For more wonder, rewild the world | George Monbiot

253,324 views ใƒป 2013-09-09

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shir Ben Asher Kestin ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
When I was a young man, I spent six years
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
00:14
of wild adventure in the tropics
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงืื” ืคืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™
00:16
working as an investigative journalist
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ื›ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื›ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ
00:18
in some of the most bewitching parts of the world.
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื›ืฉืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:21
I was as reckless and foolish as only young men can be.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื–ื™ื– ื•ื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
00:25
This is why wars get fought.
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ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื™ืฉ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช.
00:26
But I also felt more alive than I've ever done since.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ ืžืืฉืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ.
00:30
And when I came home, I found the scope of my existence
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ืฉืœื™
00:34
gradually diminishing
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ื ืขืœื ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”
00:36
until loading the dishwasher seemed like an interesting challenge.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœืกื“ืจ ืืช ืžื“ื™ื— ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืืชื’ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
00:41
And I found myself sort of
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ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
00:43
scratching at the walls of life,
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ืžืชื’ืจื“ ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:45
as if I was trying to find a way out
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
00:47
into a wider space beyond.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืืŸ.
00:49
I was, I believe, ecologically bored.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™, ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ, ืžืฉื•ืขืžื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
00:53
Now, we evolved in rather more challenging times than these,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืชืคืชื—ื ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
00:58
in a world of horns and tusks and fangs and claws.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ืคืจื™ื.
01:03
And we still possess the fear and the courage
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“ ื•ื”ืื•ืžืฅ
01:05
and the aggression required to navigate those times.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื”ื.
01:08
But in our comfortable, safe, crowded lands,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
01:13
we have few opportunities to exercise them
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื
01:16
without harming other people.
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:19
And this was the sort of constraint that I found myself
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™
01:23
bumping up against.
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ื ื—ื‘ื˜ ื‘ื”.
01:26
To conquer uncertainty,
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ืœื›ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ืื™ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช,
01:28
to know what comes next,
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ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื‘ื ืื—ืจ ื›ืš,
01:32
that's almost been the dominant aim of industrialized societies,
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ื–ืืช ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืฉืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉื•ืช,
01:36
and having got there, or almost got there,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื, ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื,
01:40
we have just encountered a new set of unmet needs.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื’ืฉื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ืœื ื ืขื ื•.
01:43
We've privileged safety over experience
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ื”ืขื“ืคื ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”
01:46
and we've gained a lot in doing so,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš,
01:49
but I think we've lost something too.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ื”ืคืกื“ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื•.
01:52
Now, I don't romanticize evolutionary time.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
01:54
I'm already beyond the lifespan of most hunter-gatherers,
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ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื,
01:58
and the outcome of a mortal combat between me
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ื•ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ ืขื“ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™,
02:01
myopically stumbling around with a stone-tipped spear
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ืžื•ืขื“ ืœื™ ื‘ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจืื™ื” ืขื ื—ื ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื—ื•ื“ ืžืื‘ืŸ,
02:04
and an enraged giant aurochs
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ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจ ืขื ืง ื•ืขืฆื‘ื ื™
02:07
isn't very hard to predict.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช.
02:09
Nor was it authenticity that I was looking for.
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ื•ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื” ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™.
02:12
I don't find that a useful or even intelligible concept.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื•ืฆื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
02:15
I just wanted a richer and rawer life
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ืจืง ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:19
than I've been able to lead in Britain, or, indeed,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”, ืื•, ื‘ืขืฆื,
02:22
that we can lead in most parts of the industrialized world.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉ.
02:25
And it was only when I stumbled across an unfamiliar word
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ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื ืชืงืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ื ื— ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจ
02:31
that I began to understand what I was looking for.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™.
02:34
And as soon as I found that word,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื–ื”,
02:37
I realized that I wanted to devote
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ
02:39
much of the rest of my life to it.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ ืœื–ื”.
02:43
The word is "rewilding,"
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ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ื•ื "ื”ืคืจืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ"
02:46
and even though rewilding is a young word,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืคืจืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื” ืžื•ื ื— ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:49
it already has several definitions.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื.
02:51
But there are two in particular that fascinate me.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืจืชืงื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
02:55
The first one is the mass restoration
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ
02:59
of ecosystems.
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ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
03:01
One of the most exciting scientific findings
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:04
of the past half century
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ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžืื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”
03:06
has been the discovery of widespread trophic cascades.
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ื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืกืงืื“ื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช.
03:11
A trophic cascade is an ecological process
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ืงืกืงื“ื” ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™
03:14
which starts at the top of the food chain
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
03:16
and tumbles all the way down to the bottom,
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืชื—ืชื™ืช,
03:20
and the classic example is what happened
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
03:22
in the Yellowstone National Park in the United States
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ื‘ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
03:25
when wolves were reintroduced in 1995.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื—ื–ืจื• ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995
03:29
Now, we all know that wolves kill various species of animals,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:33
but perhaps we're slightly less aware
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
03:36
that they give life to many others.
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ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
03:40
It sounds strange, but just follow me for a while.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื–ืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืจืง ืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ืœืจื’ืข.
03:43
Before the wolves turned up,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื,
03:45
they'd been absent for 70 years.
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ื”ื ื ืขื“ืจื• ืœืžืฉืš 70 ืฉื ื”.
03:46
The numbers of deer, because there was nothing to hunt them,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื,ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฆื•ื“ ืื•ืชื,
03:49
had built up and built up in the Yellowstone Park,
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ืขืœื” ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืคืืจืง ื™ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ,
03:52
and despite efforts by humans to control them,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื,
03:55
they'd managed to reduce much of the vegetation there
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ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื
03:58
to almost nothing, they'd just grazed it away.
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ืขื“ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจืขื• ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
04:01
But as soon as the wolves arrived,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•,
04:03
even though they were few in number,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื,
04:05
they started to have the most remarkable effects.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:09
First, of course, they killed some of the deer,
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื,
04:11
but that wasn't the major thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™.
04:13
Much more significantly,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™,
04:15
they radically changed the behavior of the deer.
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื.
04:18
The deer started avoiding certain parts of the park,
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ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง,
04:21
the places where they could be trapped most easily,
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ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืœื›ื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:24
particularly the valleys and the gorges,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ืขืžืงื™ื ื•ื”ื ืงื™ืงื™ื,
04:26
and immediately those places started to regenerate.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืงื.
04:29
In some areas, the height of the trees
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ื‘ืžื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื™ื
04:32
quintupled in just six years.
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ื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:35
Bare valley sides quickly became forests of aspen
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ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขืžืงื™ื ืฆื—ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืœื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฆืคืฆืคืช
04:39
and willow and cottonwood.
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ื•ืขืจื‘ื” ื•ืฆืคืฆืคื”
04:41
And as soon as that happened,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”,
04:43
the birds started moving in.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ.
04:45
The number of songbirds, of migratory birds,
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ืžืกืคืจ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ, ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช,
04:48
started to increase greatly.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
04:50
The number of beavers started to increase,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช,
04:52
because beavers like to eat the trees.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
04:54
And beavers, like wolves, are ecosystem engineers.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ืื‘ื™ื, ื”ื ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช.
04:58
They create niches for other species.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:00
And the dams they built in the rivers
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ื•ื”ืกื›ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื ื”ืจื•ืช
05:03
provided habitats for otters and muskrats
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ืกื™ืคืงื• ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœืœื•ื˜ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื ื™ื
05:06
and ducks and fish and reptiles and amphibians.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ื—ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื•-ื—ื™ื™ื.
05:10
The wolves killed coyotes, and as a result of that,
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ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื–ืื‘ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš,
05:14
the number of rabbits and mice began to rise,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืจื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขืœื•ืช,
05:16
which meant more hawks, more weasels,
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ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฆื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืžื•ืจื™ื,
05:19
more foxes, more badgers.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื•ืขืœื™ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
05:22
Ravens and bald eagles came down to feed
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ืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืขื™ื˜ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืจืืฉ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืงืจืงืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ื–ื•ืŸ
05:24
on the carrion that the wolves had left.
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ืžื”ืคื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื•.
05:26
Bears fed on it too, and their population began to rise as well,
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ื’ื ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื• ืžื”ืคื’ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ,
05:30
partly also because there were more berries
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ื‘ื—ืœืงื” ื’ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื™ืขืจ
05:32
growing on the regenerating shrubs,
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ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืงืžื•,
05:35
and the bears reinforced the impact of the wolves
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื–ืงื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื
05:38
by killing some of the calves of the deer.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื’ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื•ืคืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื.
05:42
But here's where it gets really interesting.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉื‘ื• ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:46
The wolves changed the behavior of the rivers.
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ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช.
05:51
They began to meander less.
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืชืคืชืœ ืคื—ื•ืช.
05:53
There was less erosion. The channels narrowed.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื™ื”. ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ื”ื ื—ืœ ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:57
More pools formed, more riffle sections,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื•ืฆืจื•, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื,
05:59
all of which were great for wildlife habitats.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจ.
06:01
The rivers changed
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ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื ื•
06:03
in response to the wolves,
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ืื‘ื™ื,
06:06
and the reason was that the regenerating forests
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืงืžื™ื
06:09
stabilized the banks so that they collapsed less often,
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ื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืืช ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืš ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื˜ื˜ื• ืคื—ื•ืช,
06:13
so that the rivers became more fixed in their course.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื.
06:16
Similarly, by driving the deer out of some places
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ืžื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
06:20
and the vegetation recovering on the valley sides,
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ื•ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉื”ื—ืœื™ืžื” ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืžืงื™ื,
06:24
there was less soil erosion,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”,
06:26
because the vegetation stabilized that as well.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื™ื™ืฆื‘ื” ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”.
06:29
So the wolves, small in number,
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ืื– ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื, ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจื,
06:33
transformed not just the ecosystem
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ืฉื™ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
06:36
of the Yellowstone National Park, this huge area of land,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื–ื”,
06:39
but also its physical geography.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
06:43
Whales in the southern oceans
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ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื
06:45
have similarly wide-ranging effects.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
06:47
One of the many post-rational excuses
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืคื•ืกื˜-ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ื
06:50
made by the Japanese government for killing whales
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ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ืœื”ืจื’ ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื
06:53
is that they said, "Well, the number of fish and krill will rise
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืกืจื˜ื ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืœ ื™ืขืœื”
06:56
and then there'll be more for people to eat."
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ื•ืื– ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ".
06:58
Well, it's a stupid excuse, but it sort of
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืชื™ืจื•ืฅ ืžื˜ื•ืžื˜ื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
07:00
kind of makes sense, doesn't it,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ืœื?
07:02
because you'd think that whales eat huge amounts
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช
07:04
of fish and krill, so obviously take the whales away,
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ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืœ, ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื ื ื™ืงื— ืžืฉื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื,
07:06
there'll be more fish and krill.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ืœ.
07:08
But the opposite happened.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืคืš ืงืจื”.
07:11
You take the whales away,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื,
07:12
and the number of krill collapses.
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ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืงืจื™ืœ ืžืชืžื•ื˜ื˜
07:15
Why would that possibly have happened?
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”?
07:17
Well, it now turns out that the whales are crucial
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืฉื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžื›ืจื™ืข
07:20
to sustaining that entire ecosystem,
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ืœืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
07:23
and one of the reasons for this
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
07:25
is that they often feed at depth
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืžืงื™ ื”ื™ื
07:27
and then they come up to the surface and produce
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื
07:29
what biologists politely call large fecal plumes,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก "ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฆื•ืืชื™ื•ืช" ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
07:33
huge explosions of poop right across the surface waters,
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ืคื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืงื™ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื,
07:37
up in the photic zone, where there's enough light
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื™, ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื•ืจ
07:41
to allow photosynthesis to take place,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ,
07:44
and those great plumes of fertilizer
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืฉืŸ
07:47
stimulate the growth of phytoplankton,
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ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
07:49
the plant plankton at the bottom of the food chain,
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ื”ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
07:51
which stimulate the growth of zooplankton,
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ืฉืžืขื•ื“ื“ ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ,
07:53
which feed the fish and the krill and all the rest of it.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื• ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืงืจื™ืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ.
07:55
The other thing that whales do is that,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื
07:57
as they're plunging up and down through the water column,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื˜ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื,
08:00
they're kicking the phytoplankton
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ
08:02
back up towards the surface
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
08:04
where it can continue to survive and reproduce.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
08:07
And interestingly, well, we know
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:10
that plant plankton in the oceans
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ืฉืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
08:13
absorb carbon from the atmosphere --
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ืกื•ืคื’ ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”--
08:14
the more plant plankton there are,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืœื ืงื˜ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™,
08:16
the more carbon they absorb --
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ื”ื ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ--
08:18
and eventually they filter down into the abyss
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืžืกื ื ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ืืœ ื”ืžืขืžืงื™ื
08:21
and remove that carbon from the atmospheric system.
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ื•ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ืช.
08:24
Well, it seems that when whales were at their historic populations,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื’ื“ืœื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
08:28
they were probably responsible for sequestering
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ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง
08:31
some tens of millions of tons of carbon
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ืฉืœ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ
08:35
every year from the atmosphere.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
08:38
And when you look at it like that, you think,
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ื•ื›ืฉืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”, ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
08:41
wait a minute, here are the wolves
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ืจืง ืจื’ืข, ื”ื ื” ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื
08:43
changing the physical geography of the Yellowstone National Park.
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ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื”ืคื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืืจืง ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื™ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ.
08:46
Here are the whales changing
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื
08:48
the composition of the atmosphere.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
08:50
You begin to see that possibly,
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™,
08:53
the evidence supporting James Lovelock's Gaia hypothesis,
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ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ืช ื’ืื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืœืื‘ืœื•ืง,
08:56
which conceives of the world as a coherent,
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ืฉืชื•ืคืกืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืงื•ื”ืจื ื˜ื™,
08:59
self-regulating organism,
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ืฉืžื‘ืงืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื•,
09:01
is beginning, at the ecosystem level, to accumulate.
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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ.
09:07
Trophic cascades
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ืงืกืงืื“ื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช
09:09
tell us that the natural world
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ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืฉืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข
09:11
is even more fascinating and complex than we thought it was.
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ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืชืง ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
09:16
They tell us that when you take away the large animals,
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืœื ื• ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช,
09:19
you are left with a radically different ecosystem
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ืืชื” ื ืฉืืจ ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™
09:23
to one which retains its large animals.
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ืžื›ื–ืืช ืฉืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
09:26
And they make, in my view, a powerful case
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื
09:29
for the reintroduction of missing species.
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ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืขืœืžื•.
09:33
Rewilding, to me,
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ื”ืคืจืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
09:35
means bringing back some of the missing plants and animals.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืขืœืžื•.
09:39
It means taking down the fences,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ืจื•ืช,
09:40
it means blocking the drainage ditches,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื–,
09:42
it means preventing commercial fishing in some large areas of sea,
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืžื ื™ืขืช ื“ื™ื’ ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื,
09:45
but otherwise stepping back.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื”.
09:49
It has no view as to what a right ecosystem
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉื•ื ื“ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื”
09:52
or a right assemblage of species looks like.
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ืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื.
09:55
It doesn't try to produce a heath or a meadow
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ืฆืจ ืขืจื‘ื” ืื• ืื—ื•
09:59
or a rain forest or a kelp garden or a coral reef.
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ืื• ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฉื ืื• ื’ื™ื ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืื• ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื.
10:04
It lets nature decide,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜,
10:06
and nature, by and large, is pretty good at deciding.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜.
10:09
Now, I mentioned that there are two definitions
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื
10:12
of rewilding that interest me.
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ืœืžื•ื ื— ื”ืคืจืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื™.
10:14
The other one
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ื”ืฉื ื™
10:15
is the rewilding of human life.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืจืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
10:18
And I don't see this as an alternative
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”
10:20
to civilization.
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ืœืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
10:22
I believe we can enjoy the benefits of advanced technology,
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ืžืช,
10:25
as we're doing now, but at the same time, if we choose,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ื ื‘ื—ืจ,
10:29
have access to a richer and wilder life of adventure
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคืจืื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคืชืงื”
10:34
when we want to because
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ื›ืฉื ืจืฆื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ
10:36
there would be wonderful, rewilded habitats.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื ืคืœืื™ื ื•ืžื•ืคืจืื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
10:40
And the opportunities for this
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ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš
10:42
are developing more rapidly than you might think possible.
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ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจื™.
10:47
There's one estimate which suggests that in the United States,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
10:50
two thirds of the land which was once forested and then cleared
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ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืžื™ื•ืขืจ ื•ืื– ื‘ื•ืืจ
10:54
has become reforested as loggers and farmers have retreated,
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ื”ืคืš ืœืžื™ื•ืขืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื—ืงืœืื™ื ื ืกื•ื’ื•,
10:57
particularly from the eastern half of the country.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
11:00
There's another one which suggests
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ืขื”
11:02
that 30 million hectares of land in Europe,
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ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
11:05
an area the size of Poland,
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ืฉื˜ื— ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ,
11:08
will be vacated by farmers
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ื™ืคื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืงืœืื™ื
11:10
between 2000 and 2030.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 2000 ื•- 2030
11:13
Now, faced with opportunities like that,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
11:16
does it not seem a little unambitious
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ืœื ืฉืืคืชื ื™
11:19
to be thinking only of bringing back wolves, lynx,
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืฉื‘ื” ืœื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื–ืื‘ื™ื, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ ืคืจื,
11:22
bears, beavers, bison, boar, moose,
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ื“ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื, ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ ื‘ืจ, ืžื•ืก,
11:26
and all the other species which are already beginning
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื
11:28
to move quite rapidly across Europe?
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ืœื ื•ืข ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”?
11:31
Perhaps we should also start thinking
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
11:33
about the return of some of our lost megafauna.
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ื”-ืคืื•ื ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
11:37
What megafauna, you say?
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ืื™ื–ื• ืžื’ื”-ืคืื•ื ื” ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื?
11:39
Well, every continent had one,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื›ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื—ืช,
11:42
apart from Antarctica.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืื ื˜ืืจืงื˜ื™ืงื”.
11:43
When Trafalgar Square in London was excavated,
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ื›ืฉื ืขืจื›ื• ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื˜ืจืคืœื’ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
11:47
the river gravels there were found
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ื”ื—ืฆืฅ ืžื”ื ื—ืœ ืฉื ื ืžืฆื
11:49
to be stuffed with the bones of hippopotamus,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืคื•ื˜ืžื™ื,
11:52
rhinos, elephants, hyenas, lions.
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ืงืจื ืคื™ื, ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ืืจื™ื•ืช.
11:56
Yes, ladies and gentlemen,
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ื›ืŸ, ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™,
11:58
there were lions in Trafalgar Square
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ื”ื™ื• ืืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื˜ืจืคืœื’ืจ
12:00
long before Nelson's Column was built.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืขืžื•ื“ ื ืœืกื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื”.
12:03
All these species lived here
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื™ื• ื›ืืŸ
12:06
in the last interglacial period,
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
12:08
when temperatures were pretty similar to our own.
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ื›ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืœื ื•.
12:11
It's not climate, largely,
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ื–ื” ืœื ืืงืœื™ื, ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
12:13
which has got rid of the world's megafaunas.
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ืฉื ืคื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžื’ื”-ืคืื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:17
It's pressure from the human population
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ื–ื” ืœื—ืฅ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
12:19
hunting and destroying their habitats
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ืฉืฆื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
12:21
which has done so.
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ืฉืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
12:23
And even so, you can still see the shadows
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื
12:26
of these great beasts in our current ecosystems.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:29
Why is it that so many deciduous trees
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื™ื ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื
12:32
are able to sprout from whatever point the trunk is broken?
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื’ื–ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืจ?
12:37
Why is it that they can withstand the loss
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ
12:39
of so much of their bark?
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ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื?
12:40
Why do understory trees,
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ืœืžื” ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื—ื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
12:43
which are subject to lower sheer forces from the wind
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ืฉื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืจื•ื—
12:48
and have to carry less weight
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืงืœ
12:50
than the big canopy trees,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
12:52
why are they so much tougher and harder to break
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ืœืžื” ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจื”
12:56
than the canopy trees are?
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ืžืืฉืจ ืขืฆื™ ื”ื—ื•ืคื”?
13:00
Elephants.
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ืคื™ืœื™ื.
13:02
They are elephant-adapted.
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ื”ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืœืคื™ืœื™ื.
13:04
In Europe, for example,
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ืœืžืฉืœ,
13:06
they evolved to resist the straight-tusked elephant,
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ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืคื™ืœ ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื˜,
13:10
elephas antiquus, which was a great beast.
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elephas antiquus, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ืื“ื™ืจื”.
13:12
It was related to the Asian elephant,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืกื™ื™ืชื™,
13:14
but it was a temperate animal, a temperate forest creature.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื ื”, ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืขืจ ืžืชื•ืŸ.
13:17
It was a lot bigger than the Asian elephant.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืกื™ื™ืชื™.
13:19
But why is it that some of our common shrubs
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืฉืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
13:22
have spines which seem to be over-engineered
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ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื”
13:25
to resist browsing by deer?
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืœื™ื?
13:28
Perhaps because they evolved
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
13:30
to resist browsing by rhinoceros.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจื ืคื™ื.
13:33
Isn't it an amazing thought
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ื”ืื ื–ืืช ืœื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
13:35
that every time you wander into a park
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ืฉื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืชื” ืชื•ืขื” ืœืชื•ืš ืคืืจืง
13:38
or down an avenue or through a leafy street,
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ืื• ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื“ืจื” ืื• ื“ืจืš ืจื—ื•ื‘ ืžืœื ืขืœื™ื,
13:40
you can see the shadows of these great beasts?
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•?
13:44
Paleoecology, the study of past ecosystems,
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ืคืœืื•-ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
13:48
crucial to an understanding of our own,
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ืฉื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื• ืฉืœื ื•,
13:52
feels like a portal through which you may pass
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ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืจ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ืจื›ื•
13:55
into an enchanted kingdom.
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ืœืชื•ืš ืžืžืœื›ื” ืงืกื•ืžื”.
13:58
And if we really are looking at areas of land
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”
14:02
of the sort of sizes I've been talking about becoming available,
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ืžืกื•ื’ ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืคื ื•ื™ื™ื,
14:06
why not reintroduce some of our lost megafauna,
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ืœืžื” ืœื ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื’ื”-ืคืื•ื ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
14:09
or at least species closely related to those
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ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืืœื•
14:11
which have become extinct everywhere?
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ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื?
14:14
Why shouldn't all of us
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ืœืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•
14:16
have a Serengeti on our doorsteps?
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ืกืจื ื’ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืžืคืชืŸ ื“ืœืชื ื•?
14:19
And perhaps this is the most important thing
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:22
that rewilding offers us,
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ืฉื”ืคืจืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื ื•,
14:24
the most important thing that's missing from our lives:
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ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื ืขื“ืจ ืžื—ื™ื™ื ื•:
14:27
hope.
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ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
14:29
In motivating people to love and defend the natural world,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
14:34
an ounce of hope is worth a ton of despair.
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ื’ืจื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืื•ืฉ.
14:39
The story rewilding tells us
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจืื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื•
14:41
is that ecological change need not always proceed
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื
14:45
in one direction.
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ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“.
14:47
It offers us the hope
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืข ืœื ื• ืชืงื•ื•ื”
14:50
that our silent spring
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ืฉื”ืื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ืžื ืฉืœื ื•
14:52
could be replaced by a raucous summer.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฅ ืžื—ื•ืกืคืก.
14:54
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
14:56
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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