
00:43
If you didn't know they were hers,
12
43920
1464
若非事先所知
00:45
you might not have been able to guess.
13
45384
2570
恐怕你無論如何也猜不到
那些作品出自她之手
00:47
She told me that a few didn't quite meet
14
47954
2923
她告訴我其中有幾幅
00:50
her own mark for what she wanted them to be.
15
50877
3607
並未如她所願展現出個人風格
00:54
One of the works, in fact,
16
54484
1429
實際上
00:55
so didn't meet her mark,
17
55913
1521
有一幅甚至令她大失所望
00:57
she had set it out in the trash in her studio,
18
57434
2972
以至於被扔進了畫室的垃圾桶
01:00
and her neighbor had taken it
19
60406
1841
但她的鄰居卻撿了去
01:02
because she saw its value.
20
62247
2570
因為她看到了其中的價值
01:04
In that moment, my view of success
21
64817
2949
聽到這裡,我對成功和創造力的看法
01:07
and creativity changed.
22
67766
2516
發生了改變
01:10
I realized that success is a moment,
23
70282
2888
我意識到成功只屬於片刻
01:13
but what we're always celebrating
24
73170
1936
而始終為人們所稱道的
01:15
is creativity and mastery.
25
75106
4008
則是創造力和掌控力
01:19
But this is the thing: What gets us to convert success
26
79114
3637
但問題在於:如何將成功
01:22
into mastery?
27
82751
2229
轉化為一種掌控力?
01:24
This is a question I've long asked myself.
28
84980
2791
對此我思慮良久
01:27
I think it comes when we start to value
29
87771
2581
我想轉化的關鍵在於
01:30
the gift of a near win.
30
90352
3592
認識到垂成(接近成功)的價值
01:33
I started to understand this when I went
31
93944
2195
我開始明白這一點時
是在一個五一節
01:36
on one cold May day
32
96139
1983
那天天氣寒冷
01:38
to watch a set of varsity archers,
33
98122
2551
我前往觀看一支
大學射箭代表隊訓練
01:40
all women as fate would have it,
34
100673
2297
她們恰巧都是女生
01:42
at the northern tip of Manhattan
35
102970
2080
訓練場地在曼哈頓北端
01:45
at Columbia's Baker Athletics Complex.
36
105050
3419
哥倫比亞大學的貝克爾運動綜合中心
01:48
I wanted to see what's called archer's paradox,
37
108469
3669
當時我想見識一下所謂的“弓箭手悖論”
01:52
the idea that in order to actually hit your target,
38
112138
2831
即“必須瞄準稍稍偏離靶心的目標
01:54
you have to aim at something slightly skew from it.
39
114969
4442
才能正中靶心”的說法
01:59
I stood and watched as the coach
40
119411
1993
我站在一旁
02:01
drove up these women in this gray van,
41
121404
2714
只見教練開著灰色的
貨車載著姑娘們到場
02:04
and they exited with this kind of relaxed focus.
42
124118
2978
她們漫不經心地鑽出了車
02:07
One held a half-eaten ice cream cone in one hand
43
127096
2894
有個女生右手握著吃了一半的甜筒
02:09
and arrows in the left with yellow fletching.
44
129990
2517
左手拿著帶黃色箭羽的箭
02:12
And they passed me and smiled,
45
132507
2683
她們微笑著從我身邊經過
02:15
but they sized me up as they
46
135190
1800
但在前往靶場的時候
02:16
made their way to the turf,
47
136990
1619
她們打量了我一番
02:18
and spoke to each other not with words
48
138609
1754
並且一邊通過手勢而不是對話
02:20
but with numbers, degrees, I thought,
49
140363
2717
向同伴給出數位、角度、位置等資訊
02:23
positions for how they might plan
50
143080
1298
我想她們是在交流
02:24
to hit their target.
51
144378
2533
如何命中靶心的方法
02:26
I stood behind one archer as her coach
52
146911
2383
我站在一名弓箭手的後面
02:29
stood in between us to maybe assess
53
149294
2022
她的教練站在我們中間
02:31
who might need support, and watched her,
54
151316
2457
可能在觀察誰需要幫助
02:33
and I didn't understand how even one
55
153773
2087
教練看著她
02:35
was going to hit the ten ring.
56
155860
2851
我甚至無法想像
怎樣才能射中靶心的10環
02:38
The ten ring from the standard 75-yard distance,
57
158711
2648
靶心的距離足有75碼遠
02:41
it looks as small as a matchstick tip
58
161359
2910
看起來就和距離
02:44
held out at arm's length.
59
164269
2097
一臂之遠的火柴頭一樣小
02:46
And this is while holding 50 pounds of draw weight
60
166366
3279
而且每次開弓時
02:49
on each shot.
61
169645
2707
還要承受50磅的拉力
02:52
She first hit a seven, I remember, and then a nine,
62
172352
2692
我記得她第一箭射中7環,然後是9環
02:55
and then two tens,
63
175044
1280
接著連續兩個10環
02:56
and then the next arrow
64
176324
1236
然後再下一箭
02:57
didn't even hit the target.
65
177560
2219
卻直接脫靶了
02:59
And I saw that gave her more tenacity,
66
179779
2001
但我發現脫靶反而
使她的意志更加堅定
03:01
and she went after it again and again.
67
181780
2786
之後她一次次重複,力圖射中靶心
03:04
For three hours this went on.
68
184566
2946
訓練持續了三小時之久
03:07
At the end of the practice, one of the archers
69
187512
2421
到結束時,其中一名弓箭手已精疲力竭
03:09
was so taxed that she lied out on the ground
70
189933
2586
四肢張開癱倒在地
03:12
just star-fished,
71
192519
1941
活像一隻海星
03:14
her head looking up at the sky,
72
194460
2032
她抬頭仰望天空
03:16
trying to find what T.S. Eliot might call
73
196492
2612
試圖尋找T•S•艾略特(美國詩人)筆下的
03:19
that still point of the turning world.
74
199104
3886
“旋轉世界的靜止點”
03:22
It's so rare in American culture,
75
202990
2015
在美國文化中
03:25
there's so little that's vocational about it anymore,
76
205005
3010
極少有人會觀看這些菜鳥訓練
03:28
to look at what doggedness looks like
77
208015
2594
從她們身上領會堅持不懈的含義
03:30
with this level of exactitude,
78
210609
2111
以及為了命中靶心
03:32
what it means to align your body posture
79
212720
2381
連續三小時不斷調整姿勢
03:35
for three hours in order to hit a target,
80
215101
3367
默默追求卓越的意義
03:38
pursuing a kind of excellence in obscurity.
81
218468
4070
因為這樣做的職業價值已所剩無幾
03:42
But I stayed because I realized I was witnessing
82
222538
2225
但我留了下來,因為我意識到
03:44
what's so rare to glimpse,
83
224763
2335
我正在見證關於
區別成功和掌控力的
03:47
that difference between success and mastery.
84
227098
3873
如此難得的一幕
03:50
So success is hitting that ten ring,
85
230971
2624
所以,命中靶心意味著成功
03:53
but mastery is knowing that it means nothing
86
233595
2116
而掌控力則是懂得
如果你不能百發百中
03:55
if you can't do it again and again.
87
235711
3556
那麼即使成功也毫無意義
03:59
Mastery is not just the same as excellence, though.
88
239267
3721
但是,掌控力並不等同於卓越
04:02
It's not the same as success,
89
242988
1833
它和成功不同
04:04
which I see as an event,
90
244821
2233
成功是一次事件
04:07
a moment in time,
91
247054
1586
一個瞬間
04:08
and a label that the world confers upon you.
92
248640
3298
是世人給你貼上的一個標籤
04:11
Mastery is not a commitment to a goal
93
251938
3134
掌控力不是對目標的一次性實現
04:15
but to a constant pursuit.
94
255072
2905
而是一種永恆的追求
04:17
What gets us to do this,
95
257977
1877
對垂成的重視
04:19
what get us to forward thrust more
96
259854
2546
促使我們不斷追求
04:22
is to value the near win.
97
262400
3657
推動我們日益進步
04:26
How many times have we designated something
98
266057
2152
多少我們認定為經典
04:28
a classic, a masterpiece even,
99
268209
2871
甚至傑作的作品
04:31
while its creator considers it hopelessly unfinished,
100
271080
3578
在創作者看來卻是
充滿困難與缺陷的
04:34
riddled with difficulties and flaws,
101
274658
2223
無可救藥的半成品
04:36
in other words, a near win?
102
276881
3018
或者說垂成品
04:39
Elizabeth Murray surprised me
103
279899
1894
默里對自己早期畫作的坦誠
04:41
with her admission about her earlier paintings.
104
281793
3210
出乎我的意料
04:45
Painter Paul Cézanne so often
thought his works were incomplete
105
285013
3652
保爾•塞尚(法國畫家)
時常覺得自己的作品有所欠缺
04:48
that he would deliberately leave them aside
106
288665
1822
他會有意置之不理
04:50
with the intention of picking them back up again,
107
290487
2550
待日後加以完善
04:53
but at the end of his life,
108
293037
1743
但直到臨終時
04:54
the result was that he had only signed
109
294780
2215
他認可並署名的畫作也僅僅是
04:56
10 percent of his paintings.
110
296995
2740
他所有作品的十分之一
04:59
His favorite novel was "The [Unknown]
Masterpiece" by Honoré de Balzac,
111
299735
4150
塞尚最愛的一部小說是
巴爾扎克的《無人知道的傑作》
05:03
and he felt the protagonist was the painter himself.
112
303885
5596
他覺得小說主人公是他的真實寫照
05:09
Franz Kafka saw incompletion
113
309481
1934
對於換做他人都將大加讚賞的作品
05:11
when others would find only works to praise,
114
311415
3251
弗朗茨•卡夫卡(奧地利小說家)
05:14
so much so that he wanted all of his diaries,
115
314666
2433
卻認為有太多不足之處
05:17
manuscripts, letters and even sketches
116
317099
2097
以至於他要求自己所有的
日記、手稿、信件甚至草稿
05:19
burned upon his death.
117
319196
2329
都在他死後付之一炬
05:21
His friend refused to honor the request,
118
321525
2795
他的朋友沒有答應他的要求
05:24
and because of that, we now have all the works
119
324320
1678
正因為此,如今我們才能有幸拜讀
05:25
we now do by Kafka:
120
325998
1769
現今所有卡夫卡的作品
05:27
"America," "The Trial" and "The Castle,"
121
327767
3393
包括《美國》、《審判》和《城堡》
05:31
a work so incomplete it even stops mid-sentence.
122
331160
3625
《城堡》並不是一部完整的小說,
就連停筆處的句子也只寫了一半
05:34
The pursuit of mastery, in other words,
123
334785
2535
換句話說,對掌控力的追求
05:37
is an ever-onward almost.
124
337320
4638
是一個不斷前進接近成功的過程
05:41
"Lord, grant that I desire
125
341958
1976
“主啊,請讓我的渴望
05:43
more than I can accomplish,"
126
343934
2076
總是多於我所能完成的”
05:46
Michelangelo implored,
127
346010
1559
米開朗琪羅如是懇求道
05:47
as if to that Old Testament God on the Sistine Chapel,
128
347569
3431
仿佛在懇求西斯廷教堂壁畫
(這裡指《創世紀•創造亞當》)中
所繪的舊約中的上帝
05:51
and he himself was that Adam
129
351000
1949
而他就是那壁畫中的亞當
05:52
with his finger outstretched
130
352949
1506
虔誠地伸出手指
05:54
and not quite touching that God's hand.
131
354455
4573
即將與上帝的神指觸碰
05:59
Mastery is in the reaching, not the arriving.
132
359028
4588
掌控力於過程中形成,而非從結果中獲取
06:03
It's in constantly wanting to close that gap
133
363616
3305
它存在於力圖縮小理想與現實之間差距的
06:06
between where you are and where you want to be.
134
366921
4198
長久的希冀之中
06:11
Mastery is about sacrificing for your craft
135
371119
3588
掌控力意味著為事業作出犧牲
06:14
and not for the sake of crafting your career.
136
374707
4218
而非圖一時事業之成就
06:18
How many inventors and untold entrepreneurs
137
378925
2665
許多發明家和無數企業家
06:21
live out this phenomenon?
138
381590
2769
都踐行了這一點
06:24
We see it even in the life
139
384359
1505
我們甚至可以從不屈不撓的北極探險家
06:25
of the indomitable Arctic explorer Ben Saunders,
140
385864
2810
本•桑德斯的生平看到這一點
06:28
who tells me that his triumphs
141
388674
1674
據他所說,他所取得的成就
06:30
are not merely the result
142
390348
1923
不僅包括
06:32
of a grand achievement,
143
392271
1795
這巨大的成就本身
06:34
but of the propulsion of a lineage of near wins.
144
394066
4994
還包括一系列垂成事件所帶來的推動作用
06:39
We thrive when we stay at our own leading edge.
145
399060
3736
不斷超越自我,方能茁壯成長
06:42
It's a wisdom understood by Duke Ellington,
146
402796
2695
艾靈頓公爵(美國爵士音樂家)領悟了這個道理
06:45
who said that his favorite song out of his repertoire
147
405491
2926
在他創作的所有歌曲中,他最鍾愛的
06:48
was always the next one,
148
408417
2135
永遠是下一首
06:50
always the one he had yet to compose.
149
410552
3659
永遠是即將譜寫出的那首
06:54
Part of the reason that the near win
150
414211
2129
垂成之所以是掌控力形成的內因
06:56
is inbuilt to mastery
151
416340
2292
部分原因是因為
06:58
is because the greater our proficiency,
152
418632
2353
我們對一件事情越精通
07:00
the more clearly we might see
153
420985
2160
就會越清楚地明白
07:03
that we don't know all that we thought we did.
154
423145
3218
自己並非全知全能
07:06
It's called the Dunning–Kruger effect.
155
426363
2631
這就是所謂的“達克效應”
07:08
The Paris Review got it out of James Baldwin
156
428994
2927
在《巴黎評論》對詹姆斯•鮑德溫(美國作家)的採訪中也有所提及
07:11
when they asked him,
157
431921
1028
當記者問鮑德溫
07:12
"What do you think increases with knowledge?"
158
432949
2697
“你如何看待知識的增長?”
07:15
and he said, "You learn how little you know."
159
435646
4682
他回答道:“學之甚多,方顯知之甚少。”
07:20
Success motivates us, but a near win
160
440328
2324
成功可以激發積極性
07:22
can propel us in an ongoing quest.
161
442652
2875
但垂成能推動我們不斷求索
07:25
One of the most vivid examples of this comes
162
445527
2119
如果我們琢磨一下
07:27
when we look at the difference
163
447646
1790
一場奧運會比賽後
07:29
between Olympic silver medalists
164
449436
1946
亞軍和季軍之間的差別
07:31
and bronze medalists after a competition.
165
451382
2951
便會得出一個鮮明例證
07:34
Thomas Gilovich and his team from Cornell
166
454333
2613
康奈爾大學的湯瑪斯•季洛維奇與他的團隊
07:36
studied this difference and found
167
456946
2146
研究這種差別後發現
07:39
that the frustration silver medalists feel
168
459092
2524
亞軍通常比季軍更顯沮喪
07:41
compared to bronze, who are typically a bit
169
461616
1961
因為和一無所獲的第四名相比
07:43
more happy to have just not received fourth place
170
463577
2473
季軍至少有獎牌可得
07:46
and not medaled at all,
171
466050
1679
這也是值得高興的
07:47
gives silver medalists a focus
172
467729
1955
而與金牌失之交臂的亞軍在沮喪之餘
07:49
on follow-up competition.
173
469684
2423
會把注意力放在接下來的比賽中
07:52
We see it even in the gambling industry
174
472107
2282
我們甚至可以從博彩業中
07:54
that once picked up on this phenomenon
175
474389
1986
體會到垂成的作用
07:56
of the near win
176
476375
1492
正因為意識到這種作用
07:57
and created these scratch-off tickets
177
477867
2263
博彩業推出了“刮刮樂”彩票
08:00
that had a higher than average rate of near wins
178
480130
3328
這種彩票的中獎率高於平均值
08:03
and so compelled people to buy more tickets
179
483458
2809
十分容易誘使人們購買更多
08:06
that they were called heart-stoppers,
180
486267
1949
以至於被戲稱為“速效救心丸
08:08
and were set on a gambling industry set of abuses
181
488216
3063
在二十世紀七十年代的英國
08:11
in Britain in the 1970s.
182
491279
3391
刮刮樂風靡博彩業
08:14
The reason the near win has a propulsion
183
494670
2249
垂成之所以是一種推動力
08:16
is because it changes our view of the landscape
184
496919
2884
是因為它可以改變我們對形勢的看法
08:19
and puts our goals, which we tend to put
185
499803
2651
將原本遙不可及的目標
08:22
at a distance, into more proximate vicinity
186
502454
2605
融入離我們更近
08:25
to where we stand.
187
505059
1846
更容易企及的目標當中
08:26
If I ask you to envision what a
great day looks like next week,
188
506905
3178
如果下周讓你描述美好的一天
08:30
you might describe it in more general terms.
189
510083
3705
你大概只會泛泛而談
08:33
But if I ask you to describe a
great day at TED tomorrow,
190
513788
3651
但如果明天讓你形容在TED的美好一日
08:37
you might describe it with granular, practical clarity.
191
517439
3461
你或許就會清晰具體、繪聲繪色地講述一番
08:40
And this is what a near win does.
192
520900
1663
這就是垂成體現的作用
08:42
It gets us to focus on what, right now,
193
522563
2546
它會讓我們立即集中注意力
08:45
we plan to do to address that mountain in our sights.
194
525109
4781
著手解決眼前的難題
08:49
It's Jackie Joyner-Kersee, who in 1984
195
529890
3156
傑西•喬伊娜•柯西在1984年的奧運會上
08:53
missed taking the gold in the heptathlon
196
533046
2006
僅以三分之一秒之差
08:55
by one third of a second,
197
535052
2261
痛失七項全能金牌
08:57
and her husband predicted that would give her
198
537313
1881
她的丈夫預言,這會讓她獲得
08:59
the tenacity she needed in follow-up competition.
199
539194
3962
接下來的比賽中所需要的堅韌
09:03
In 1988, she won the gold in the heptathlon
200
543156
3372
1988年的奧運會,她最終斬獲七項全能金牌
09:06
and set a record of 7,291 points,
201
546528
4175
並且書寫了7291分的新紀錄
09:10
a score that no athlete has come very close to since.
202
550703
5107
此記錄至今仍無人能及
09:15
We thrive not when we've done it all,
203
555810
2711
促使我們成長的不是已完成之事
09:18
but when we still have more to do.
204
558521
3407
而是更多有待完成之事
09:21
I stand here thinking and wondering
205
561928
2082
此刻我站在這裡思考著一個問題
09:24
about all the different ways
206
564010
1698
我想知道如果要在這個演播廳內
09:25
that we might even manufacture a near win
207
565708
2397
刻意製造一次垂成
09:28
in this room,
208
568105
1265
諸位將如何各顯神通
09:29
how your lives might play this out,
209
569370
2069
又將如何在各自的生活中發揮它的作用
09:31
because I think on some gut level we do know this.
210
571439
4791
因為我想我們內心都明白這種作用的存在
09:36
We know that we thrive when we stay
211
576230
1752
我們懂得不斷超越自我
09:37
at our own leading edge,
212
577982
1517
方能茁壯成長的道理
09:39
and it's why the deliberate incomplete
213
579499
2466
這就是為何有意製造的不完美
09:41
is inbuilt into creation myths.
214
581965
2493
會成為創世神話的內在組成部分
09:44
In Navajo culture, some craftsmen and women
215
584458
2522
在納瓦霍文化中
09:46
would deliberately put an imperfection
216
586980
2443
一些手藝人會故意在紡織品和陶器中
09:49
in textiles and ceramics.
217
589423
1647
保留些許缺陷
09:51
It's what's called a spirit line,
218
591070
2791
他們稱之為“靈性線”
09:53
a deliberate flaw in the pattern
219
593861
2109
即在圖案中有意留出瑕疵
09:55
to give the weaver or maker a way out,
220
595970
3028
給編織者或製造者以改進的空間
09:58
but also a reason to continue making work.
221
598998
4672
也是一種精益求精的動力
10:03
Masters are not experts because they take
222
603670
1777
大師不是專家
10:05
a subject to its conceptual end.
223
605447
2618
大師之所以為大師
10:08
They're masters because they realize
224
608065
1709
是因為他們追求事物概念上的終點
10:09
that there isn't one.
225
609774
2578
但同時也清楚終這個終點並不存在
10:12
Now it occurred to me, as I thought about this,
226
612352
3110
我由此想到
10:15
why the archery coach
227
615462
1788
為什麼射箭隊的教練
10:17
told me at the end of that practice,
228
617250
2170
會在訓練結束後
10:19
out of earshot of his archers,
229
619420
2245
私下告訴我
10:21
that he and his colleagues never feel
230
621665
1977
他和他的夥伴始終覺得
10:23
they can do enough for their team,
231
623642
2260
為自己的團隊做得不夠
10:25
never feel there are enough visualization techniques
232
625902
2877
始終覺得沒有掌握足夠的瞄準技巧
10:28
and posture drills to help them overcome
233
628779
2787
也沒有進行足夠多的姿勢訓練
10:31
those constant near wins.
234
631566
2280
來幫助他們克服日復一日接近成功的過程
10:33
It didn't sound like a complaint, exactly,
235
633846
2447
在我聽來,這絕非訴苦
10:36
but just a way to let me know,
236
636293
2593
而是以一種便於理解的方式
10:38
a kind of tender admission,
237
638886
1480
一種委婉的坦陳
10:40
to remind me that he knew
he was giving himself over
238
640366
3265
來提醒我他清楚自己
10:43
to a voracious, unfinished path
239
643631
3155
已經踏上一條永不滿足
10:46
that always required more.
240
646786
2925
永無止境的道路
10:49
We build out of the unfinished idea,
241
649711
3149
我們朝著未實現的目標前行
10:52
even if that idea is our former self.
242
652860
4456
即使這目標是回到故我
10:57
This is the dynamic of mastery.
243
657316
3015
這便是推動掌控力的力量
11:00
Coming close to what you thought you wanted
244
660331
3033
努力去接近你所追求的目標
11:03
can help you attain more than you ever dreamed
245
663364
2726
可以助你達到意想不到的
11:06
you could.
246
666090
1611
驚人高度
11:07
It's what I have to imagine Elizabeth Murray
247
667701
2874
這不禁讓我想象
11:10
was thinking when I saw her smiling
248
670575
2015
我在展館看見默里
11:12
at those early paintings one day
249
672590
2261
微笑地凝視著自己的早期作品的那天
11:14
in the galleries.
250
674851
3071
她當時是怎樣的想法
11:17
Even if we created utopias, I believe
251
677922
2366
我相信,就算我們真的創造了烏托邦
11:20
we would still have the incomplete.
252
680288
3302
也依然存在不完美
11:23
Completion is a goal,
253
683590
2164
追求完美固然是我們的目標
11:25
but we hope it is never the end.
254
685754
3993
但我們希望這絕非終點
11:29
Thank you.
255
689747
2781
謝謝
11:32
(Applause)
256
692528
3856
(掌聲)
New videos
關於本網站
本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。