The data behind Hollywood's sexism | Stacy Smith

翻译人员: Yan Gao 校对人员: Chen Zou

Today, I want to tell you about a pressing social issue.

今天我要讨论一个 严峻的社会问题

Now, it's not nuclear arms,

不是核武器

it's not immigration,

不是移民问题

and it's not malaria.

也不是疟疾

I'm here to talk about movies.

我今天要说的是电影

Now, in all seriousness, movies are actually really important.

严肃地讲 电影非常重要

In film, we can be wildly entertained,

在电影中 我们可以尽情娱乐

and we can also be transported through storytelling.

还可以在故事中体验时空穿梭

Storytelling is so important.

讲故事太重要了

Stories tell us what societies value,

故事里展现社会价值观

they offer us lessons,

故事里提供经验教训

and they share and preserve our history.

而且故事还会分享和保存我们的历史

Stories are amazing.

故事是非常了不起的

But stories don't give everyone

但是故事没有为每一个人

the same opportunity to appear within them,

提供同等的出场机会

particularly not stories

尤其不会在以美国电影形式呈现的

compartmentalized in the form of American movies.

被分级的故事里

In film, interestingly enough,

有趣的是 在电影中

females are still erased and marginalized

女性在许多情节中仍然被抹掉

in a lot of our stories.

和被边缘化

And I learned this for the first time about 10 years ago

10年前我在对G级（大众级）电影的 性别角色做第一次调研时

when I did my first study on gender role in G-rated films.

首次注意到了这个问题

Since then, we've conducted more than 30 investigations.

在那之后 我们又做了30多次的调研

My team is tired.

这让我的团队疲惫不堪

And I've committed my life

而我已经把我的人生角色定为

as researcher and activist

研究者和积极活动者

to fighting the inclusion crisis

致力于与发生在好莱坞的

in Hollywood.

这种包容危机作斗争

So today, what I'd like to do is tell you about that crisis.

所以今天 我想给 你们说说这个危机

I want to talk about gender inequality in film.

我想说说电影里的性别不平等

I want to tell you how it is perpetuated,

我想告诉你们这种现象如何渗透持续

and then I'm going to tell you how we're going to fix it.

然后我将告诉你们 我们将如何解决它

However, one caveat before I begin:

但是我要先让大家有个心理准备

my data are really depressing.

我的数据非常令人压抑

So I want to apologize in advance,

所以想先和大家道个歉

because I'm going to put you all in a really bad mood.

因为我将会让你们情绪很低落

But I'm going to bring it up at the end,

不过最后我会让你们心情变好的

and I'm going to present a silver lining

我会展示一线曙光

to fix this mess that we've been in

来化解这个困扰了我们

for a very, very long time.

很长很长时间的混乱局面

So, let's start with the gravity of the situation.

那么我们就从这个状况的重点开始

Each year, my research team examines the top 100 grossing films

每年我的研究团队会检查在美国排名

in the United States.

前100的电影

What we do is we look at every speaking or named character on-screen.

我们关注荧幕上每一个 有台词或有名字的角色

Now, to count in one of my investigations,

那么要在我的调研中算做一个角色

all a character has to do is say one word.

最低要求是开口说一个字

This is a very low bar.

这标准已经相当低了

(Laughter)

（观众笑声）

Thus far, we've looked at 800 movies,

目前为止我们一共看过800部电影

from 2007 to 2015,

从2007年到2015年

cataloguing every speaking character on-screen for gender, race, ethnicity,

对镜头里每一个有台词的角色 按性别 种族 民族

LGBT and characters with a disability.

LGBT群体和残疾人进行了分类

Let's take a look at really some problematic trends.

让我们看看这个非常有问题的趋势

First, females are still noticeably absent on-screen in film.

首先 银幕上和电影里明显缺少女性

Across 800 movies and 35,205 speaking characters,

在800部电影 和35205位带台词的演员中

less than a third of all roles go to girls and women.

不到1/3的角色是女性

Less than a third!

还不到三分之一

There's been no change from 2007 to 2015,

这个数字从2007年 到2015年一直没变

and if you compare our results

如果你把我们的结果

to a small sample of films from 1946 to 1955,

与1946至1955年间的 小部分电影样品对比

there's been no change in over a half of a century.

你会发现这个数据 有半个多世纪没变了

Over half of a century!

半个多世纪啊

But we're half of the population.

但是我们女性占人口的一半

Now, if we look at this data intersectionally,

那么如果我们跨越 性别比例比较这个数据

which has been a focus of today,

今天的重点就在于此

the picture becomes even more problematic.

问题就更加严重了

Across the top 100 films of just last year,

就在去年的前100部电影中

48 films didn't feature one black or African-American speaking character,

48部电影里完全没有 带台词的黑人或者非裔美国人角色

not one.

一个都没有

70 films were devoid of Asian or Asian-American speaking characters

70部电影里完全没有

亚洲女性或者亚裔 美国女性有台词的角色

that were girls or women.

None.

一个都没有

Eighty-four films didn't feature one female character that had a disability.

84部电影里完全没有 女性残疾人角色

And 93 were devoid of lesbian, bisexual or transgender female speaking characters.

93部电影完全没有同性恋 双性恋或变性人的女性带台词角色

This is not underrepresentation.

这不是代表性的不足

This is erasure,

这是一种刻意抹除

and I call this the epidemic of invisibility.

我叫它 视而不见症

Now, when we move from prevalence to protagonist,

现在我们将目光 从普通演员投向主演

the story is still problematic.

问题依旧没有减少

Out of a hundred films last year,

去年的100部电影中

only 32 featured a female lead or colead driving the action.

只有32名女性主演或联合主演

Only three out of a hundred films

在100部电影中只有3部

featured an underrepresented female driving the story,

是由少数族裔的女性来主演的

and only one diverse woman

只有一位背景多样的女性

that was 45 years of age or older at the time of theatrical release.

在电影播出时超过了45岁

Now let's look at portrayal.

现在我们再来看看角色形象

In addition to the numbers you just saw,

除了你们刚才看的这一系列数字

females are far more likely to be sexualized in film

女性与对应的男演员相比

在电影中更容易被性感化

than their male counterparts.

Matter of fact, they're about three times as likely

事实上她们穿着性感

to be shown in sexually revealing clothing,

局部裸露的可能性

partially naked,

是男性的三倍

and they're far more likely to be thin.

而且有更大可能性是身材偏瘦

Now, sometimes, in animation, females are so thin

有时动画片里的女性角色

that their waist size approximates the circumference of their upper arm.

瘦到腰围已经接近上臂围了

(Laughter)

（观众笑声）

We like to say that these gals have no room for a womb

我们想说这些姑娘的身体

or any other internal organ.

没有地方放子宫或任何内脏

(Laughter)

（观众笑声）

Now, all joking aside,

那么撇开玩笑话

theories suggest, research confirms,

有理论支持 也有研究证实

exposure to thin ideals and objectifying content

长期接触以瘦为 理想和物质化的内容

can lead to body dissatisfaction, internalization of the thin ideal

会使一些女观众 对自己的身材不满意

and self-objectification among some female viewers.

并且将瘦和自我物化这些观念 内化成自己的想法

Obviously, what we see on-screen

很显然我们在荧幕上看到的那些

and what we see in the world,

和我们在现实生活中 看到的那些人物形象

they do not match.

不相匹配

They do not match!

完全不匹配

Matter of fact, if we lived in the screen world,

事实上 如果我们生活在 银幕中的世界里

we would have a population crisis on our hands.

我们将拥有人口危机

So, as soon as I recognized these patterns,

所以 一旦当我认识到了这些模式

I wanted to find out why,

我就想找出原因

and it turns out that there are two drivers to inequality on-screen:

结果显示 导致银幕上 出现这种不平等的原因有二

content creator gender and misperceptions of the audience.

内容创作者的性别 和对观众的错误解读

Let's unpack them really quick.

让我来快速解释一下

If you want to change any of the patterns I just talked about,

要想改变我刚提到的任一模式

all you have to do is hire female directors.

聘用女性导演就可以

Turns out, the female directors

事实是 女性导演

are associated with, in terms of short films and indie films,

在短片和独立电影中

more girls and women on-screen,

可以带来更多银幕上的女性

more stories with women in the center,

更多以女性为中心的故事

more stories with women 40 years of age or older on-screen,

更多40岁以上女性在银幕上的故事

which I think is good news for this crowd.

我觉得这对这边的观众是好消息

More underrepresented --

更多的少数族群

(Laughter)

（观众笑声）

Sorry.

抱歉

(Laughter)

（观众笑声）

抱歉但是也不是抱歉

Sorry but not sorry.

More underrepresented characters in terms of race and ethnicity,

更多在种族和民族方面 属于少数群体的角色

and most importantly,

最重要的是

more women working behind the camera

更多女性在镜头后工作

in key production roles.

担任关键的电影制作角色

Easy answer to the problems that we just talked about.

这是我们刚才说的 那个问题的简单答案

Or is it?

真的是这样吗

It's actually not.

其实不是

800 films, 2007-2015,

800部电影 2007-2015年

886 directors.

886名导演中

Only 4.1 percent are women.

只有4.1%是女性

Only three are African-American or black,

其中只有三位是非裔美国人/黑人

and only one woman was Asian.

只有一位女性是亚洲人

So why is it so difficult

那么 为什么这么难

to have female directors

雇佣女导演

if they're part of the solution?

如果她们可以使问题得到解决

Well, to answer this question,

为了回答这个问题

we conducted a study.

我们进行了一项研究

We interviewed dozens of industry insiders

我们采访了几十位业内人士

and asked them about directors.

问他们有关导演的问题

Turns out, both male and female executives,

我们发现 不论是 男性还是女性的高管

when they think director,

当他们想到导演一词时

they think male.

他们直接想到的是男性

They perceive the traits of leadership

他们认为领导的特质

to be masculine in nature.

自然而然是属于男性的

So when they're going to hire a director

所以当他们要聘请导演时

to command a crew, lead a ship,

要指挥一个团队 领导一艘船

be a visionary or be General Patton,

做有远见的人或是帕顿将军

all the things that we've heard --

我们听过的一切

their thoughts and ideations pull male.

他们的脑海和想象中 会自然出现男性

The perception of director or a leader

对导演或领导者的认知

is inconsistent with the perception of a woman.

与对女人的认知是不一致的

The roles are incongruous,

角色是不协调的

which is consistent with a lot of research in the psychological arena.

这与心理学领域的 大量研究结果一致

Second factor contributing to inequality on-screen

导致屏幕上不平等现象的 第二个因素

is misperceptions of the audience.

是对观众的错误解读

I don't need to tell this crowd:

我不说你们也明白

50 percent of the people that go to the box office and buy tickets

这个国家去买票看电影的人

are girls and women in this country.

有一半是女性

Right?

是吧

But we're not perceived to be a viable or financially lucrative target audience.

但我们不被认作是一个可行的 或是能带来经济利润的目标观众

Further, there's some misperceptions

此外 关于女性能否打开

about whether females can open a film.

电影市场存在一些误解

Open a film means that if you place a female at the center,

打开电影市场的意思是 如果故事以女性为中心

it doesn't have the return on investment

投资就没有回报

that if you place a male at the center of a story does.

但如果换成以男性为中心 那么投资就有回报

This misperception is actually costly.

这种误解实际上代价高昂

Right?

对吧

特别是随着加盟连锁的成功

Especially in the wake of franchise successes

like "The Hunger Games,"

比如 饥饿游戏

"Pitch Perfect"

完美之音

or that small little indie film, "Star Wars: The Force Awakens."

或那个小小的独立电影 星球大战 力量觉醒

Our own economic analyses show that gender of the lead character

我们自己的经济分析数据表明

在美国 主演的性别 与票房是否成功没有关系

doesn't play a role in economic success in the United States.

But what does?

那有关系的是什么呢

Production costs alone

制作成本本身

or in conjunction with how widely a film is distributed in this country.

或加上电影是如何在全国广泛发行的

It's not the gender of the lead character.

不是主角的性别

So at this point, we should all be sufficiently depressed.

所以目前为止 我们应该足够沮丧了

No change in 50 years,

50年来没有任何变化

few female directors working behind the camera

镜头背后的女导演很少

and the entertainment industry does not trust us as an audience.

以及娱乐业不拿我们 女性当目标观众

Well, I told you there would be a silver lining,

但是我告诉过你们 会有一线曙光

and there is.

确实有

There are actually simple and tangible solutions

实际上这儿有解决这个问题的

to fixing this problem

简单可行的办法

that involve content creators,

它们涉及内容创作者

executives and consumers

执行者和消费者

like the individuals in this room.

比如在座的每一个人

Let's talk about a few of them.

我们谈谈其中几个办法

The first is what I call "just add five."

第一个是我所说的 仅仅加五个

Did you know if we looked at the top 100 films next year

你知道吗 如果 我们明年的前100部电影

and simply added five female speaking characters on-screen

只要给这每个电影的银幕上

增加五个有台词的女性角色

to each of those films,

it would create a new norm.

就会创造一个新常态

If we were to do this for three contiguous years,

如果我们连续三年这样做

we would be at gender parity

我们将会在超过

for the first time in over a half of a century.

半个世纪的时间 首次在性别上达到平等

Now, this approach is advantageous for a variety of reasons.

这个方法存在优势 有很多原因

One? It doesn't take away jobs for male actors.

一 它不会减少男演员的工作机会

Heaven forbid.

天理不容

(Laughter)

（观众笑声）

Two, it's actually cost-effective. It doesn't cost that much.

二 经济实惠 性价比高

Three, it builds a pipeline for talent.

三 建立人才渠道

And four, it humanizes the production process.

四 制作过程人性化

Why? Because it makes sure that there's women on set.

为什么 因为它确保片场有女性在

Second solution is for A-list talent.

第二个解决方案是对一线明星而言

A-listers, as we all know, can make demands in their contracts,

众所周知 一线明星 可以在他们的合同中提出要求

particularly the ones that work on the biggest Hollywood films.

特别是好莱坞超级大片中的那些名角

What if those A-listers

如果那些一线明星在合同中

simply added an equity clause or an inclusion rider

仅仅加入平等条款或包容性附则

into their contract?

将会怎样

Now, what does that mean?

这是什么意思呢

Well, you probably don't know

你们可能不知道

but the typical feature film

在典型的特写电影里

has about 40 to 45 speaking characters in it.

有大约40到45个有台词的角色

I would argue that only 8 to 10 of those characters

我会认为这些角色中

are actually relevant to the story.

只有8到10个与故事情节真正相关

Except maybe "Avengers." Right?

可能 复仇者联盟 除外吧

A few more in "Avengers."

这里面要多一些

The remaining 30 or so roles,

但剩下的大约30个角色

there's no reason why those minor roles

没有理由不能让这些小角色

can't match or reflect the demography

匹配或反映故事发生的

of where the story is taking place.

地点的人口统计

An equity rider by an A-lister in their contract

一线明星在合同的平等条款中

can stipulate that those roles

可以规定 这些角色要反映

reflect the world in which we actually live.

我们实际生活的世界

Now, there's no reason why a network,

实际上广播电视网

a studio or a production company

工作室或制作公司

cannot adopt the same contractual language

在谈判过程中没有理由不采用

in their negotiation processes.

相同的合同条款

Third solution:

第三个办法

this would be for the entertainment industry,

这是对娱乐业而言的

Hollywood in particular,

特别是好莱坞

to adopt the Rooney Rule

在涉及导演的招聘工作时

when it comes to hiring practices around directors.

采用 鲁尼规则

Now, in the NFL, the Rooney Rule stipulates

目前在NFL 鲁尼规则 规定

that if a team wants to hire a coach from outside the organization,

如果一个团队想 从组织外聘请一名教练

what they have to do is interview an underrepresented candidate.

他们必须要面试少数族群的候选人

The exact same principle can apply to Hollywood films.

同样的原则可以 应用到好莱坞电影中

How?

怎么用呢

Well, on these top films,

在这些顶级电影中

executives and agents can make sure

管理层和代理可以确保

that women and people of color are not only on the consideration list,

女性和有色人种 不仅是在考虑名单上

but they're actually interviewed for the job.

而且他们是真正参加了面试的

Now, one might say,

可能有人会问

why is this important?

为什么这很重要

Because it exposes or introduces executives to female directors

因为它让管理层看到女导演

who otherwise fall prey to exclusionary hiring practices.

否则女导演就被忽视在 排斥性的聘用程序之外了

The fourth solution

第四个办法是

is for consumers like me and you.

关于像你我这样的消费者

If we want to see more films by, for and about women,

如果我们想看到更多由女性制作 为女性制作 以及关于女性的电影

we have to support them.

我们必须支持她们

It may mean going to the independent theater chain

这可能意味着要去独立剧院看电影

instead of the multiplex.

而不是连锁影城

Or it might mean scrolling down a little further online

或者可能意味着 在网上多滚动一下鼠标

to find a film by a female director.

找个女导演制作的电影

Or it may be writing a check and funding a film,

或者是写张支票去资助一部电影

particularly by a female director from an underrepresented background.

特别是由有少数群体背景的 女导演制作的电影

Right?

这很合理吧

We need to write, call and email companies

我们需要写信 打电话和发电邮

给制作和传播电影的公司

that are making and distributing films,

and we need to post on our social media accounts

当我们想要看到有包容性的形式

when we want to see inclusive representation,

看到女性出现在银幕上 我们需要在

women on-screen,

社交媒体账户上发帖

and most importantly, women behind the camera.

最重要的是 看到镜头背后的女性

We need to make our voices heard and our dollars count.

我们需要让我们的声音被听到 而且我们花的钱有价值

Now, we actually have the ability to change the world on this one.

现在 我们实际上有能力 去改变这个世界

The US and its content,

美国及其文化产物

films in particular,

特别是电影

have captured the imaginations of audiences worldwide.

已经吸引了全球观众的想象力

Worldwide.

全球的

So that means that the film industry has unprecedented access

所以这意味着电影业 有史无前例的机会

to be able to distribute stories about equality

能够将关于平等的故事

all around the world.

传播到世界各地

Imagine what would happen

想像一下会发生什么

if the film industry aligned its values

如果电影业使其价值

with what it shows on-screen.

与银幕上显示的价值观相一致

It could foster inclusion

它可以培养我们

and acceptance for girls and women,

包容并接纳女孩和妇女

people of color,

有色人群

the LGBT community,

LGBT群体

individuals with disabilities,

残疾人

and so many more around the world.

以及全世界的人们

The only thing that the film industry has to do is unleash its secret weapon,

电影业唯一要做的就是 放出它的秘密武器

and that's storytelling.

那就是讲故事

Now, at the beginning of this talk,

在这次演讲的开始

I said that films --

我说电影

that they can actually transport us,

能带我们穿梭时空

but I would like to argue that films, they can transform us.

但是我想强调的是 电影能让我们转型

None of us in this room

这个现场没有任何人

have grown up or experienced a storytelling landscape

成长或经历过具有充分现实化的

with fully realized female characters,

女性角色的银幕时代

none of us,

没有人经历过

because the numbers haven't changed.

因为那个数字没有变过

What would happen if the next generation of audiences

如果下一代观众

grew up with a whole different screen reality?

在完全不同的银幕现实中长大

What would happen?

会怎么样

Well I'm here to tell you today

那么我今天要告诉你

that it's not only possible to change what we see on-screen

不仅改变银幕所见是可能的

but I am impatient for it to get here.

而且我迫不及待想要看它到来了

So let's agree to take action today

那么让我们约定 今天就采取行动

to eradicate the epidemic of invisibility.

消灭这 视而不见 的流行病

And let's agree to take action today

让我们约定今天就采取行动

to agree that US audiences and global viewers

同意美国观众和全球观众

demand and deserve more.

应该要求更多 也得到更多

And let's agree today

今天让我们约定

that the next generation of viewers and audiences,

下一代观众和听众

that they deserve to see the stories

他们应该看到

we were never able to see.

我们从未见过的故事

Thank you.

谢谢

(Applause)

（观众掌声）