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翻译人员: Zhiting Chen
校对人员: Geoff Chen
00:12
When I was a young man, I spent six years
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我年轻的时候,有六年时间
00:14
of wild adventure in the tropics
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待在热带
过着野外冒险生活
00:16
working as an investigative journalist
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我担任调查记者
00:18
in some of the most bewitching parts of the world.
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在世界上那些特别迷人的地方工作
00:21
I was as reckless and foolish as only young men can be.
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我有着只有在年轻男子身上你才会看到的
年少无知,年轻气盛
00:25
This is why wars get fought.
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这也就是战争为什么会打响的原因
00:26
But I also felt more alive than I've ever done since.
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但我也感受到从未有过的活力
00:30
And when I came home, I found the scope of my existence
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而当我回到家的时候
我发现自我存在感
00:34
gradually diminishing
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正在慢慢减少
00:36
until loading the dishwasher seemed like an interesting challenge.
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直到某天我发现往洗碗机里装餐盘
竟是一个有趣的挑战
00:41
And I found myself sort of
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然后我感到自己
00:43
scratching at the walls of life,
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像被困在生活的围墙内
00:45
as if I was trying to find a way out
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试图找到出路
00:47
into a wider space beyond.
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逃向墙外宽阔的天地
00:49
I was, I believe, ecologically bored.
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从生态学角度看
我坚信我曾经很无趣
00:53
Now, we evolved in rather more challenging times than these,
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如今,身处充满竞争的年代
00:58
in a world of horns and tusks and fangs and claws.
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和在充斥着尖角,獠牙
利齿,坚爪的原始社会相比
01:03
And we still possess the fear and the courage
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我们仍拥有恐惧和勇气
01:05
and the aggression required to navigate those times.
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以及掌控这个时代所需要的野心
01:08
But in our comfortable, safe, crowded lands,
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但在安稳且拥挤的土地上
01:13
we have few opportunities to exercise them
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在不伤害他人的前提下
01:16
without harming other people.
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我们几乎没什么机会去发挥这些品性
01:19
And this was the sort of constraint that I found myself
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这就是我发现自己遇到的
01:23
bumping up against.
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一个瓶颈
01:26
To conquer uncertainty,
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为了征服这种不确定性
01:28
to know what comes next,
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对接下来的事物有所预知
01:32
that's almost been the dominant aim of industrialized societies,
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这几乎是工业社会一直以来的主导目标
01:36
and having got there, or almost got there,
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就在达成目标,或快接近的时候
01:40
we have just encountered a new set of unmet needs.
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我们又遭遇了一系列新的需求
01:43
We've privileged safety over experience
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我们看重安全甚于经验
01:46
and we've gained a lot in doing so,
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从中我们获益匪浅
01:49
but I think we've lost something too.
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但我认为我们也有所损失
01:52
Now, I don't romanticize evolutionary time.
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我并不是理想化进化期
01:54
I'm already beyond the lifespan of most hunter-gatherers,
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我已经比那些狩猎者长命很多了
01:58
and the outcome of a mortal combat between me
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并且,如果是有着近视眼的我
02:01
myopically stumbling around with a stone-tipped spear
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拿着石尖矛,跌跌撞撞地
02:04
and an enraged giant aurochs
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和被激怒的巨型欧洲野牛搏斗
02:07
isn't very hard to predict.
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其结果并不是很难预测
02:09
Nor was it authenticity that I was looking for.
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它也不是我一直在寻找的真实性
02:12
I don't find that a useful or even intelligible concept.
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这不是个有用且明了的概念
02:15
I just wanted a richer and rawer life
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我只是想要一个更丰富更自然的生活
02:19
than I've been able to lead in Britain, or, indeed,
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相较于在英国,或者,事实上
02:22
that we can lead in most parts of the industrialized world.
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世界上绝大部分工业化国家的生活
02:25
And it was only when I stumbled across an unfamiliar word
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我偶然发现了一个陌生的词
02:31
that I began to understand what I was looking for.
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我开始理解,我要找的是什么
02:34
And as soon as I found that word,
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当我找到了那个词
02:37
I realized that I wanted to devote
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我意识到我想要
02:39
much of the rest of my life to it.
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将我的余下的大部分时间精力投入其中
02:43
The word is "rewilding,"
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这个词是"野化" (rewilding)
02:46
and even though rewilding is a young word,
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虽然野化是个年轻的词
02:49
it already has several definitions.
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它已经有好几个定义
02:51
But there are two in particular that fascinate me.
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但有两个特别让我着迷
02:55
The first one is the mass restoration
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一个是大规模恢复
02:59
of ecosystems.
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生态系统
03:01
One of the most exciting scientific findings
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在过去的半个世纪
03:04
of the past half century
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最让人振奋的科学发现之一
03:06
has been the discovery of widespread trophic cascades.
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就是广泛存在于自然界的营养级联
03:11
A trophic cascade is an ecological process
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营养级联是一个生态过程
03:14
which starts at the top of the food chain
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从食物链的顶层开始
03:16
and tumbles all the way down to the bottom,
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自上而下到达底层
03:20
and the classic example is what happened
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最经典的例子是
03:22
in the Yellowstone National Park in the United States
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美国黄石国家公园
03:25
when wolves were reintroduced in 1995.
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1995 年重新放归狼群
03:29
Now, we all know that wolves kill various species of animals,
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我们都知道,狼会猎杀很多不同种类的动物
03:33
but perhaps we're slightly less aware
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但或许我们有些不太清楚
03:36
that they give life to many others.
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它们也给许多其他的物种带来了生机
03:40
It sounds strange, but just follow me for a while.
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这听起来很奇怪,但请听我说
03:43
Before the wolves turned up,
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在狼放归之前
03:45
they'd been absent for 70 years.
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它们缺席已有 70 年了
03:46
The numbers of deer, because there was nothing to hunt them,
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因为没有天敌追逐它们
03:49
had built up and built up in the Yellowstone Park,
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黄石公园里鹿的数量不断增加
03:52
and despite efforts by humans to control them,
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尽管人类作出努力想去控制它们
03:55
they'd managed to reduce much of the vegetation there
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但它们已经将很多植被
03:58
to almost nothing, they'd just grazed it away.
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食用殆尽
04:01
But as soon as the wolves arrived,
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可是,一旦狼群出现
04:03
even though they were few in number,
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即便数量不多
04:05
they started to have the most remarkable effects.
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却产生了显著的效果
04:09
First, of course, they killed some of the deer,
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当然,它们猎杀了一些鹿
04:11
but that wasn't the major thing.
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但那不是最重要的
04:13
Much more significantly,
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更重要的是
04:15
they radically changed the behavior of the deer.
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它们从根本上改变了鹿群的行为方式
04:18
The deer started avoiding certain parts of the park,
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鹿群开始回避黄石公园里的某些部分
04:21
the places where they could be trapped most easily,
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那些它们最容易被困住的地方
04:24
particularly the valleys and the gorges,
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特别是山谷和峡谷
04:26
and immediately those places started to regenerate.
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植物在那里再度生长起来
04:29
In some areas, the height of the trees
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在一些地区,树木的高度
04:32
quintupled in just six years.
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在短短六年里增加了五倍
04:35
Bare valley sides quickly became forests of aspen
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光秃秃的山谷没多久
就有了大片树木
04:39
and willow and cottonwood.
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长满了山杨树,柳树和杨木
04:41
And as soon as that happened,
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树木的种类数量多了起来
04:43
the birds started moving in.
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鸟儿就开始加入
04:45
The number of songbirds, of migratory birds,
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鸣禽和候鸟类的数量
04:48
started to increase greatly.
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开始快速增加
04:50
The number of beavers started to increase,
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海狸的数量开始增加
04:52
because beavers like to eat the trees.
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因为树木为它们提供食物
04:54
And beavers, like wolves, are ecosystem engineers.
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海狸,和狼一样,都是生态系统工程师
04:58
They create niches for other species.
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它们为其他物种创造生态龛位
05:00
And the dams they built in the rivers
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在河里住建水坝
05:03
provided habitats for otters and muskrats
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水坝是水獭,麝鼠
05:06
and ducks and fish and reptiles and amphibians.
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鸭子,鱼类, 爬行动物和两栖动物的栖息地
05:10
The wolves killed coyotes, and as a result of that,
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狼捕杀郊狼
05:14
the number of rabbits and mice began to rise,
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因此兔子和老鼠的数量开始上升
05:16
which meant more hawks, more weasels,
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这意味着出现了更多的鹰,黄鼠狼
05:19
more foxes, more badgers.
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更多的狐狸、 獾
05:22
Ravens and bald eagles came down to feed
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乌鸦和秃鹰食用
05:24
on the carrion that the wolves had left.
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狼群离开后留下的腐尸
05:26
Bears fed on it too, and their population began to rise as well,
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熊的数量也增加了
05:30
partly also because there were more berries
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部分因为有了更多的浆果
05:32
growing on the regenerating shrubs,
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出现在新生的灌木上
05:35
and the bears reinforced the impact of the wolves
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熊进一步加强了狼群的作用
05:38
by killing some of the calves of the deer.
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它们也猎杀一些幼鹿
05:42
But here's where it gets really interesting.
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但是更有趣的地方在于
05:46
The wolves changed the behavior of the rivers.
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狼群改变了河流的行为习惯
05:51
They began to meander less.
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河流的迂回减少了
05:53
There was less erosion. The channels narrowed.
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侵蚀减弱,河道收窄
05:57
More pools formed, more riffle sections,
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形成了更多的池塘和浅滩
05:59
all of which were great for wildlife habitats.
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这些都是非常适合野生动物的栖息地
06:01
The rivers changed
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河流因为
06:03
in response to the wolves,
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狼群的再出现而改变
06:06
and the reason was that the regenerating forests
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因为新生长出的大片树林
06:09
stabilized the banks so that they collapsed less often,
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使河岸稳固,于是滑坡减少
06:13
so that the rivers became more fixed in their course.
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因此河道就更为稳固
06:16
Similarly, by driving the deer out of some places
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另外,由于鹿群被赶出了某些区块
06:20
and the vegetation recovering on the valley sides,
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河谷坡上的植被得以恢复
06:24
there was less soil erosion,
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水土流失也少了
06:26
because the vegetation stabilized that as well.
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因为植被使得土壤更稳固
06:29
So the wolves, small in number,
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总之,尽管狼的数量不多
06:33
transformed not just the ecosystem
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不但改变了黄石国家公园
06:36
of the Yellowstone National Park, this huge area of land,
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这面积巨大的土地上的生态系统
06:39
but also its physical geography.
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还改变了其自然地貌
06:43
Whales in the southern oceans
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南部海域的鲸鱼
06:45
have similarly wide-ranging effects.
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也有着同样广泛的影响
06:47
One of the many post-rational excuses
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其中一个日本政府用来
06:50
made by the Japanese government for killing whales
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正当化捕鲸行为的后理性借口是
06:53
is that they said, "Well, the number of fish and krill will rise
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他们说,"鲸鱼被捕杀后
该海域鱼和磷虾的数量将上升
06:56
and then there'll be more for people to eat."
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为人类提供更多的食物。”
06:58
Well, it's a stupid excuse, but it sort of
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这是一个愚蠢的借口
07:00
kind of makes sense, doesn't it,
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但它听起来似乎还是有点儿道理的
07:02
because you'd think that whales eat huge amounts
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因为你会想当然地认为,鲸鱼吃掉
07:04
of fish and krill, so obviously take the whales away,
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大量的鱼和磷虾,很明显,把鲸鱼去除
07:06
there'll be more fish and krill.
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鱼和磷虾数量会增加
07:08
But the opposite happened.
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但情况正好相反
07:11
You take the whales away,
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把鲸鱼去除后
07:12
and the number of krill collapses.
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磷虾的数量剧减
07:15
Why would that possibly have happened?
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为什么会这样呢?
07:17
Well, it now turns out that the whales are crucial
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人们发现,原来鲸鱼对于维持
07:20
to sustaining that entire ecosystem,
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这一整个生态系统至关重要
07:23
and one of the reasons for this
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其中一个原因是
07:25
is that they often feed at depth
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鲸鱼在较深的水下进食
07:27
and then they come up to the surface and produce
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然后到水面上排泄
07:29
what biologists politely call large fecal plumes,
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生物学家礼貌地称之为大型粪便羽
07:33
huge explosions of poop right across the surface waters,
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大量的粪便在水面
07:37
up in the photic zone, where there's enough light
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在海洋透光层,那里有足够的光照量
07:41
to allow photosynthesis to take place,
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可以进行光合作用
07:44
and those great plumes of fertilizer
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那些大量的羽毛状的肥料
07:47
stimulate the growth of phytoplankton,
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刺激了浮游植物的增殖
07:49
the plant plankton at the bottom of the food chain,
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处于食物链的底端的浮游植物
07:51
which stimulate the growth of zooplankton,
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刺激了浮游动物的增殖
07:53
which feed the fish and the krill and all the rest of it.
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作为食物供给了鱼类磷虾等其他生物
07:55
The other thing that whales do is that,
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鲸鱼的另一个重要任务是
07:57
as they're plunging up and down through the water column,
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它们在水中上下穿梭游动
08:00
they're kicking the phytoplankton
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它们把浮游植物
08:02
back up towards the surface
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重新搅动回水面
08:04
where it can continue to survive and reproduce.
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让它们继续存活和繁殖
08:07
And interestingly, well, we know
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有趣的是,我们知道
08:10
that plant plankton in the oceans
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在海洋中的浮游植物
08:13
absorb carbon from the atmosphere --
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能吸收大气中的碳
08:14
the more plant plankton there are,
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浮游植物越多
08:16
the more carbon they absorb --
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它们吸收的碳也就越多
08:18
and eventually they filter down into the abyss
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它们最终深入海底
08:21
and remove that carbon from the atmospheric system.
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带走了大气系统中的碳
08:24
Well, it seems that when whales were at their historic populations,
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在鲸鱼数量繁盛的历史时期
08:28
they were probably responsible for sequestering
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它们估计每年
08:31
some tens of millions of tons of carbon
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从大气中
08:35
every year from the atmosphere.
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带走数千万吨的碳
08:38
And when you look at it like that, you think,
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综合这些例子,你想想看
08:41
wait a minute, here are the wolves
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等一下,狼群能够
08:43
changing the physical geography of the Yellowstone National Park.
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改变黄石国家公园的自然地理
08:46
Here are the whales changing
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鲸鱼能够改变
08:48
the composition of the atmosphere.
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大气的构成
08:50
You begin to see that possibly,
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你开始看到这样一种可能性
08:53
the evidence supporting James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis,
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就像詹姆斯 · 洛夫洛克的盖亚假说
08:56
which conceives of the world as a coherent,
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设想世界是一个整体的
08:59
self-regulating organism,
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是能够自我调节的有机体
09:01
is beginning, at the ecosystem level, to accumulate.
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在生态系统这个层面
累积了一个能够证明盖亚假说的证据
09:07
Trophic cascades
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营养级联
09:09
tell us that the natural world
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告诉我们,自然界
09:11
is even more fascinating and complex than we thought it was.
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比我们想得更为神奇和复杂
09:16
They tell us that when you take away the large animals,
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它告诉我们,当你移除了大型动物
09:19
you are left with a radically different ecosystem
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你剩下的将是一个完全不同的生态系统
09:23
to one which retains its large animals.
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这个系统和保留大型动物的系统是不同的
09:26
And they make, in my view, a powerful case
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在我看来,这些都是强有力的案例
09:29
for the reintroduction of missing species.
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用以支持再引入缺失物种
09:33
Rewilding, to me,
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野化,于我
09:35
means bringing back some of the missing plants and animals.
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意味着带回那些已消失的植物和动物
09:39
It means taking down the fences,
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意味着卸除藩篱
09:40
it means blocking the drainage ditches,
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2024
意味着塞住排水渠
09:42
it means preventing commercial fishing in some large areas of sea,
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意味着制止某些
大面积海域的商业捕鱼行为
09:45
but otherwise stepping back.
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除此以外,人类只需后退一步
09:49
It has no view as to what a right ecosystem
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野化对什么是一个正确的生态系统
09:52
or a right assemblage of species looks like.
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或物种组合的正确与否不做评论
09:55
It doesn't try to produce a heath or a meadow
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野化不是试图建造荒地或牧场
09:59
or a rain forest or a kelp garden or a coral reef.
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或雨林或海藻园或珊瑚礁
10:04
It lets nature decide,
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它让大自然做出决定
10:06
and nature, by and large, is pretty good at deciding.
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一般情况下,大自然很擅长做决定
10:09
Now, I mentioned that there are two definitions
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我提到野化的
10:12
of rewilding that interest me.
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两个定义让我对此感兴趣
10:14
The other one
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我要说的另一个定义是
10:15
is the rewilding of human life.
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人类生活方式的野化
10:18
And I don't see this as an alternative
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我并不认为
10:20
to civilization.
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这是文明的替代品
10:22
I believe we can enjoy the benefits of advanced technology,
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我相信我们可以
享受高新科技带来的好处
10:25
as we're doing now, but at the same time, if we choose,
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就像现在这样,但同时,如果我们选择
10:29
have access to a richer and wilder life of adventure
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去获得更丰富和野性的冒险生活
10:34
when we want to because
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只要我们想,就能去
10:36
there would be wonderful, rewilded habitats.
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那些精彩的野化生态栖息地
10:40
And the opportunities for this
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这样的机会
10:42
are developing more rapidly than you might think possible.
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比你想象的增长速度要快得多
10:47
There's one estimate which suggests that in the United States,
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有一项研究估计,在美国
10:50
two thirds of the land which was once forested and then cleared
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原本森林被砍伐的土地中,有三分之二
10:54
has become reforested as loggers and farmers have retreated,
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已经重新造林,伐木工人和农民离开了
10:57
particularly from the eastern half of the country.
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这样的现象尤其在美国东部较为常见
11:00
There's another one which suggests
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另一种研究表示
11:02
that 30 million hectares of land in Europe,
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欧洲有三千万公顷的土地
11:05
an area the size of Poland,
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其面积大小相当于波兰的领土面积
11:08
will be vacated by farmers
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农民将会在
11:10
between 2000 and 2030.
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2000 至 2030 年间撤离
11:13
Now, faced with opportunities like that,
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现在,面对这样的机会
11:16
does it not seem a little unambitious
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我们是否能更有野心
11:19
to be thinking only of bringing back wolves, lynx,
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难道只是想着带回狼、 猞猁、
11:22
bears, beavers, bison, boar, moose,
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熊、 海狸、 野牛、 野猪、 麋
11:26
and all the other species which are already beginning
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1825
和那些已经开始
11:28
to move quite rapidly across Europe?
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横跨欧洲快速迁徙的物种吗?
11:31
Perhaps we should also start thinking
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或许我们也应该开始思考
11:33
about the return of some of our lost megafauna.
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让那些我们驱逐的巨型动物的回来
11:37
What megafauna, you say?
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你说的是那种巨型动物?
11:39
Well, every continent had one,
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每个大陆的曾经有一个
11:42
apart from Antarctica.
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除了南极
11:43
When Trafalgar Square in London was excavated,
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当伦敦的特拉法加广场挖地基时
11:47
the river gravels there were found
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在那里河到砂砾中发现
11:49
to be stuffed with the bones of hippopotamus,
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满满的动物尸骨,有河马
11:52
rhinos, elephants, hyenas, lions.
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犀牛、 大象、 鬣狗、 狮子
11:56
Yes, ladies and gentlemen,
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是的,女士们先生们
11:58
there were lions in Trafalgar Square
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在纳尔逊纪念碑修建前
12:00
long before Nelson's Column was built.
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特拉法加广场就曾有狮子出没了
12:03
All these species lived here
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这些物种生活在
12:06
in the last interglacial period,
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上一个间冰期
12:08
when temperatures were pretty similar to our own.
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那时的气候温度和现在相近
12:11
It's not climate, largely,
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可以这样说,气候
12:13
which has got rid of the world's megafaunas.
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并不是造成巨型物种减少的原因
12:17
It's pressure from the human population
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而是来自人类人口的压力
12:19
hunting and destroying their habitats
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狩猎和破坏其栖息地的行为
12:21
which has done so.
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这些才是罪魁祸首
12:23
And even so, you can still see the shadows
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即便如此,你仍然可以
12:26
of these great beasts in our current ecosystems.
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在现代生态系统中
看到这些巨型物种的影子
12:29
Why is it that so many deciduous trees
255
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为什么有那么多的落叶树木
12:32
are able to sprout from whatever point the trunk is broken?
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能够从树干断裂的任何地方发出嫩芽?
12:37
Why is it that they can withstand the loss
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为什么这些树木在失去
12:39
of so much of their bark?
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大部分树皮的情况下仍能存活?
12:40
Why do understory trees,
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为什么下层木
12:43
which are subject to lower sheer forces from the wind
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受到的风小
12:48
and have to carry less weight
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承受的重量
12:50
than the big canopy trees,
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比大型乔木轻
12:52
why are they so much tougher and harder to break
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为什么它们却如此强硬
12:56
than the canopy trees are?
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难以折断?
13:00
Elephants.
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大象
13:02
They are elephant-adapted.
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是因为大象的存在
它们才演化至此的
13:04
In Europe, for example,
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比如说,在欧洲
13:06
they evolved to resist the straight-tusked elephant,
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它们进化到能够抵挡直獠牙的大象
13:10
elephas antiquus, which was a great beast.
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古象,亚洲象属,是一种巨大的野兽
13:12
It was related to the Asian elephant,
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它和亚洲大象有关系
13:14
but it was a temperate animal, a temperate forest creature.
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但它是一种温带的动物,一个温带森林生物
13:17
It was a lot bigger than the Asian elephant.
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比亚洲象健硕很多
13:19
But why is it that some of our common shrubs
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为什么我们常见的灌木
13:22
have spines which seem to be over-engineered
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长着看似煞费苦心生出的刺
13:25
to resist browsing by deer?
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来阻止鹿的进食?
13:28
Perhaps because they evolved
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1814
或许它们进化至此
13:30
to resist browsing by rhinoceros.
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是为了阻止犀牛进食
13:33
Isn't it an amazing thought
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这难道不是一个令人惊叹的想法吗
13:35
that every time you wander into a park
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每次你在公园漫步
13:38
or down an avenue or through a leafy street,
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或走过一个绿树成荫的大道
13:40
you can see the shadows of these great beasts?
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你可以看到这些巨大兽类的影子?
13:44
Paleoecology, the study of past ecosystems,
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古生态学研究的是
过去的生态系统
13:48
crucial to an understanding of our own,
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这是理解当今生态系统的关键因素
13:52
feels like a portal through which you may pass
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感觉就像你可能通过这个入口
13:55
into an enchanted kingdom.
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穿越到魔法世界
13:58
And if we really are looking at areas of land
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如果我们看这些重新野化的土地
14:02
of the sort of sizes I've been talking about becoming available,
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其面积可以达到我们之前所说的规模
14:06
why not reintroduce some of our lost megafauna,
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为什么不重新引入那些我们失去的巨型动物
14:09
or at least species closely related to those
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1950
或者至少是与它们有密切关联的物种
14:11
which have become extinct everywhere?
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2961
那些濒临灭绝的生物?
14:14
Why shouldn't all of us
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2309
我们为什么不能
14:16
have a Serengeti on our doorsteps?
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在门前开辟一个塞伦盖提草原?
14:19
And perhaps this is the most important thing
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也许野化
14:22
that rewilding offers us,
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1475
能够带给我们最重要的东西
14:24
the most important thing that's missing from our lives:
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这是我们生活中所丢失的那个最最重要的
14:27
hope.
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希望
14:29
In motivating people to love and defend the natural world,
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在激发人们热爱和捍卫自然界的路上
14:34
an ounce of hope is worth a ton of despair.
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一盎司的希望抵得上一吨的绝望
14:39
The story rewilding tells us
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野化的故事告诉我们
14:41
is that ecological change need not always proceed
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生态变化不需要总是
14:45
in one direction.
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向一个方向进行
14:47
It offers us the hope
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它为我们带来希望
14:50
that our silent spring
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2141
寂静的春天
14:52
could be replaced by a raucous summer.
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可以被一个喧闹的夏天取代
14:54
Thank you.
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谢谢
14:56
(Applause)
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6011
(掌声)
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