Kristina Gjerde: Making law on the high seas

翻译人员: Quan Cheng 校对人员: Felix Chen

Today I'm going to take you on a voyage

今天，我将带你们启程前往

to some place so deep,

一个很深、

so dark, so unexplored

很黑暗、未被探索过的地方，

that we know less about it than we know about the dark side of the moon.

我们对它的了解比我们对月球背面的了解还要少。

It's a place of myth and legend.

这是一个充满神秘与传奇之地。

It's a place marked on ancient maps

在古代地图上，它被标识为

as "here be monsters."

“怪物出没”的地方。

It is a place where each new voyage of exploration

这个地方，每个新的探索之旅

brings back new discoveries of creatures so wondrous and strange

都带回了有关惊人的神奇生物的新发现，

that our forefathers would have considered them monstrous indeed.

我们的祖先认为这些生物是怪物。

Instead, they just make me green with envy

实际上，我十分羡慕

that my colleague from IUCN

我世界自然保护联盟的同事们

was able to go on this journey to the south of Madagascar seamounts

能够去马达加斯加海岭的南部继续此次旅程，

to actually take photographs

去拍摄真实的图片，

and to see these wondrous creatures of the deep.

去观察这些海洋深处的神奇生物。

We are talking about the high seas.

我们谈论的是公海。

The "high seas" is a legal term,

公海是一个法律概念。

but in fact, it covers 50 percent of the planet.

但实际上，它覆盖了地球的50%。

With an average depth of the oceans

海洋的平均深度

of 4,000 meters,

是4000米。

in fact, the high seas covers and provides

实际上，公海为地球上的生命

nearly 90 percent of the habitat

提供了近90%的

for life on this Earth.

栖息地。

It is, in theory, the global commons,

理论上，它是全球共有的，

belonging to us all.

属于我们大家。

But in reality,

但是，事实上

it is managed by and for

它被某些

those who have the resources

有资源走入并勘探深海的人

to go out and exploit it.

管理和利用着。

So today I'm going to take you on a voyage

因而，今天我要带你们展开旅程，

to cast light on some of the outdated myths

破除一些过时的

and legends and assumptions

阻止我们成为

that have kept us as the true stakeholders

在黑暗的公海的真正的利益相关者的

in the high seas in the dark.

神话、传奇与猜想。

We're going to voyage to some of these special places

我们将航向一些特定的地点，

that we've been discovering in the past few years

在过去数年我们在这些地方有所发现，

to show why we really need to care.

这些发现表明为何我们确实需要关注公海。

And then finally, we're going to try

最后，我们将试着

to develop and pioneer a new perspective

发展和提出一个新的

on high seas governance

有关公海治理的观点。

that's rooted in ocean-basin-wide conservation,

这一观点植根于整个海洋的保护，

but framed in an arena of global norms

在国际准则框架内

of precaution and respect.

进行预警和关注。

So here is a picture of the high seas

好，这是一幅公海图片，

as seen from above --

正如之前所看到的 --

that area in the darker blue.

是用深蓝色表示的区域。

To me, as an international lawyer,

对于我，一名国际律师，

this scared me far more

这更加让我害怕，

than any of the creatures or the monsters we may have seen,

比起任何我们可能见过的生物或怪物更令人害怕，

for it belies the notion that you can actually protect the ocean,

因为它说明我们能切实保护海洋，

the global ocean,

全球海洋

that provides us all with carbon storage,

提供给我们所有人需要的

with heat storage, with oxygen,

碳、热量、氧气，

if you can only protect 36 percent.

如果你仅能保护其中的36%的话。

This is indeed the true heart of the planet.

这是真正的地球之心。

Some of the problems that we have to confront

我们不得不面对的一些问题

are that the current international laws --

是现有的国际法——

for example, shipping --

例如，航海方面——

provide more protection

提供了更多保护

to the areas closest to shore.

给那些近岸区域。

For example, garbage discharge,

例如，垃圾排放，

something you would think just simply goes away,

你可能认为仅仅是简单地排放掉，

but the laws regulating

但是法律关于

ship discharge of garbage

船舶垃圾排放的规定

actually get weaker the further you are from shore.

实际上离岸上越远就越软弱。

As a result, we have garbage patches

因此，我们垃圾排放场所的

the size of twice-Texas.

面积相当于德克萨斯的两倍。

It's unbelievable.

这令人难以置信。

We used to think the solution to pollution

我们过去认为解决污染的办法

was dilution,

是进行稀释，

but that has proved to be no longer the case.

但是这已被证明不再适用。

So what we have learned from social scientists

因此，我们从社会学家

and economists like Elinor Ostrom,

和经济学家，如埃莉诺.奥斯特洛姆那里学到的是，

who are studying the phenomenon

他们正在研究

of management of the commons on a local scale,

局部地区对共有物的管理现象，

is that there are certain prerequisites

那里有某种先决条件，

that you can put into place

你能满足先决条件，

that enable you to manage

就能为了个人或社会的利益

and access open space

管理和进入

for the good of one and all.

公共领域。

And these include a sense of shared responsibility,

这些包括一种共同的责任感，

common norms that bind people together as a community.

共同的理念将人们团结在一起。

Conditional access: You can invite people in,

有条件准入：你可以邀请人们加入，

but they have to be able to play by the rules.

但他们必须按规则行事。

And of course, if you want people to play by the rules,

当然，如果你想让人们按规则行事，

you still need an effective system

仍需要一个有效的系统

of monitoring and enforcement,

来监督和实施，

for as we've discovered,

正如我们所发现的，

you can trust, but you also need to verify.

你可信任他们，但是也须证明他们可信。

What I'd also like to convey

我还想传达的是，

is that it is not all doom and gloom

厄运和黑暗

that we are seeing in the high seas.

并非我们在公海上所见到的全部。

For a group of very dedicated individuals --

对于一群非常乐于奉献的个人——

scientists, conservationists,

科学家、环境保护主义者、

photographers and states --

摄影家和国家——

were able to actually change a tragic trajectory

能够实实在在地改变悲剧轨迹，

that was destroying fragile seascapes

这些悲剧轨迹破坏了脆弱的海洋风光。

such as this coral garden

例如这个珊瑚花园，

that you see in front of you.

你面前所看到的这张，

That is, we're able to save it from a fate

我们能够

of deep-sea bottom trawling.

从深海底部的拖网捕捞中挽救其命运。

And how did we do that?

我们怎么做的呢？

Well, as I said, we had a group of photographers that went out on board ships

如我之前所说，我们有一群摄影家登船出海，

and actually photographed the activities in process.

他们拍摄了拖网捕捞活动过程。

But we also spent many hours

但是，我们也在在联合国的机构

in the basements of the United Nations,

内花了一些时间，

trying to work with governments to make them understand

尝试与政府合作，让他们明白

what was going on so far away from land

远离陆地的地方发生了什么

that few of us had ever even imagined

我们过去几乎没有人能想象到的事，

that these creatures existed.

这些生物存在。

So within three years,

故在3年内，

from 2003 to 2006,

从2003到2006年，

we were able to get norm in place

我们能够建立一些规范。

that actually changed the paradigm

这些规范确实改变了过去的模式，

of how fishers went about

有关渔民从事

deep-sea bottom trawling.

深海拖网捕捞的模式，

Instead of "go anywhere, do anything you want,"

你不再能想去哪就去哪，想干啥就干啥。

we actually created a regime

我们确实创设了一种制度，

that required prior assessment of where you're going

你想到哪里去需要预先评估，

and a duty to prevent significant harm.

并有责任避免重大损害。

In 2009, when the U.N. reviewed progress,

2009年，当联合国检查我们的进度时，

they discovered

他们发现，

that almost 100 million square-kilometers of seabed

几乎1亿平方公里的海床

had been protected.

受到了保护。

This does not mean that it's the final solution,

这并非意味着问题得到了彻底解决

or that this even provides permanent protection.

或者已经提供了永久性保护。

But what it does mean

但是它确实意味着，

is that a group of individuals can form a community

一群个人可以形成一个团体，

to actually shape

来切实塑造

the way high seas are governed,

公海时代的治理方式，

to create a new regime.

创造一种新的制度。

So I'm looking optimistically at our opportunities

故我乐观地看待我们的机遇，

for creating a true, blue perspective

来创造一个真正蔚蓝的前景，

for this beautiful planet.

为这美丽的星球。

Sylvia's wish

“西尔维娅的愿望”（项目名称）

provides us with that leverage, that access

向我们提供了

to the heart of human beings,

通往人类心灵的途径。

you might say,

你可能会说，

who have rarely seen places beyond their own toes,

这些几乎鼠目寸光的人

but are now hopefully going to become interested

现在却越来越有兴趣

in the full life-cycle of creatures like these sea turtles,

关注海龟这样的生物的整个生命周期。

who indeed spend most of their time in the high seas.

他们真的将大部分时间花在了公海上。

Today, we're just going to voyage to a small sampling

今天我们只打算航行到

of some of these special areas,

这些特殊地区中的很小一部分，

just to give you an idea of the flavor

仅仅是给你一点

of the riches and wonders they do contain.

有关它们所蕴含的富饶与神奇风情的概念。

The Sargasso Sea, for example,

例如马尾藻海，

is not a sea bounded by coastlines,

它不是一个被海岸包围的海洋，

but it is bounded by oceanic currents

它被洋流环绕，

that contain and envelope

洋流包裹和环绕着

this wealth of sargassum

马尾藻的养分。

that grows and aggregates there.

马尾藻生长、聚集于此。

It's also known as the spawning ground for eels

它也被认为是鳗鱼产卵之地。

from Northern European

这些鳗鱼来自北欧

and Northern American rivers

和北美的河流。

that are now so dwindling in numbers

这些鱼的数量正在减少。

that they've actually stopped showing up in Stockholm,

在斯德哥尔摩，它们已经消失了。

and five showed up in the U.K. just recently.

最近在英国发现了5条。

But the Sargasso Sea,

但是在马尾藻海

the same way it aggregates sargassum weed,

以聚集马尾藻的同样方式

actually is pulling in the plastic

聚集了

from throughout the region.

充满整个区域的塑料。

This picture doesn't exactly show

这个图片并未确切显示

the plastics that I would like it to show, because I haven't been out there myself.

我所想展示的这些塑料垃圾，因为我自己从未到过那里。

But there has just been a study

但是这有一项研究

that was released in February

已于2月开始进行

that showed there are 200,000

表明那里每平方公里有

pieces of plastic per square-kilometer

20万片塑料垃圾

now floating in the surface of the Sargasso Sea,

正漂浮在马尾藻海的海面。

and that is affecting the habitat

而且影响了很多

for the many species in their juvenile stages

处于成长阶段的物种的栖息地。

who come to the Sargasso Sea

它们来到马尾藻海

for its protection and its food.

为了获得保护及食物。

The Sargasso Sea is also a wondrous place

马尾藻海仍是个神奇之地，

for the aggregation of these unique species

由于这些独特物种的聚集。

that have developed to mimic the sargassum habitat.

它们已适应马尾藻的栖息地。

It also provides a special habitat

它也确实提供了一个特殊的栖息场所，

for these flying fish to lay their eggs.

让这些飞鱼产卵。

But what I'd like to get from this picture

但是，我从这幅图片想到的是，

is that we truly do have an opportunity

我们确实有机会

to launch a global initiative for protection.

开展全球化的保护倡议

Thus, the government of Bermuda has recognized the need

因此，百慕大政府已经认识到

and its responsibility

必要性和责任感。

as having some of the Sargasso Sea

有部分马尾藻海

within its national jurisdiction --

在其国内管辖权的范围之内——

but the vast majority is beyond --

但是，马尾藻海庞大的主体部分超出了其管辖范围——

to help spearhead a movement

百慕大政府正作为一项运动的先锋

to achieve protection for this vital area.

来保护这个极重要的地区。

Spinning down to someplace a little bit cooler than here right now:

现在我们转向一个比马尾藻海更冷一点的地方，

the Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean.

南太平洋的罗斯海。

It's actually a bay.

它实际是个海湾。

It's considered high seas, because the continent

它被认为是公海，因为该大陆

has been put off limits

已经超出

to territorial claims.

任何国家宣示领土的限度。

So anything in the water is treated as if it's the high seas.

因此，该水域中的一切都被当做公海一样对待。

But what makes the Ross Sea important

但是罗斯海如此重要

is the vast sea of pack ice

是因为广袤海域由浮冰构成。

that in the spring and summer

浮冰在春季和夏季

provides a wealth of phytoplankton and krill

提供养分给浮游生物和磷虾。

that supports what, till recently,

直到近年它们仍支持着

has been a virtually intact

一个完整的

near-shore ecosystem.

近海生态系统。

But unfortunately, CCAMLR,

但是不幸的是，CAMLAR——

the regional commission

一个地区的委员会，

in charge of conserving and managing fish stocks

它负责保护和管理渔业资源

and other living marine resources,

和其他海洋生物资源，

is unfortunately starting to give in to fishing interests

不幸地开始向捕鱼利益让步

and has authorized the expansion

并授权在本地区

of toothfish fisheries in the region.

扩大对牙鱼的捕捞。

The captain of a New Zealand vessel

一艘新西兰船舶的船长

who was just down there

刚到过那里。

is reporting a significant decline

他报告称，

in the number of the Ross Sea killer whales,

罗斯海虎鲸数量急剧减少。

who are directly dependent on the Antarctic toothfish

虎鲸直接依赖南极牙鱼

as their main source of food.

作为主要食物来源。

So what we need to do is to stand up boldly,

因此，我们需要做的是大胆站起来，

singly and together,

分别和共同

to push governments,

向政府施压，

to push regional fisheries management organizations,

向地区渔业管理组织施压，

to declare our right

宣示我们的权利，

to declare certain areas off-limits to high seas fishing,

声明公海某些地区捕鱼量的上限。

so that the freedom to fish no longer means

以此说明捕鱼自由不在意味着

the freedom to fish anywhere and anytime.

在任何地方、任何时间捕鱼的自由。

Coming closer to here, the Costa Rica Dome

换一个更接近这里的地方，哥斯达黎加圆突区

is a recently discovered area --

是近年才开发的地区——

potentially year-round habitat for blue whales.

是潜在的蓝鲸的常年栖息地。

There's enough food there to last them

这里有足够的食物

the summer and the winter long.

让他们度过四季。

But what's unusual about the Costa Rica Dome

但是，哥斯达黎加圆突区的不平凡之处

is, in fact, it's not a permanent place.

在于它实际不是一个永久性区域。

It's an oceanographic phenomenon

这是一个海洋学的现象，

that shifts in time and space on a seasonal basis.

它随时间及季节变动。

So, in fact, it's not permanently in the high seas.

实际上，它并非永久处于公海上，

It's not permanently in the exclusive economic zones

它也并非永久处于

of these five Central American countries,

中美洲五国的专属经济区。

but it moves with the season.

它随季节移动。

As such, it does create a challenge to protect,

正因为如此，对它进行保护是项挑战。

but we also have a challenge protecting the species that move along with it.

但是我们也面临着保护随着它而移动的物种的挑战。

We can use the same technologies that fishers use

我们能够使用同样的技术，

to identify where the species are,

即渔民识别鱼群所在地的技术，

in order to close the area

来接近这一地区。

when it's most vulnerable,

当它极其脆弱的时候

which may, in some cases, be year-round.

——在很多情况下，这可能是常年的。

Getting closer to shore, where we are,

我们靠近海岸一点，

this was in fact taken in the Galapagos.

就会发现这是在加拉帕格斯群岛发生的情况。

Many species are headed through this region,

很多物种经过这一地区，

which is why there's been so much attention

因而这里获得很多

put into conservation

有关保护

of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.

太平洋东部热带海洋的关注。

This is the initiative that's been coordinated

此倡议是得到

by Conservation International

国际保护组织

with a variety of partners and governments

和各方面以及一些政府的配合，

to actually try to bring integrated management regime

力图建立一体化的管理制度，

throughout the area.

在这一区域。

That is, it provides a wonderful example of where you can go

它提供了一个“你能去哪里”的极好范例，

with a real regional initiative.

用一个真实的地区性倡议的方式。

It's protecting five World Heritage sites.

它保护着五处世界遗产。

Unfortunately, the World Heritage Convention

不幸的是，世界人类遗产公约

does not recognize the need to protect areas

没有意识到需要保护的区域

beyond national jurisdiction, at present.

目前超出了国家管辖的范围。

So a place like the Costa Rica Dome

因此，一个像哥斯达黎加圆突区的地方，

could not technically qualify

严格来说无法证明

the time it's in the high seas.

它在公海内的时间。

So what we've been suggesting

因此我们建议：

is that we either need to amend the World Heritage Convention,

要么我们需要修订世界人类遗产公约，

so that it can adopt

让它能适应

and urge universal protection of these World Heritage sites,

和推动对这些世界遗产的普遍性保护。

or we need to change the name

要么我们改变该公约的名称，

and call it Half-the-World Heritage Convention.

称之为“半世界人类遗产公约”。

But what we also know is that species like these sea turtles

但是，我们也知道像这些海龟这样的物种

do not stay put in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.

不会一直处于太平洋东部热带海洋。

These happen to go down to a vast South Pacific Gyre,

它们有时会进入广阔的南太平洋的涡流中，

where they spend most of their time

在此度过它们的大半生。

and often end up getting hooked like this,

并且它们经常最后被这样钩住，

or as bycatch.

或者被误捕。

So what I'd really like to suggest is that we need to scale-up.

因此，我确实要建议我们需要拓展。

We need to work locally,

我们需要局部性工作，

but we also need to work ocean-basin-wide.

但是我们也需要进行海洋全流域的工作。

We have the tools and technologies now

我们现在有一些工具和技术

to enable us to take a broader

使我们能提出一个更广泛的

ocean-basin-wide initiative.

海洋全流域的倡议。

We've heard about the Tagging of Pacific Predators project,

我们听说过“标记太平洋捕食动物”工程，

one of the 17 Census of Marine Life projects.

这是17个“海洋生命普查”工程之一。

It's provided us data like this,

它为我们提供了这样的数据，

of tiny, little sooty shearwaters

小小的灰鹱

that make the entire ocean basin their home.

以整个海盆为家。

They fly 65,000 kilometers

在不到一年的时间内，

in less than a year.

它们飞行65000公里。

So we have the tools and treasures coming from the Census of Marine Life.

因此我们有来自“海洋生命普查”工程的工具和数据。

And its culminating year

它的最后一年

that's going to be launched in October.

将于10月开始。

So stay tuned for further information.

故要继续等待进一步信息。

What I find so exciting

振奋人心的发现是

is that the Census of Marine Life

“海洋生命普查”

has looked at more than the tagging of pacific predators;

不只着眼于标记太平洋的捕食动物，

it's also looked in the really unexplored mid-water column,

它同样注意未被探索过的中水层生物，

where creatures like this flying sea cucumber

在这里像这样游动的海参一类的生物

have been found.

已被发现。

And fortunately, we've been able, as IUCN,

幸运的是，像国际自然和自然资源保护联合会一样，我们能够

to team up with the Census of Marine Life

与“海洋生命普查”工作合作，

and many of the scientists working there

而且有很多科学家为之工作，

to actually try to translate

力图传递

much of this information to policymakers.

很多这种信息给政策制定者们。

We have the support of governments now behind us.

现在我们有了政府的支持。

We've been revealing this information through technical workshops.

我们通过技术工作室发布这种信息。

And the exciting thing is that we do have sufficient information

令人兴奋地是我们有足够的信息

to move ahead to protect some of these

去进一步保护一些

significant hope spots, hotspots.

明显有希望的地区和热点地区。

At the same time we're saying,

同时，我们号召

"Yes, we need more. We need to move forward."

“是的，我们需要更多，我们需要前进”。

But many of you have said,

但是你们中的很多人说过，

if you get these marine protected areas,

如果这些海域能得到保护，

or a reasonable regime for high seas fisheries management in place,

或是一项合理的公海渔业管理制度能够到位。

how are you going to enforce it?

你将如何去执行它？

Which leads me to my second passion besides ocean science,

这将我引向除了海洋科学以外，我第二感兴趣的方面，

which is outer space technology.

就是外层空间技术。

I wanted to be an astronaut,

我曾想成为一名宇航员，

so I've constantly followed

故我一直关注

what are the tools available to monitor Earth

可从外层空间，

from outer space --

监测地球的技术——

and that we have incredible tools like we've been learning about,

如我们所知，我们拥有惊人的技术，

in terms of being able to follow tagged species

跟踪被标记了的物种的科技，

throughout their life-cycles

在它们的整个生命周期中，

in the open ocean.

在海洋里。

We can also tag and track fishing vessels.

我们也能标记和追踪渔船。

Many already have transponders on board

很多船上已经装了异频雷达收发机，

that allow us to find out where they are and even what they're doing.

使我们能发现它们在哪里以及在做什么。

But not all the vessels have those to date.

但是迄今为止并非所有船舶都安装上了。

It does not take too much rocket science

这并不需要多少高科技

to actually try to create new laws to mandate,

来创造新的法律。

if you're going to have the privilege

如果你想拥有特权

of accessing our high seas resources,

获得我们的公海资源，

we need to know -- someone needs to know --

我们需要知道——有人需要知道——

where you are and what you're doing.

你在哪里以及在做什么。

So it brings me to my main take-home message,

因此，它将我带回主题

which is we can avert a tragedy of the commons.

这就是我们能够避免共同的悲剧。

We can stop the collision course

我们能阻止这些冲突，

of 50 percent of the planet

这些冲突发生在占地球50%

with the high seas.

的公海上。

But we need to think broad-scale. We need to think globally.

但是我们需要广泛思考，我们需要全球性的思考，

We need to change how we actually go about

我们需要改变我们正用于

managing these resources.

管理这些资源的方式。

We need to get the new paradigm

我们需要获得新的

of precaution and respect.

关于预防和重视的模式。

At the same time, we need to think locally,

同时，我们需要局部性思考。

which is the joy and marvel of Sylvia's hope spot wish,

“西尔维娅的愿望”能够获得成功的原因

is that we can shine a spotlight

是我们能够聚焦于一个亮点，

on many of these previously unknown areas,

在这些此前未知的地区。

and to bring people to the table, if you will,

然后把问题带给人们——如果你愿意——

to actually make them feel part of this community

使他们感到自己是这个团体的一部分

that truly has a stake

这个团体确实具有利害关系

in their future management.

在他们未来的管理中。

And third is that we need to look at ocean-basin-wide management.

第三，我们需要关注海洋全流域的管理

Our species are ocean-basin-wide.

各物种都是海底全流域活动的

Many of the deep-sea communities

很多深海群落

have genetic distribution

有着遗传学分布，

that goes ocean-basin-wide.

遍及海洋全流域。

We need to better understand,

我们需要理解，

but we also need to start to manage and protect.

但是我们也需要开始管理和保护。

And in order to do that,

为了做到这些，

you also need ocean-basin management regimes.

你也需要海盆管理制度。

That is, we have regional management regimes

我们有地区性管理制度，

within the exclusive economic zone,

在专属经济区。

but we need to scale these up, we need to build their capacity,

但是我们需要整合它们，我们需要设立权限，

so they're like the Southern Ocean,

像在南太平洋那样。

where they do have the two-pronged fisheries

在那里，它们有双管齐下的渔业

and conservation organization.

和保护组织。

So with that, I would just like to sincerely thank and honor

所以在这一点上，我愿意真诚感谢和赞扬

Sylvia Earle for her wish,

“西尔维娅.厄尔的愿望”，

for it is helping us to put a face on the high seas

它帮助我们面向公海

and the deep seas beyond national jurisdiction.

和超出国家管辖权的深海。

It's helping to bring an incredible group

这有助于我们组建一个令人惊叹的团体。

of talented people together

它由极具天赋的人们共同组成，

to really try to solve and penetrate

力图解决和洞察

these problems that have created our obstacles

这些给我们制造障碍的问题，

to management and rational use

来管理和理性利用

of this area that was once so far away and remote.

这曾一度遥远的区域。

So on this tour, I hope I provided you

因此，这趟旅程，我希望能带给你们

with a new perspective of the high seas:

一个有关公海的全新视角，

one, that it is our home too,

公海只有一个，它也是我们的家园。

and that we need to work together

我们需要共同努力，

if we are to make this a sustainable ocean future for us all.

如果我们要使公海在未来成为可持续的属于所有人的海洋。

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）