Kristina Gjerde: Making law on the high seas

18,400 views ・ 2010-11-22

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Michael Wang 審譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang
00:16
Today I'm going to take you on a voyage
0
16260
2000
今天我將要帶大家進行一次航行
00:18
to some place so deep,
1
18260
2000
到那些深海
00:20
so dark, so unexplored
2
20260
3000
昏暗無光,未被探索
00:23
that we know less about it than we know about the dark side of the moon.
3
23260
3000
比起我們對月球背面的瞭解知之更少
00:26
It's a place of myth and legend.
4
26260
2000
這是一個富有神秘氣息和傳奇色彩的世界
00:28
It's a place marked on ancient maps
5
28260
2000
它在古代地圖上被標注
00:30
as "here be monsters."
6
30260
3000
為‘怪物出沒’
00:33
It is a place where each new voyage of exploration
7
33260
3000
每一次到這裡新的探索
00:36
brings back new discoveries of creatures so wondrous and strange
8
36260
3000
都帶回了許多驚奇特異生物的發現
00:39
that our forefathers would have considered them monstrous indeed.
9
39260
3000
它們曾被我們的祖先們認為是怪物
00:42
Instead, they just make me green with envy
10
42260
2000
然而,它們卻讓我充滿羡慕嫉妒
00:44
that my colleague from IUCN
11
44260
2000
因為我的IUCN(國際自然保護聯盟)的同事
00:46
was able to go on this journey to the south of Madagascar seamounts
12
46260
3000
能夠到馬達加斯加海嶺南部進行這次探索旅行
00:49
to actually take photographs
13
49260
2000
拍到真實的照片
00:51
and to see these wondrous creatures of the deep.
14
51260
3000
並且親眼看到這些驚奇的深海生物
00:54
We are talking about the high seas.
15
54260
3000
我們談論的是公海
00:57
The "high seas" is a legal term,
16
57260
2000
公海是一個法律概念
00:59
but in fact, it covers 50 percent of the planet.
17
59260
3000
但實際上,公海的範圍覆蓋了整個地球的一半
01:02
With an average depth of the oceans
18
62260
2000
公海平均深度
01:04
of 4,000 meters,
19
64260
2000
為四千米
01:06
in fact, the high seas covers and provides
20
66260
3000
事實上,公海提供了
01:09
nearly 90 percent of the habitat
21
69260
3000
幾乎百分之九十的生存場所
01:12
for life on this Earth.
22
72260
3000
為地球上的生命
01:15
It is, in theory, the global commons,
23
75260
2000
理論上說,它是全球所共有的
01:17
belonging to us all.
24
77260
2000
屬於我們大家
01:19
But in reality,
25
79260
2000
但是實際上
01:21
it is managed by and for
26
81260
2000
它的管理者是
01:23
those who have the resources
27
83260
2000
那些能夠有條件
01:25
to go out and exploit it.
28
85260
3000
去公海航行和探索的人們
01:28
So today I'm going to take you on a voyage
29
88260
2000
所以今天我會帶大家進行一次航行
01:30
to cast light on some of the outdated myths
30
90260
2000
去消除一些陳舊的謎團
01:32
and legends and assumptions
31
92260
2000
傳說和假設
01:34
that have kept us as the true stakeholders
32
94260
3000
這些一直阻礙我們成為真正的利益相關者
01:37
in the high seas in the dark.
33
97260
2000
在昏暗的公海海洋中
01:39
We're going to voyage to some of these special places
34
99260
3000
我們將要去的是一些十分特別的地方
01:42
that we've been discovering in the past few years
35
102260
2000
這些地方我們已經在過去幾年有了很多探索和發現
01:44
to show why we really need to care.
36
104260
3000
我要向大家展示我們應該真正關心公海的原因
01:47
And then finally, we're going to try
37
107260
2000
而且最終我們將會嘗試
01:49
to develop and pioneer a new perspective
38
109260
2000
去發展和開創出一個嶄新的觀念
01:51
on high seas governance
39
111260
2000
對於公海管理
01:53
that's rooted in ocean-basin-wide conservation,
40
113260
3000
根植于海盆的保護
01:56
but framed in an arena of global norms
41
116260
3000
但是卻有著國際準則的框架
01:59
of precaution and respect.
42
119260
3000
的預防和重視
02:02
So here is a picture of the high seas
43
122260
2000
這是一張公海的圖片
02:04
as seen from above --
44
124260
2000
正如我們之前所看到
02:06
that area in the darker blue.
45
126260
2000
這些範圍用深藍色表示
02:08
To me, as an international lawyer,
46
128260
2000
我作為一個國際法工作者
02:10
this scared me far more
47
130260
2000
這讓我感到害怕
02:12
than any of the creatures or the monsters we may have seen,
48
132260
2000
比任何我們可能見過的生物或怪物更為害怕
02:14
for it belies the notion that you can actually protect the ocean,
49
134260
3000
因為這證明了我們沒有真正地保護海洋
02:17
the global ocean,
50
137260
2000
全球海域
02:19
that provides us all with carbon storage,
51
139260
2000
它提供給我們所有的碳
02:21
with heat storage, with oxygen,
52
141260
3000
熱,還有氧
02:24
if you can only protect 36 percent.
53
144260
3000
如果你只保護了其中的百分之三十六
02:28
This is indeed the true heart of the planet.
54
148260
3000
這是這個星球的真正的心臟
02:32
Some of the problems that we have to confront
55
152260
2000
我們不得不面對的一些問題是
02:34
are that the current international laws --
56
154260
2000
現在的國際法
02:36
for example, shipping --
57
156260
2000
例如,航行條例
02:38
provide more protection
58
158260
2000
提供了保護更多的是
02:40
to the areas closest to shore.
59
160260
2000
對那些靠近海岸的海域
02:42
For example, garbage discharge,
60
162260
2000
例如,垃圾排放
02:44
something you would think just simply goes away,
61
164260
2000
有些你考慮到的僅僅是略過
02:46
but the laws regulating
62
166260
2000
但是監管
02:48
ship discharge of garbage
63
168260
2000
航船垃圾排放的法律
02:50
actually get weaker the further you are from shore.
64
170260
3000
當你越遠離海岸實際上越鬆散
02:53
As a result, we have garbage patches
65
173260
3000
結果,我們排放的垃圾面積
02:56
the size of twice-Texas.
66
176260
3000
有兩個德克薩斯大
02:59
It's unbelievable.
67
179260
2000
真是難以置信
03:01
We used to think the solution to pollution
68
181260
3000
我們曾經想過解決污染的辦法
03:04
was dilution,
69
184260
2000
那就是稀釋
03:06
but that has proved to be no longer the case.
70
186260
3000
但是那已被證實無法繼續奏效
03:09
So what we have learned from social scientists
71
189260
3000
所以我們從一些社會學家
03:12
and economists like Elinor Ostrom,
72
192260
2000
和像Elinor Ostrom這樣的經濟學家
03:14
who are studying the phenomenon
73
194260
2000
他們研究的現象
03:16
of management of the commons on a local scale,
74
196260
2000
是局部地區公共財產的管理
03:18
is that there are certain prerequisites
75
198260
3000
學習到的是有一些特定前提條件
03:21
that you can put into place
76
201260
2000
你需要置定
03:23
that enable you to manage
77
203260
2000
這些條件讓你能夠管理
03:25
and access open space
78
205260
3000
和接觸公共領域
03:28
for the good of one and all.
79
208260
3000
為了個人和社會的利益
03:31
And these include a sense of shared responsibility,
80
211260
3000
這些包括一種共同的責任感
03:34
common norms that bind people together as a community.
81
214260
3000
讓人們組成社會的共同規範
03:37
Conditional access: You can invite people in,
82
217260
3000
有條件准入:你可以邀請人們進來
03:40
but they have to be able to play by the rules.
83
220260
3000
但是他們必須能遵守遊戲規則
03:43
And of course, if you want people to play by the rules,
84
223260
2000
當然,如果你想要人們遵守規則
03:45
you still need an effective system
85
225260
2000
你仍然需要一個有效的系統
03:47
of monitoring and enforcement,
86
227260
2000
監管和執行的系統
03:49
for as we've discovered,
87
229260
2000
在我們已經瞭解的範圍內
03:51
you can trust, but you also need to verify.
88
231260
2000
你可以相信但仍然需要核實
03:53
What I'd also like to convey
89
233260
2000
我想要傳達的是
03:55
is that it is not all doom and gloom
90
235260
2000
劫難和陰暗
03:57
that we are seeing in the high seas.
91
237260
2000
並不是我們在公海上所看到的全部
03:59
For a group of very dedicated individuals --
92
239260
3000
對於那些十分具有奉獻精神的人們
04:02
scientists, conservationists,
93
242260
2000
科學家,生態環境保護者
04:04
photographers and states --
94
244260
3000
攝影師和國家等
04:07
were able to actually change a tragic trajectory
95
247260
3000
有能力去阻止一個悲劇的發生
04:10
that was destroying fragile seascapes
96
250260
2000
摧毀那些脆弱的海洋風光
04:12
such as this coral garden
97
252260
2000
正如這個珊瑚群
04:14
that you see in front of you.
98
254260
2000
你們所看到的這個
04:16
That is, we're able to save it from a fate
99
256260
2000
我們有能力拯救它
04:18
of deep-sea bottom trawling.
100
258260
2000
免受深海海底拖網作業的破壞
04:20
And how did we do that?
101
260260
2000
我們是如何做到的呢
04:22
Well, as I said, we had a group of photographers that went out on board ships
102
262260
3000
正如我所說,我們有一群攝影師,他們登上開往公海的船
04:25
and actually photographed the activities in process.
103
265260
3000
拍攝這些拖網作業活動的照片
04:28
But we also spent many hours
104
268260
2000
另外我們也投入大量時間
04:30
in the basements of the United Nations,
105
270260
2000
在聯合國的機構
04:32
trying to work with governments to make them understand
106
272260
3000
努力與各國政府合作并讓他們瞭解到
04:35
what was going on so far away from land
107
275260
2000
遠離陸地的深海上鎖發生的這一切
04:37
that few of us had ever even imagined
108
277260
2000
這些我們從未能想像得到
04:39
that these creatures existed.
109
279260
2000
這些生物的存在
04:41
So within three years,
110
281260
2000
在這三年中
04:43
from 2003 to 2006,
111
283260
3000
二〇〇三年到二〇〇六年
04:46
we were able to get norm in place
112
286260
2000
我們能夠建立規範
04:48
that actually changed the paradigm
113
288260
2000
這些規範改變了過去的範式
04:50
of how fishers went about
114
290260
2000
關於捕魚業者去
04:52
deep-sea bottom trawling.
115
292260
2000
深海海底的拖網作業
04:54
Instead of "go anywhere, do anything you want,"
116
294260
3000
他們不再想到哪兒就到哪兒,想做什麽就做什麽
04:57
we actually created a regime
117
297260
2000
我們創造了一種制度
04:59
that required prior assessment of where you're going
118
299260
3000
它要求我們對我們的去處進行先期評估
05:02
and a duty to prevent significant harm.
119
302260
3000
它要求我們承擔避免重大損害的責任
05:05
In 2009, when the U.N. reviewed progress,
120
305260
3000
在二〇〇九年,當聯合國回顧我們的項目時
05:08
they discovered
121
308260
2000
他們發現
05:10
that almost 100 million square-kilometers of seabed
122
310260
3000
差不多有一億平方公里的海床
05:13
had been protected.
123
313260
2000
得到了保護
05:15
This does not mean that it's the final solution,
124
315260
2000
這並不意味著這就是公海問題的最終解決方案
05:17
or that this even provides permanent protection.
125
317260
2000
也不意味著這為公海提供了永久的保護
05:19
But what it does mean
126
319260
2000
但是這意味著
05:21
is that a group of individuals can form a community
127
321260
3000
一群個體能夠組成一個社會
05:24
to actually shape
128
324260
2000
去塑造
05:26
the way high seas are governed,
129
326260
2000
公海時代的管理方法
05:28
to create a new regime.
130
328260
2000
去創造新的規範制度
05:30
So I'm looking optimistically at our opportunities
131
330260
3000
所以我十分看好我們的機遇
05:33
for creating a true, blue perspective
132
333260
3000
創造一個真正的蔚藍樣貌
05:36
for this beautiful planet.
133
336260
2000
為這個美麗的星球
05:38
Sylvia's wish
134
338260
2000
西爾維婭的希望(項目名稱)
05:40
provides us with that leverage, that access
135
340260
3000
為我們提供了捷徑
05:43
to the heart of human beings,
136
343260
2000
到人類的內心
05:45
you might say,
137
345260
2000
也許你會說
05:47
who have rarely seen places beyond their own toes,
138
347260
3000
這些人幾乎沒看過自己腳尖外一點的地方
05:50
but are now hopefully going to become interested
139
350260
3000
現在卻好像越來越感興趣
05:53
in the full life-cycle of creatures like these sea turtles,
140
353260
3000
像海龜這樣的生物的生命週期
05:56
who indeed spend most of their time in the high seas.
141
356260
3000
這些人在公海方面投入了大量的時間和精力
06:00
Today, we're just going to voyage to a small sampling
142
360260
3000
今天我們只是航行到一個很小的海域
06:03
of some of these special areas,
143
363260
2000
它只是這些特別海域的一個樣本
06:05
just to give you an idea of the flavor
144
365260
2000
只是爲了讓大家能有一些
06:07
of the riches and wonders they do contain.
145
367260
3000
對於公海內涵的豐富和奇妙的一些初步認識
06:10
The Sargasso Sea, for example,
146
370260
2000
例如,馬尾藻海域
06:12
is not a sea bounded by coastlines,
147
372260
2000
這不是一個被海岸線包圍的海域
06:14
but it is bounded by oceanic currents
148
374260
3000
而是被洋流所環繞
06:17
that contain and envelope
149
377260
2000
這些洋流帶來了
06:19
this wealth of sargassum
150
379260
2000
海藻所需要的養分
06:21
that grows and aggregates there.
151
381260
2000
這些養分讓這裡的海藻十分旺盛地繁衍和聚集
06:23
It's also known as the spawning ground for eels
152
383260
4000
這個海域也作為鰻魚的產卵地而著名
06:27
from Northern European
153
387260
2000
這些鰻魚來自北歐
06:29
and Northern American rivers
154
389260
2000
和北美的河流
06:31
that are now so dwindling in numbers
155
391260
2000
他們的數量正在大量減少
06:33
that they've actually stopped showing up in Stockholm,
156
393260
2000
因為它們在斯德哥爾摩便停止了活動
06:35
and five showed up in the U.K. just recently.
157
395260
3000
而且才在英國有了一些活動的跡象
06:38
But the Sargasso Sea,
158
398260
2000
但是馬尾藻海域
06:40
the same way it aggregates sargassum weed,
159
400260
3000
正如它不斷集聚了馬尾藻的種子
06:43
actually is pulling in the plastic
160
403260
2000
也正在不斷集聚塑料垃圾
06:45
from throughout the region.
161
405260
2000
這些垃圾來自北大西洋地區
06:47
This picture doesn't exactly show
162
407260
2000
這張圖片並沒有準確的展示
06:49
the plastics that I would like it to show, because I haven't been out there myself.
163
409260
3000
我想要展示的那些塑料垃圾,因為我自己從未到過那裡
06:52
But there has just been a study
164
412260
2000
但是有最新的研究
06:54
that was released in February
165
414260
2000
已經在二月份在那裡進行
06:56
that showed there are 200,000
166
416260
2000
這個研究表明那裡每平方公里有二十萬個
06:58
pieces of plastic per square-kilometer
167
418260
3000
塑料垃圾
07:01
now floating in the surface of the Sargasso Sea,
168
421260
3000
現在它們正漂浮在馬尾藻海域的表面
07:04
and that is affecting the habitat
169
424260
2000
研究還表明它們正嚴重影響著
07:06
for the many species in their juvenile stages
170
426260
3000
許多物種幼蟲階段的生存發育環境
07:09
who come to the Sargasso Sea
171
429260
2000
這些生物來到馬尾藻海域
07:11
for its protection and its food.
172
431260
3000
正是爲了得到這片海域的保護和養分
07:14
The Sargasso Sea is also a wondrous place
173
434260
3000
馬尾藻海域也是一個令人驚奇的地方
07:17
for the aggregation of these unique species
174
437260
2000
因為這裡集聚了大量奇特的生物
07:19
that have developed to mimic the sargassum habitat.
175
439260
3000
它們已經適應了馬尾藻海的生存環境
07:22
It also provides a special habitat
176
442260
2000
它也提供了一個特殊的場所
07:24
for these flying fish to lay their eggs.
177
444260
3000
為這些飛魚產卵
07:28
But what I'd like to get from this picture
178
448260
2000
但是我從這張圖片中所感受到的是
07:30
is that we truly do have an opportunity
179
450260
2000
我們真的擁有一個機會
07:32
to launch a global initiative for protection.
180
452260
3000
去開創一種全球化的保護
07:35
Thus, the government of Bermuda has recognized the need
181
455260
3000
百慕大政府已經發現了這樣的必要性
07:38
and its responsibility
182
458260
2000
和自己的責任
07:40
as having some of the Sargasso Sea
183
460260
2000
因為它在部份馬尾藻海域
07:42
within its national jurisdiction --
184
462260
2000
擁有司法管轄權力
07:44
but the vast majority is beyond --
185
464260
2000
但是在廣袤的其他海域卻沒有
07:46
to help spearhead a movement
186
466260
2000
百慕大政府正帶頭發起一次行動
07:48
to achieve protection for this vital area.
187
468260
2000
來保護這個極其重要的海域
07:50
Spinning down to someplace a little bit cooler than here right now:
188
470260
3000
現在讓我們轉到一個比馬尾藻海域冷一點的地方
07:53
the Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean.
189
473260
2000
南太平洋的羅斯海域
07:55
It's actually a bay.
190
475260
2000
實際上這是一個海灣
07:57
It's considered high seas, because the continent
191
477260
2000
它被視為公海,因為這裡
07:59
has been put off limits
192
479260
2000
在任何國家的管轄範圍之外
08:01
to territorial claims.
193
481260
2000
沒有任何主權領土宣稱
08:03
So anything in the water is treated as if it's the high seas.
194
483260
3000
所以這裡水下的一切都與公海內的同樣對待
08:06
But what makes the Ross Sea important
195
486260
2000
但是讓羅斯海域十分重要的是
08:08
is the vast sea of pack ice
196
488260
3000
這裡大量的海冰
08:11
that in the spring and summer
197
491260
2000
在春夏季節
08:13
provides a wealth of phytoplankton and krill
198
493260
2000
這些海冰為浮游植物和磷蝦提供了養分
08:15
that supports what, till recently,
199
495260
2000
直到今天,這些生物仍支持著
08:17
has been a virtually intact
200
497260
2000
這個事實上原封未動未受損害的
08:19
near-shore ecosystem.
201
499260
3000
近海生態系統
08:22
But unfortunately, CCAMLR,
202
502260
2000
但是不幸的是,CAMLAR
08:24
the regional commission
203
504260
2000
它是一個地域性的委員會
08:26
in charge of conserving and managing fish stocks
204
506260
2000
負責保護和管理漁業資源
08:28
and other living marine resources,
205
508260
2000
和其他一些海洋資源
08:30
is unfortunately starting to give in to fishing interests
206
510260
3000
十分不幸的是它目前開始在漁業利益上讓步
08:33
and has authorized the expansion
207
513260
2000
并授權
08:35
of toothfish fisheries in the region.
208
515260
3000
增加這個海域的圓鱈魚捕撈量
08:38
The captain of a New Zealand vessel
209
518260
2000
一個新西蘭船長
08:40
who was just down there
210
520260
2000
他才去過羅斯海
08:42
is reporting a significant decline
211
522260
2000
報告了那裡
08:44
in the number of the Ross Sea killer whales,
212
524260
3000
虎鯨數量的急劇減少
08:47
who are directly dependent on the Antarctic toothfish
213
527260
2000
這些虎鯨十分依賴南極地區的圓鱈魚
08:49
as their main source of food.
214
529260
3000
作為他們的主要食物
08:52
So what we need to do is to stand up boldly,
215
532260
3000
所以我們要做的是勇敢的站起來
08:55
singly and together,
216
535260
2000
我們一起
08:57
to push governments,
217
537260
2000
向政府施壓
08:59
to push regional fisheries management organizations,
218
539260
2000
向那些地區漁業管理機構施壓
09:01
to declare our right
219
541260
2000
表明我們的權利
09:03
to declare certain areas off-limits to high seas fishing,
220
543260
3000
表明一些公海漁業捕撈量的合理上限
09:06
so that the freedom to fish no longer means
221
546260
2000
來阻止捕撈自由成為一種
09:08
the freedom to fish anywhere and anytime.
222
548260
3000
何時何地都能捕撈的無限自由
09:11
Coming closer to here, the Costa Rica Dome
223
551260
3000
換一個比較靠近我們的海域,中部美洲西海岸
09:14
is a recently discovered area --
224
554260
2000
是一個最近才開發的地區
09:16
potentially year-round habitat for blue whales.
225
556260
2000
潛在的藍鯨的週期性生存海域
09:18
There's enough food there to last them
226
558260
2000
這裡有足夠食物
09:20
the summer and the winter long.
227
560260
2000
支持它們度過四季
09:22
But what's unusual about the Costa Rica Dome
228
562260
2000
但是這片海域特殊之處在于
09:24
is, in fact, it's not a permanent place.
229
564260
2000
實際上它不是一個永久固定的地方
09:26
It's an oceanographic phenomenon
230
566260
2000
這是一種海洋學現象
09:28
that shifts in time and space on a seasonal basis.
231
568260
3000
會隨著時間和地域季節性變動
09:31
So, in fact, it's not permanently in the high seas.
232
571260
2000
所以事實上,它并非是在公海上永久固定
09:33
It's not permanently in the exclusive economic zones
233
573260
3000
它也沒有固定在中美五國的
09:36
of these five Central American countries,
234
576260
2000
專屬經濟區內
09:38
but it moves with the season.
235
578260
3000
它隨著季節不斷移動
09:41
As such, it does create a challenge to protect,
236
581260
3000
正因如此,這向我們的保護提出了挑戰
09:44
but we also have a challenge protecting the species that move along with it.
237
584260
3000
也向我們保護隨著它一起移動的生物提出了挑戰
09:47
We can use the same technologies that fishers use
238
587260
3000
我們可以用捕魚者使用的技術
09:50
to identify where the species are,
239
590260
2000
來確認這些生物在哪裡
09:52
in order to close the area
240
592260
2000
爲了靠近這個海域
09:54
when it's most vulnerable,
241
594260
2000
當它十分脆弱時
09:56
which may, in some cases, be year-round.
242
596260
3000
有時是以年為週期
09:59
Getting closer to shore, where we are,
243
599260
2000
當我們靠近海岸一點
10:01
this was in fact taken in the Galapagos.
244
601260
2000
便會發現這正是加拉帕戈斯群島所發生的
10:03
Many species are headed through this region,
245
603260
2000
許多物種都從這個區域通過
10:05
which is why there's been so much attention
246
605260
2000
這正是這裡
10:07
put into conservation
247
607260
2000
在保護工作方面被重視的原因
10:09
of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.
248
609260
2000
這個地區在東太平洋的熱帶部份
10:11
This is the initiative that's been coordinated
249
611260
2000
這是第一次保護工作的配合
10:13
by Conservation International
250
613260
2000
國際保護組織
10:15
with a variety of partners and governments
251
615260
2000
和許多合作夥伴和政府
10:17
to actually try to bring integrated management regime
252
617260
3000
一起嘗試建立共同管理規範
10:20
throughout the area.
253
620260
2000
在這一片區域
10:22
That is, it provides a wonderful example of where you can go
254
622260
2000
這次合作提供了一個十分好的關於能在哪裡活動的示範
10:24
with a real regional initiative.
255
624260
2000
在一個真正的地區主動管理下
10:26
It's protecting five World Heritage sites.
256
626260
3000
它正保護著五個世界遺產
10:29
Unfortunately, the World Heritage Convention
257
629260
3000
不幸的是,世界遺產協會
10:32
does not recognize the need to protect areas
258
632260
3000
尚未認識到保護這片區域的重要性
10:35
beyond national jurisdiction, at present.
259
635260
3000
而且這個地區當前並沒有在某國的管轄範圍內
10:38
So a place like the Costa Rica Dome
260
638260
2000
所以一個像中美西海岸這樣的地區
10:40
could not technically qualify
261
640260
2000
嚴格來說無法說明
10:42
the time it's in the high seas.
262
642260
2000
公海的全部情況
10:44
So what we've been suggesting
263
644260
2000
所以我們建議
10:46
is that we either need to amend the World Heritage Convention,
264
646260
3000
要么我們需要對世界遺產協會進行一些修正
10:49
so that it can adopt
265
649260
3000
以讓它適應
10:52
and urge universal protection of these World Heritage sites,
266
652260
3000
和推動這些世界遺產的普遍保護
10:55
or we need to change the name
267
655260
2000
要么我們需要給它改名
10:57
and call it Half-the-World Heritage Convention.
268
657260
3000
稱呼它為一半世界遺產協會
11:00
But what we also know is that species like these sea turtles
269
660260
3000
同時我們也知道像海龜這樣的物種
11:03
do not stay put in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.
270
663260
4000
並非一直待在東太平洋的熱帶海域
11:07
These happen to go down to a vast South Pacific Gyre,
271
667260
3000
它們有時會南下到廣闊的南太平洋涡流
11:10
where they spend most of their time
272
670260
2000
在那裡度過它們大部份的時光
11:12
and often end up getting hooked like this,
273
672260
2000
而且它們常常最後被像這樣被鉤著
11:14
or as bycatch.
274
674260
2000
或者被漁業混獲
11:16
So what I'd really like to suggest is that we need to scale-up.
275
676260
3000
所以我非常建議的是我們需要擴展
11:19
We need to work locally,
276
679260
2000
我們需要在當地協作
11:21
but we also need to work ocean-basin-wide.
277
681260
3000
同時我們也需要在海盆上開展保護工作
11:24
We have the tools and technologies now
278
684260
3000
我們現在擁有科技和技術
11:27
to enable us to take a broader
279
687260
2000
能夠讓我們在更廣闊的
11:29
ocean-basin-wide initiative.
280
689260
2000
海盆上開創保護工作
11:31
We've heard about the Tagging of Pacific Predators project,
281
691260
3000
我們已經聽聞了關於給太平洋肉食動物標記的項目
11:34
one of the 17 Census of Marine Life projects.
282
694260
3000
這個項目是十七個海洋生物普查工作之一
11:37
It's provided us data like this,
283
697260
2000
它為我們提供了像
11:39
of tiny, little sooty shearwaters
284
699260
3000
烏黑的小海鷗等海洋生物的數據
11:42
that make the entire ocean basin their home.
285
702260
2000
整個海盆都是這些小海鷗的家
11:44
They fly 65,000 kilometers
286
704260
2000
它們飛行六萬五千公里
11:46
in less than a year.
287
706260
2000
在一年之內
11:48
So we have the tools and treasures coming from the Census of Marine Life.
288
708260
3000
所以我們有著來自海洋生物普查項目的測量技術和數據
11:51
And its culminating year
289
711260
2000
而且這個項目的結束
11:53
that's going to be launched in October.
290
713260
2000
會在十月份
11:55
So stay tuned for further information.
291
715260
2000
所以當前爲了更多的數據信息它正在調整
11:57
What I find so exciting
292
717260
2000
我認為這個項目令人興奮的是
11:59
is that the Census of Marine Life
293
719260
2000
海洋生物的普查
12:01
has looked at more than the tagging of pacific predators;
294
721260
3000
並不只限於海洋肉食動物的標記工作
12:04
it's also looked in the really unexplored mid-water column,
295
724260
3000
它也關注了尚未被探索的海水中層生物
12:07
where creatures like this flying sea cucumber
296
727260
2000
那裡有像這樣遊動的海參
12:09
have been found.
297
729260
2000
它們已經被發現
12:11
And fortunately, we've been able, as IUCN,
298
731260
3000
更幸運的是,因為IUCN的努力,我們已經有能力與
12:14
to team up with the Census of Marine Life
299
734260
2000
海洋生物普查項目
12:16
and many of the scientists working there
300
736260
2000
和許多在這個項目中工作的科學家們一起合作
12:18
to actually try to translate
301
738260
2000
嘗試去為政策制定者解讀
12:20
much of this information to policymakers.
302
740260
2000
這些數據中的大量信息
12:22
We have the support of governments now behind us.
303
742260
3000
我們現在擁有了政府機構的支持
12:25
We've been revealing this information through technical workshops.
304
745260
3000
我們一直通過科技小組進行著這些信息的解讀工作
12:28
And the exciting thing is that we do have sufficient information
305
748260
3000
一個令人振奮的是我們的確擁有了足夠的信息
12:31
to move ahead to protect some of these
306
751260
2000
來更進一步保護這些
12:33
significant hope spots, hotspots.
307
753260
3000
十分富有希望的地區,熱點地區
12:36
At the same time we're saying,
308
756260
2000
同時我們也在號召
12:38
"Yes, we need more. We need to move forward."
309
758260
2000
對,我們需要更多,我們需要前進
12:40
But many of you have said,
310
760260
2000
然而我們中的一部份人問過
12:42
if you get these marine protected areas,
311
762260
2000
如果你們讓這些海域得到了保護
12:44
or a reasonable regime for high seas fisheries management in place,
312
764260
3000
或者為公海漁業管理創造了合理的規範
12:47
how are you going to enforce it?
313
767260
2000
你如何去執行它呢
12:49
Which leads me to my second passion besides ocean science,
314
769260
3000
這個問題引起了我對於海洋科學聆之外領域的濃烈興趣
12:52
which is outer space technology.
315
772260
2000
這邊是太空科技
12:54
I wanted to be an astronaut,
316
774260
2000
我曾經想成為一個宇航員
12:56
so I've constantly followed
317
776260
2000
所以我一直關注著
12:58
what are the tools available to monitor Earth
318
778260
2000
有些什麽樣的技術能夠對地球進行檢測
13:00
from outer space --
319
780260
2000
從外太空
13:02
and that we have incredible tools like we've been learning about,
320
782260
3000
我也看到了我們擁有一些難以置信的技術,正如我們已經知道的
13:05
in terms of being able to follow tagged species
321
785260
2000
跟蹤那些被標注的生物的科技
13:07
throughout their life-cycles
322
787260
2000
在他們整個的生命週期
13:09
in the open ocean.
323
789260
2000
在遼闊的海洋
13:11
We can also tag and track fishing vessels.
324
791260
3000
我們同樣也能標記和追蹤捕魚船
13:14
Many already have transponders on board
325
794260
3000
許多捕魚船已經在船上裝備了轉發器
13:17
that allow us to find out where they are and even what they're doing.
326
797260
3000
能夠讓我們知道他們在哪裡並且能知道他們在幹什麼
13:20
But not all the vessels have those to date.
327
800260
2000
可是並非所有的船隻都裝備了這個
13:22
It does not take too much rocket science
328
802260
3000
我們並不需要很多高科技
13:25
to actually try to create new laws to mandate,
329
805260
3000
來制定和執行新的法律
13:28
if you're going to have the privilege
330
808260
2000
如果你將擁有特權
13:30
of accessing our high seas resources,
331
810260
3000
能夠獲得我們公海上的資源
13:33
we need to know -- someone needs to know --
332
813260
2000
我們需要知道--有人需要知道--
13:35
where you are and what you're doing.
333
815260
3000
你在哪裡和你在做什麽
13:38
So it brings me to my main take-home message,
334
818260
2000
所以又回到了我的主題
13:40
which is we can avert a tragedy of the commons.
335
820260
3000
就是我們能避免公用資源的悲劇
13:43
We can stop the collision course
336
823260
2000
我們能夠阻止那些衝突
13:45
of 50 percent of the planet
337
825260
2000
這些衝突發生在占這個星球一半的
13:47
with the high seas.
338
827260
2000
公海上
13:49
But we need to think broad-scale. We need to think globally.
339
829260
3000
然而我們需要從一個廣闊的角度來思考 我們需要全球化的思考
13:52
We need to change how we actually go about
340
832260
2000
我們需要改變我們現在的做法
13:54
managing these resources.
341
834260
3000
管理這些資源
13:57
We need to get the new paradigm
342
837260
2000
我們需要制定新的規範
13:59
of precaution and respect.
343
839260
2000
來預防和重視
14:01
At the same time, we need to think locally,
344
841260
2000
同時,我們也需要當地化的思考
14:03
which is the joy and marvel of Sylvia's hope spot wish,
345
843260
3000
這正是西爾維婭的希望取得成果的原因
14:06
is that we can shine a spotlight
346
846260
2000
我們能夠突出一個熱點
14:08
on many of these previously unknown areas,
347
848260
3000
在這些之前并不為人所知的地區
14:11
and to bring people to the table, if you will,
348
851260
3000
然後把人們帶到問題面前--如果你願意--
14:14
to actually make them feel part of this community
349
854260
3000
來讓他們感到他們是我們這個社會的一部份
14:17
that truly has a stake
350
857260
2000
這個社會擁有一個
14:19
in their future management.
351
859260
2000
對於他們未來的管理十分重大的利益
14:21
And third is that we need to look at ocean-basin-wide management.
352
861260
3000
我想說的第三點是我們需要關注整個海盆的管理
14:24
Our species are ocean-basin-wide.
353
864260
3000
許多生物都是在海盆活動
14:27
Many of the deep-sea communities
354
867260
3000
許多深海生態系統
14:30
have genetic distribution
355
870260
2000
有著基因配置
14:32
that goes ocean-basin-wide.
356
872260
2000
在整個海盆的範圍內的配置
14:34
We need to better understand,
357
874260
2000
我們需要懂得
14:36
but we also need to start to manage and protect.
358
876260
3000
我們也需要開始管理和保護
14:39
And in order to do that,
359
879260
2000
另外爲了做好這一點
14:41
you also need ocean-basin management regimes.
360
881260
2000
我們也需要一些海盆管理的規範
14:43
That is, we have regional management regimes
361
883260
3000
正如我們有著區域性的管理規範
14:46
within the exclusive economic zone,
362
886260
2000
在專屬經濟區內
14:48
but we need to scale these up, we need to build their capacity,
363
888260
3000
但我們也需要將他們整合,我們需要創建這些規範的權限
14:51
so they're like the Southern Ocean,
364
891260
2000
例如南太平洋
14:53
where they do have the two-pronged fisheries
365
893260
2000
那片海域有自相衝突的漁業
14:55
and conservation organization.
366
895260
3000
和保護組織
14:58
So with that, I would just like to sincerely thank and honor
367
898260
3000
所以在這一點上,我真誠地感謝和讚揚
15:01
Sylvia Earle for her wish,
368
901260
2000
Sylvia Earle的希望
15:03
for it is helping us to put a face on the high seas
369
903260
2000
因為它幫助我們重視公海
15:05
and the deep seas beyond national jurisdiction.
370
905260
3000
和沒有被國家主權覆蓋的遠洋
15:08
It's helping to bring an incredible group
371
908260
2000
它幫助我們組建了一個令人不可思議的團隊
15:10
of talented people together
372
910260
2000
這個團隊有各種富有才華的人
15:12
to really try to solve and penetrate
373
912260
2000
一起真正的去解決和發現
15:14
these problems that have created our obstacles
374
914260
3000
這些成為了
15:17
to management and rational use
375
917260
3000
我們管理和合理使用
15:20
of this area that was once so far away and remote.
376
920260
4000
這片曾經如此遙遠的公海海域的問題
15:25
So on this tour, I hope I provided you
377
925260
2000
所以通過這樣的一次旅行,我希望我已經為大家展示了
15:27
with a new perspective of the high seas:
378
927260
2000
一種關於公海的新的視角
15:29
one, that it is our home too,
379
929260
3000
公海同樣是我們的家園
15:32
and that we need to work together
380
932260
2000
我們需要一起努力
15:34
if we are to make this a sustainable ocean future for us all.
381
934260
3000
如果我們想讓公海在未來成為一片可持續發展的共有海洋
15:37
Thank you.
382
937260
2000
謝謝大家
15:39
(Applause)
383
939260
2000
(掌聲)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7