Kristina Gjerde: Making law on the high seas

18,384 views ・ 2010-11-22

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:16
Today I'm going to take you on a voyage
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to some place so deep,
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so dark, so unexplored
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that we know less about it than we know about the dark side of the moon.
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It's a place of myth and legend.
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It's a place marked on ancient maps
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as "here be monsters."
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It is a place where each new voyage of exploration
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brings back new discoveries of creatures so wondrous and strange
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that our forefathers would have considered them monstrous indeed.
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Instead, they just make me green with envy
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that my colleague from IUCN
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was able to go on this journey to the south of Madagascar seamounts
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to actually take photographs
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and to see these wondrous creatures of the deep.
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We are talking about the high seas.
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The "high seas" is a legal term,
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but in fact, it covers 50 percent of the planet.
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With an average depth of the oceans
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of 4,000 meters,
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in fact, the high seas covers and provides
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nearly 90 percent of the habitat
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for life on this Earth.
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It is, in theory, the global commons,
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belonging to us all.
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But in reality,
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it is managed by and for
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those who have the resources
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to go out and exploit it.
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So today I'm going to take you on a voyage
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to cast light on some of the outdated myths
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and legends and assumptions
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that have kept us as the true stakeholders
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in the high seas in the dark.
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We're going to voyage to some of these special places
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that we've been discovering in the past few years
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to show why we really need to care.
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And then finally, we're going to try
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to develop and pioneer a new perspective
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on high seas governance
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that's rooted in ocean-basin-wide conservation,
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but framed in an arena of global norms
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of precaution and respect.
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So here is a picture of the high seas
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as seen from above --
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that area in the darker blue.
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To me, as an international lawyer,
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this scared me far more
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than any of the creatures or the monsters we may have seen,
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for it belies the notion that you can actually protect the ocean,
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the global ocean,
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that provides us all with carbon storage,
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with heat storage, with oxygen,
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if you can only protect 36 percent.
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This is indeed the true heart of the planet.
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Some of the problems that we have to confront
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are that the current international laws --
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for example, shipping --
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provide more protection
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to the areas closest to shore.
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For example, garbage discharge,
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something you would think just simply goes away,
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but the laws regulating
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ship discharge of garbage
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actually get weaker the further you are from shore.
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As a result, we have garbage patches
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the size of twice-Texas.
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It's unbelievable.
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We used to think the solution to pollution
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was dilution,
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but that has proved to be no longer the case.
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So what we have learned from social scientists
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and economists like Elinor Ostrom,
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who are studying the phenomenon
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of management of the commons on a local scale,
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is that there are certain prerequisites
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that you can put into place
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that enable you to manage
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and access open space
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for the good of one and all.
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And these include a sense of shared responsibility,
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common norms that bind people together as a community.
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Conditional access: You can invite people in,
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but they have to be able to play by the rules.
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And of course, if you want people to play by the rules,
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you still need an effective system
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of monitoring and enforcement,
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for as we've discovered,
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you can trust, but you also need to verify.
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What I'd also like to convey
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is that it is not all doom and gloom
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that we are seeing in the high seas.
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For a group of very dedicated individuals --
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scientists, conservationists,
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photographers and states --
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were able to actually change a tragic trajectory
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that was destroying fragile seascapes
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such as this coral garden
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that you see in front of you.
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That is, we're able to save it from a fate
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of deep-sea bottom trawling.
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And how did we do that?
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Well, as I said, we had a group of photographers that went out on board ships
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and actually photographed the activities in process.
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But we also spent many hours
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in the basements of the United Nations,
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trying to work with governments to make them understand
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what was going on so far away from land
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that few of us had ever even imagined
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that these creatures existed.
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So within three years,
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from 2003 to 2006,
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we were able to get norm in place
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that actually changed the paradigm
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of how fishers went about
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deep-sea bottom trawling.
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Instead of "go anywhere, do anything you want,"
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we actually created a regime
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that required prior assessment of where you're going
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and a duty to prevent significant harm.
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In 2009, when the U.N. reviewed progress,
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they discovered
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that almost 100 million square-kilometers of seabed
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had been protected.
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This does not mean that it's the final solution,
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or that this even provides permanent protection.
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But what it does mean
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is that a group of individuals can form a community
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to actually shape
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the way high seas are governed,
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to create a new regime.
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So I'm looking optimistically at our opportunities
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for creating a true, blue perspective
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for this beautiful planet.
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Sylvia's wish
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provides us with that leverage, that access
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to the heart of human beings,
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you might say,
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who have rarely seen places beyond their own toes,
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but are now hopefully going to become interested
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in the full life-cycle of creatures like these sea turtles,
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who indeed spend most of their time in the high seas.
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Today, we're just going to voyage to a small sampling
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of some of these special areas,
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just to give you an idea of the flavor
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of the riches and wonders they do contain.
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The Sargasso Sea, for example,
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is not a sea bounded by coastlines,
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but it is bounded by oceanic currents
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that contain and envelope
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this wealth of sargassum
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that grows and aggregates there.
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It's also known as the spawning ground for eels
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from Northern European
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and Northern American rivers
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that are now so dwindling in numbers
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that they've actually stopped showing up in Stockholm,
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and five showed up in the U.K. just recently.
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But the Sargasso Sea,
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the same way it aggregates sargassum weed,
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actually is pulling in the plastic
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from throughout the region.
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This picture doesn't exactly show
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the plastics that I would like it to show, because I haven't been out there myself.
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But there has just been a study
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that was released in February
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that showed there are 200,000
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pieces of plastic per square-kilometer
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now floating in the surface of the Sargasso Sea,
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and that is affecting the habitat
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for the many species in their juvenile stages
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who come to the Sargasso Sea
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for its protection and its food.
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The Sargasso Sea is also a wondrous place
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for the aggregation of these unique species
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that have developed to mimic the sargassum habitat.
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It also provides a special habitat
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for these flying fish to lay their eggs.
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But what I'd like to get from this picture
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is that we truly do have an opportunity
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to launch a global initiative for protection.
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Thus, the government of Bermuda has recognized the need
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and its responsibility
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as having some of the Sargasso Sea
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within its national jurisdiction --
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but the vast majority is beyond --
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to help spearhead a movement
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to achieve protection for this vital area.
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Spinning down to someplace a little bit cooler than here right now:
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the Ross Sea in the Southern Ocean.
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It's actually a bay.
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It's considered high seas, because the continent
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has been put off limits
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to territorial claims.
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So anything in the water is treated as if it's the high seas.
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But what makes the Ross Sea important
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is the vast sea of pack ice
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that in the spring and summer
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provides a wealth of phytoplankton and krill
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that supports what, till recently,
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has been a virtually intact
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near-shore ecosystem.
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But unfortunately, CCAMLR,
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the regional commission
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in charge of conserving and managing fish stocks
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and other living marine resources,
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is unfortunately starting to give in to fishing interests
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and has authorized the expansion
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of toothfish fisheries in the region.
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The captain of a New Zealand vessel
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who was just down there
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is reporting a significant decline
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in the number of the Ross Sea killer whales,
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who are directly dependent on the Antarctic toothfish
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as their main source of food.
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So what we need to do is to stand up boldly,
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singly and together,
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to push governments,
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to push regional fisheries management organizations,
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to declare our right
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to declare certain areas off-limits to high seas fishing,
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so that the freedom to fish no longer means
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the freedom to fish anywhere and anytime.
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Coming closer to here, the Costa Rica Dome
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is a recently discovered area --
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potentially year-round habitat for blue whales.
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There's enough food there to last them
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the summer and the winter long.
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But what's unusual about the Costa Rica Dome
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is, in fact, it's not a permanent place.
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It's an oceanographic phenomenon
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that shifts in time and space on a seasonal basis.
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So, in fact, it's not permanently in the high seas.
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It's not permanently in the exclusive economic zones
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of these five Central American countries,
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but it moves with the season.
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As such, it does create a challenge to protect,
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but we also have a challenge protecting the species that move along with it.
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We can use the same technologies that fishers use
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to identify where the species are,
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in order to close the area
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when it's most vulnerable,
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which may, in some cases, be year-round.
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Getting closer to shore, where we are,
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this was in fact taken in the Galapagos.
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Many species are headed through this region,
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which is why there's been so much attention
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put into conservation
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of the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.
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This is the initiative that's been coordinated
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by Conservation International
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with a variety of partners and governments
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to actually try to bring integrated management regime
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throughout the area.
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That is, it provides a wonderful example of where you can go
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with a real regional initiative.
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It's protecting five World Heritage sites.
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Unfortunately, the World Heritage Convention
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does not recognize the need to protect areas
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beyond national jurisdiction, at present.
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So a place like the Costa Rica Dome
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could not technically qualify
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the time it's in the high seas.
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So what we've been suggesting
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is that we either need to amend the World Heritage Convention,
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so that it can adopt
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and urge universal protection of these World Heritage sites,
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or we need to change the name
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and call it Half-the-World Heritage Convention.
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But what we also know is that species like these sea turtles
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do not stay put in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape.
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These happen to go down to a vast South Pacific Gyre,
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where they spend most of their time
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and often end up getting hooked like this,
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or as bycatch.
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So what I'd really like to suggest is that we need to scale-up.
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We need to work locally,
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but we also need to work ocean-basin-wide.
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We have the tools and technologies now
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to enable us to take a broader
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ocean-basin-wide initiative.
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We've heard about the Tagging of Pacific Predators project,
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one of the 17 Census of Marine Life projects.
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It's provided us data like this,
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of tiny, little sooty shearwaters
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that make the entire ocean basin their home.
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They fly 65,000 kilometers
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in less than a year.
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So we have the tools and treasures coming from the Census of Marine Life.
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And its culminating year
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that's going to be launched in October.
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So stay tuned for further information.
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What I find so exciting
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is that the Census of Marine Life
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has looked at more than the tagging of pacific predators;
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it's also looked in the really unexplored mid-water column,
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where creatures like this flying sea cucumber
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have been found.
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And fortunately, we've been able, as IUCN,
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to team up with the Census of Marine Life
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and many of the scientists working there
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to actually try to translate
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much of this information to policymakers.
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We have the support of governments now behind us.
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We've been revealing this information through technical workshops.
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And the exciting thing is that we do have sufficient information
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to move ahead to protect some of these
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significant hope spots, hotspots.
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At the same time we're saying,
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"Yes, we need more. We need to move forward."
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But many of you have said,
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if you get these marine protected areas,
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or a reasonable regime for high seas fisheries management in place,
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how are you going to enforce it?
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Which leads me to my second passion besides ocean science,
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which is outer space technology.
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I wanted to be an astronaut,
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so I've constantly followed
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what are the tools available to monitor Earth
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from outer space --
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and that we have incredible tools like we've been learning about,
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in terms of being able to follow tagged species
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throughout their life-cycles
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in the open ocean.
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We can also tag and track fishing vessels.
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Many already have transponders on board
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that allow us to find out where they are and even what they're doing.
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But not all the vessels have those to date.
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It does not take too much rocket science
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to actually try to create new laws to mandate,
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if you're going to have the privilege
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of accessing our high seas resources,
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we need to know -- someone needs to know --
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where you are and what you're doing.
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So it brings me to my main take-home message,
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which is we can avert a tragedy of the commons.
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We can stop the collision course
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of 50 percent of the planet
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with the high seas.
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But we need to think broad-scale. We need to think globally.
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We need to change how we actually go about
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managing these resources.
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We need to get the new paradigm
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of precaution and respect.
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At the same time, we need to think locally,
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which is the joy and marvel of Sylvia's hope spot wish,
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is that we can shine a spotlight
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on many of these previously unknown areas,
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and to bring people to the table, if you will,
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to actually make them feel part of this community
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that truly has a stake
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in their future management.
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And third is that we need to look at ocean-basin-wide management.
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Our species are ocean-basin-wide.
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Many of the deep-sea communities
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have genetic distribution
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that goes ocean-basin-wide.
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We need to better understand,
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but we also need to start to manage and protect.
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And in order to do that,
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you also need ocean-basin management regimes.
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That is, we have regional management regimes
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within the exclusive economic zone,
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but we need to scale these up, we need to build their capacity,
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so they're like the Southern Ocean,
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where they do have the two-pronged fisheries
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and conservation organization.
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So with that, I would just like to sincerely thank and honor
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Sylvia Earle for her wish,
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for it is helping us to put a face on the high seas
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and the deep seas beyond national jurisdiction.
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It's helping to bring an incredible group
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of talented people together
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to really try to solve and penetrate
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these problems that have created our obstacles
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to management and rational use
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of this area that was once so far away and remote.
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So on this tour, I hope I provided you
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with a new perspective of the high seas:
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one, that it is our home too,
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and that we need to work together
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if we are to make this a sustainable ocean future for us all.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)
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