Bruce Aylward: How we'll stop polio for good

翻译人员: Lan Xu 校对人员: Bear Jin

I want to share with you

我要

over the next 18 minutes

在接下来的18分钟内

a pretty incredible idea.

与大家分享一个不可思议的愿景

Actually, it's a really big idea.

一个非常雄伟的愿景

But to get us started,

不过首先

I want to ask if everyone

我想请在座各位

could just close your eyes for two seconds

闭上双眼在几秒钟内想一想

and try and think of a technology or a bit of science

某种技术或者科学

that you think has changed the world.

在你看来，改变了世界

Now I bet, in this audience,

我打赌，这里所有的观众

you're thinking of some really incredible technology,

你一定想到了某种神奇的技术

some stuff that I haven't even heard of,

某种我甚至没听说过的玩意儿

I'm absolutely sure.

绝对是的

But I'm also sure, pretty sure,

但我同时也确信，非常肯定

that absolutely nobody is thinking of this.

绝对没有人想到它

This is a polio vaccine.

这是一支脊髓灰质炎疫苗

And it's a great thing actually

其实，这很好

that nobody's had to think about it here today

今天在座没人想到它

because it means that we can take this for granted.

是因为我们已将它视为理所当然

This is a great technology.

这是一项伟大的技术

We can take it completely for granted.

我们可以完全地应用它

But it wasn't always that way.

但是过去并不是这样

Even here in California,

甚至就在这里，加利福尼亚

if we were to go back just a few years,

如果退后几十年

it was a very different story.

情况可大不相同

People were terrified of this disease.

当时，人们惧怕这种疾病

They were terrified of polio, and it would cause public panic.

他们十分害怕脊髓灰质炎，它能引起公众惊恐

And it was because of scenes like this.

原因就如图中所示

In this scene,

在这张图片里

people are living in an iron lung.

人们生活在铁制的肺中

These are people who were perfectly healthy two or three days before,

这些人，两三天前还相当健康

and then two days later,

可几天后

they can no longer breathe,

便丧失呼吸功能

and this polio virus has paralyzed

脊髓灰质炎病毒

not only their arms and their legs,

不仅仅瘫痪了他们的四肢

but also their breathing muscles.

就连控制呼吸的肌肉也不放过

And they were going to spend the rest of their lives, usually,

通常，他们的余生都得在

in this iron lung to breathe for them.

铁肺里度过

This disease was terrifying.

这个疾病十分可怕

There was no cure,

当时却没有疗法

and there was no vaccine.

也没有疫苗

The disease was so terrifying

这个疾病如此恐怖

that the president of the United States

以至于当时的美国总统

launched an extraordinary national effort

发动了一场声势浩大的全国运动

to find a way to stop it.

来试图阻止它的传播

Twenty years later, they succeeded

二十年后，他们成功地

and developed the polio vaccine.

开发出脊髓灰质炎疫苗

It was hailed as a scientific miracle

这被视为科学奇迹

in the late 1950s.

当时是20世纪50年代末

Finally, a vaccine that could stop this awful disease,

终于，有一种疫苗能够阻止这种可怕的疾病

and here in the United States

在美国

it had an incredible impact.

它有着惊人的影响力

As you can see, the virus stopped,

正如我们所知，病毒被遏制

and it stopped very, very fast.

并且很快被遏制

But this wasn't the case

可并不是

everywhere in the world.

全世界都如此

And it happened so fast in the United States, however,

虽然在美国，情况迅速好转，但是

that even just last month Jon Stewart said this:

甚至就在上个月，乔恩·斯图尔特问我

(Video) Jon Stewart: Where is polio still active?

（录像）乔恩·斯图尔特：脊髓灰质炎还活跃在哪些地方呢？

Because I thought that had been eradicated

我以为它已经被灭绝

in the way that smallpox had been eradicated.

就如天花从地球上消失一样

Bruce Aylward: Oops. Jon, polio's almost been eradicated.

布鲁斯·艾尔沃德：哎，乔恩，脊髓灰质炎是几乎被灭绝了

But the reality is

但现实是

that polio still exists today.

它仍然存在于世间

We made this map for Jon to try to show him exactly where polio still exists.

我们绘制了疾病分布图，给乔恩展示了目前的状况

This is the picture.

这就是那张图

There's not very much left in the world.

存于世界的病源已经很好了

But the reason there's not very much left

而这是因为

is because there's been an extraordinary public/private partnership

有一个非常出色的公私合作组织

working behind the scenes, almost unknown,

一直在幕后积极工作

I'm sure to most of you here today.

我肯定今天在座几乎都没听说过这个组织

It's been working for 20 years

在过去20年来

to try and eradicate this disease,

这个组织一直试图根除这种疾病

and it's got it down to these few cases

并终于将其影响区域下降到

that you can see here on this graphic.

我们现在看到的状况

But just last year,

但就在去年

we had an incredible shock

我们被强烈震动

and realized that almost just isn't good enough

我们似乎总是做得不够

with a virus like polio.

难以应对像脊髓灰质炎这样的病毒

And this is the reason:

原因如下

in two countries

有两个国家

that hadn't had this disease for more than probably a decade,

十多年未出现脊髓灰质炎

on opposite sides of the globe,

它们各位于地球两端

there was suddenly terrible polio outbreaks.

却突然都爆发了严重的脊髓灰质炎

Hundreds of people were paralyzed.

数百人瘫痪

Hundreds of people died --

死亡人数上百--

children as well as adults.

儿童和成年人都成了受害者

And in both cases,

在这两个国家

we were able to use genetic sequencing to look at the polio viruses,

我们都运用了基因排序的方法来观察查病毒

and we could tell these viruses were not from these countries.

发现这些病毒并不是来自本土

They had come from thousands of miles away.

他们从几千公里外的地方远道而来

And in one case, it originated on another continent.

其中一个国家的病毒竟来自于另一个大陆

And not only that, but when they came into these countries,

不仅如此，当他们进入这些国家后

then they got on commercial jetliners probably

很可能又登上了商务航班

and they traveled even farther

飞到了更远的地方

to other places like Russia,

如俄罗斯

where, for the first time in over a decade last year,

在那里，去年，十多年来第一次

children were crippled and paralyzed

有儿童因脊髓灰质炎而瘫痪

by a disease that they had not seen for years.

而当地已多年未见这种疾病

Now all of these outbreaks that I just showed you,

刚才我展示给你的这些疾病突发区域

these are under control now,

情况已经得到控制

and it looks like they'll probably stop very, very quickly.

并且看起来它们很快将停止

But the message was very clear.

但信息是清晰的

Polio is still

脊髓灰质炎仍然是

a devastating, explosive disease.

毁灭性，爆炸性的疾病

It's just happening in another part of the world.

它不过正在世界另外一个角落发生

And our big idea

我们巨大的愿景是

is that the scientific miracle of this decade

本时代的科学奇迹

should be the complete eradication

将彻底根除

of poliomyelitis.

脊髓灰质炎

So I want to tell you a little bit

在这里，我想要介绍一下

about what this partnership, the Polio Partnership,

之前提到的合作伙伴组织，脊髓灰质炎合作机构

is trying to do.

当前的工作

We're not trying to control polio.

我们不是单纯去控制脊髓灰质炎

We're not trying to get it down to just a few cases,

将它的发病率降低到极低

because this disease is like a root fire;

因为这种疾病就像是火种

it can explode again if you don't snuff it out completely.

若不完全熄灭，它随时可能爆发

So what we're looking for

因此我们寻求的

is a permanent solution.

是一种永久的解决方案

We want a world in which every child, just like you guys,

我们希望在这个世界，每个孩子，都能像在座各位一样

can take for granted

不用再为

a polio-free world.

脊髓灰质炎而担心

So we're looking for a permanent solution,

是的，我们在寻找一种永久的解决方案

and this is where we get lucky.

幸运的是

This is one of the very few viruses in the world

脊髓灰质炎属于这样一种少见的病毒类

where there are big enough cracks in its armor

其本身带有一定缺陷

that we can try to do something truly extraordinary.

让人类可以攻克，并取得伟大成就

This virus can only survive in people.

脊髓灰质炎病毒只能在人体中存活

It can't live for a very long time in people.

并且存活时间很短

It doesn't survive in the environment hardly at all.

它在自然界中几乎无法生存

And we've got pretty good vaccines, as I've just showed you.

我们有很有效的疫苗，我刚才已展示给各位

So we are trying

此我们正努力

to wipe out this virus completely.

彻底根除这种病毒

What the polio eradication program is trying to do

脊髓灰质炎根除项目正试图

is to kill the virus itself

根除这种病毒本身

that causes polio

来防止导致脊髓灰质炎

everywhere on Earth.

在地球上肆意蔓延

Now we don't have a great track record

我们并不擅长

when it comes to doing something like this,

根除疾病

to eradicating diseases.

这样的任务

It's been tried six times in the last century,

上个世纪我们尝试了六次

and it's been successful exactly once.

但只有一次真正成功

And this is because disease eradication,

因为疾病根除

it's still the venture capital of public health.

仍是公众健康的风险资金

The risks are massive,

风险是巨大的

but the pay-off --

但回报

economic, humanitarian, motivational --

无论从经济，全人类，还是推动力来看

it's absolutely huge.

也都是巨大的

One congressman here in the United States

美国一位国会议员认为

thinks that the entire investment

美国投入的

that the U.S. put into smallpox eradication

用以根除天花的全部投资

pays itself off every 26 days --

每26天就能收回一次成本

in foregone treatment costs

通过抵消治疗成本

and vaccination costs.

和疫苗的成本

And if we can finish polio eradication,

如果我们能够完全根除小儿麻痹症

the poorest countries in the world

世界上最穷的那些国家

are going to save over 50 billion dollars

则将节省500亿美元

in the next 25 years alone.

时间是仅在未来的25年内

So those are the kind of stakes that we're after.

这就是我们追求的利益

But smallpox eradication was hard;

但是根除天花的过程是很困难的

it was very, very hard.

相当，相当艰难

And polio eradication, in many ways, is even tougher,

而要根除小儿麻痹症，从很多方面来讲，还要难

and there's a few reasons for that.

这里有几个因素

The first is that,

首先

when we started trying to eradicate polio

我们开始尝试根除脊髓灰质炎时

about 20 years ago,

时间大概是20年前

more than twice as many countries were infected

当时，被其感染的国家数量

than had been when we started off with smallpox.

是开始根除天花之际的两倍多

And there were more than 10 times as many people

而感染脊髓灰质炎国家的人口数

living in these countries.

超过感染天花的10倍

So it was a massive effort.

因此当时的努力是艰巨的

The second challenge we had was --

我们面临的第二个挑战是--

in contrast to the smallpox vaccine,

脊髓灰质炎疫苗与天花疫苗性质不同

which was very stable, and a single dose protected you for life --

天花疫苗性质稳定，打一次就终身免疫

the polio vaccine is incredibly fragile.

而脊髓灰质炎疫苗是否脆弱

It deteriorates so quickly in the tropics

在赤道地区，它很快变质

that we've had to put this special vaccine monitor

我们必须将特殊的疫苗检测器

on every single vial

安在每支疫苗上

so that it will change very quickly

因此它能迅速做出反应

when it's exposed to too much heat,

当疫苗因为受热过多而改变性质时

and we can tell that it's not a good vaccine to use on a child --

我们便知道它不再适用于儿童

it's not potent; it's not going to protect them.

因为效力不够，无法保护儿童

Even then, kids need many doses of the vaccine.

即便这样，儿童仍然需要多次注射疫苗

But the third challenge we have --

我们当时面临的第三个挑战

and probably even bigger one, the biggest challenge --

很可能是最大的一个挑战

is that, in contrast to smallpox where you could always see your enemy --

与天花作战时，我们总能看清敌人

every single person almost who was infected with smallpox

几乎每个感染天花的人

had this telltale rash.

都会长出明显的疹子

So you could get around the disease;

因此我们可以从疾病周边入手

you could vaccinate around the disease and cut it off.

给疾病存在的周边区域打疫苗,将其断绝

With polio it's almost completely different.

而脊髓灰质炎则全然不同

The vast majority of people who are infected with the polio virus

绝大多数被病毒感染的人

show absolutely no sign of the disease.

不会表现出任何迹象

So you can't see the enemy most of the time,

因此很多时候我们根本看不见敌人

and as a result,

因此

we've needed a very different approach to eradicate polio

我们需要一种与应对天花非常不同的方式

than what was done with smallpox.

来根除脊髓灰质炎

We've had to create

我们不得不创造出

one of the largest social movements in history.

历史上最大的社会运动之一

There's over 10 million people,

投入人数超过一千万

probably 20 million people,

甚至接近两千万

largely volunteers,

大多为志愿者

who have been working over the last 20 years

他们过去二十年来一直努力

in what has now been called

贡献于现在被称为

the largest internationally-coordinated operation in peacetime.

和平年代最大的国际协同运作

These people, these 20 million people,

这些人，这两千万人

vaccinate over 500 million children

给五亿多的儿童注射疫苗

every single year,

每年如此

multiple times

在运作繁忙的时候

at the peak of our operation.

注射数量增倍

Now giving the polio vaccine is simple.

注射脊髓灰质炎疫苗很简单

It's just two drops, like that.

就是这样简单的两针

But reaching 500 million people

但要普及五亿多人

is much, much tougher.

那可是难上加难

And these vaccinators, these volunteers,

这些疫苗注射者，这些志愿者们

they have got to dive headlong

必须投身到

into some of the toughest, densest

一些环境最恶劣的

urban slums in the world.

城市贫民窟中

They've got to trek under sweltering suns

必须在炎阳下跋涉

to some of the most remote, difficult to reach places in the world.

到一些最遥远，最难以到达的地方

And they also have to dodge bullets,

有时他们也要躲避战火

because we have got to operate

因为我们必须要运作

during shaky cease-fires and truces

即使在不稳定的停火和休战条约下

to try and vaccinate children,

也要给孩子注射疫苗

even in areas affected by conflict.

在卷入冲突的地区也如此

One reporter

一个记者

who was watching our program in Somalia about five years ago --

五年前曾关注我们在索马里的项目

a place which has eradicated polio,

在那里，脊髓灰质炎曾被根除

not once, but twice, because they got reinfected.

然而，不是一次，而是两次，因其再度蔓延

He was sitting outside of the road,

他坐在路边

watching one of these polio campaigns unfold,

关注一项脊髓灰质炎运动是如何展开的

and a few months later he wrote:

几个月后他写道

"This is foreign aid at its most heroic."

这是最伟大的外来援助

And these heroes, they come from every walk of life,

这些英雄，他们来自各行各业

all sorts of backgrounds.

各种背景

But one of the most extraordinary is Rotary International.

但其中最卓越的是国际扶轮社

This is a group

这个组织中

whose million-strong army of volunteers

有上百万的志愿者

have been working to eradicate polio

为根除脊髓灰质炎

for over 20 years.

努力了二十年

They're right at the center of the whole thing.

他们是整个运动的正中心

Now it took years to build up the infrastructure

我们花了很多时间来发展基础建设

for polio eradication --

为的是根除脊髓灰质炎

more than 15 years, much longer than it should have --

超过十五年，比我们预计要长

but once it was built, the results were striking.

但一旦建成，效果是显著的

Within a couple of years,

几年之类

every country that started polio eradication

那些开始进行脊髓灰质炎根除的国家

rapidly eradicated all three of their polio viruses,

迅速地消灭了现有的三种脊髓灰质炎病毒

with the exception of four countries that you see here.

唯一例外是图表上的这四个国家

And in each of those, it was only part of the country.

而在这几个国家中，疾病都只存在于一小部分区域

And then, by 1999,

1999年

one of the three polio viruses

我们试图根除的

that we were trying to eradicate

三种脊髓灰质炎病毒其中之一

had been completely eradicated worldwide --

被完全地在全世界消灭

proof of concept.

证明了这是有效的方式

And then today,

今天

there's been a 99 percent reduction --

有百分之九十九

greater than 99 percent reduction --

超过百分之九十九的

in the number of children

儿童

who are being paralyzed by this awful disease.

免于因这恐怖疾病而瘫痪

When we started, over 20 years ago,

而在二十多年前我们开始之际

1,000 children were being paralyzed

一千名儿童因它瘫痪

every single day by this virus.

这是每一天的数据

Last year, it was 1,000.

去年一年的总数仅为一千

And at the same time,

同时

the polio eradication program

脊髓灰质炎根除项目

has been working to help with a lot of other areas.

也在帮助其他领域的工作

It's been working to help control pandemic flu,

比如控制流行感冒

SARS for example.

非典型肺炎

It's also tried to save children by doing other things --

它也试图通过其他方式来拯救儿童

giving vitamin A drops, giving measles shots,

例如注射维他命A，注射麻疹药物

giving bed nets against malaria even

散发蚊帐来抵御疟疾

during some of these campaigns.

在这些运动中

But the most exciting thing

最振奋人心的是

that the polio eradication program has been doing

脊髓灰质炎根除项目的行动

has been to force us,

也促使我们

the international community,

国际社区

to reach every single child, every single community,

来采取行动，帮助每一个儿童，每一个社区--

the most vulnerable people in the world,

帮助那些最脆弱的人群

with the most basic of health services,

给予他们最基本的医疗服务

irrespective of geography, poverty,

无论地理，贫困

culture and even conflict.

文化甚至武装冲突状况如何

So things were looking very exciting,

进展本来激动人心

and then about five years ago,

可大概在五年前

this virus, this ancient virus, started to fight back.

这种病毒，这种古老的病毒，重回战场

The first problem we ran into

我们遇到的第一个问题是

was that, in these last four countries, the strongholds of this virus,

在最后的四个国家，这种病毒的根据地

we just couldn't seem to get the virus rooted out.

我们似乎无法将它根除

And then to make the matters even worse,

更糟糕的是

the virus started to spread out of these four places,

病毒开始在这四个国家以外的地区传播

especially northern India and northern Nigeria,

特别是在印度北部和尼日尼亚北部

into much of Africa, Asia, and even into Europe,

它深入到非洲亚洲多数地区，甚至是欧洲

causing horrific outbreaks

导致了极大的爆发

in places that had not seen this disease for decades.

而这些地方已经几十年没有出现过这种疾病

And then,

然后

in one of the most important, tenacious

在最重要，最顽固的

and toughest reservoirs of the polio virus in the world,

脊髓灰质炎病毒感染区

we found that our vaccine was working

我们发现我们的疫苗

half as well as it should have.

效力减半

In conditions like this,

在这种情况下

the vaccine just couldn't get the grip it needed to

疫苗无法满足要求的时间

in the guts of these children

进入孩子的胃中

and protect them the way that it needed to.

按他们需要的方式来保护他们

Now at that time,

在那时

there was a great, as you can imagine,

我们感到一种巨大的，你能够想象的

frustration -- let's call it frustration --

沮丧，我们暂且称之为沮丧吧

it started to grow very, very quickly.

它开始迅速蔓延

And all of a sudden, some very important voices

突然，一些世界公众医疗领域

in the world of public health

很重要的声音

started to say, "Hang on.

开始说，等等

We should abandon this idea of eradication.

我们应该放弃根除的目标

Let's settle for control -- that's good enough."

我们以控制为目标吧，这其实已足够

Now as seductive as the idea of control sounds,

控制这一主意听起来是不错

it's a false premise.

可它是一张空头支票

The brutal truth is,

残酷的现实是

if we don't have the will or the skill,

如果我们没有愿望或技能

or even the money that we need

或者所需的资金

to reach children, the most vulnerable children in the world,

来帮助儿童，那些世界上最脆弱的儿童

with something as simple

哪怕方法是通过简单的

as an oral polio vaccine,

口头脊髓灰质炎疫苗

then pretty soon,

那么很快

more than 200,000 children

超过二十万的儿童

are again going to be paralyzed by this disease

将再一次因脊髓灰质炎而瘫痪

every single year.

每年如此

There's absolutely no question.

毫无疑问

These are children like Umar.

乌玛就是其中之一

Umar is seven years old,

他七岁

and he's from northern Nigeria.

来自尼日尼亚北部

He lives in a family home there

他住在一家中

with his eight brothers and sisters.

与他的八个兄弟姐妹在一起

Umar also has polio.

乌玛有脊髓灰质炎

Umar was paralyzed for life.

终身瘫痪

His right leg was paralyzed

他的右腿

in 2004.

在2004年瘫痪

This leg, his right leg,

这只腿，他的右腿

now takes an awful beating

现在受到严重的损害

because he has to half-crawl,

因为它必须半爬行

because it's faster to move that way

才能行动得更快

to keep up with his friends, keep up with his brothers and sisters,

才能跟上他的朋友，兄弟姐妹

than to get up on his crutches and walk.

这比靠拐杖行走要快

But Umar is a fantastic student. He's an incredible kid.

但乌玛也是一个非常优秀的学生，一个不可思议的孩子

As you probably can't see the detail here,

你可能难以看清细节

but this is his report card,

这是他的成绩卡

and you'll see, he's got perfect scores.

如你所见，他成绩完美

He got 100 percent in all the important things,

所有的重要科目他都拿了满分

like nursery rhymes, for example there.

比如这儿，儿歌

But you know I'd love to be able to tell you

我也希望能够告诉各位

that Umar is a typical kid with polio these days,

乌玛是目前典型的一个患脊髓灰质炎的儿童

but it's not true.

但事实不是这样

Umar is an exceptional kid

他是个例外的孩子

in exceptional circumstances.

处在例外的环境中

The reality of polio today

今天，脊髓灰质炎的现实

is something very different.

与以前大不相同

Polio strikes the poorest communities in the world.

它打击的是世界上最穷困的社会群体

It leaves their children paralyzed,

它让孩子们瘫痪

and it drags their families

让他们的家庭

deeper into poverty,

深陷贫困

because they're desperately searching

因为他们绝望地搜寻疗法

and they're desperately spending the little bit of savings that they have,

绝望地花费掉那少得可怜的积蓄

trying in vain

却徒劳无获

to find a cure for their children.

找不到拯救孩子的办法

We think children deserve better.

我们相信，孩子们应该过得更好

And so when the going got really tough

我们的脊髓灰质炎根除项目

in the polio eradication program

曾一度举步维艰

about two years ago,

那大概是两年前的时候

when people were saying, "We should call it off,"

人们都说，“我们应该停止了”

the Polio Partnership

而脊髓灰质炎伙伴机构

decided to buckle down once again

决定再次投身其中

and try and find innovative new solutions,

寻找创新的解决方案

new ways to get to the children

用新的方式来拯救那些

that we were missing again and again.

被我们一再遗落的孩子们

In northern India, we started mapping the cases

在印度北部，我们开始绘制疾病分布图

using satellite imaging like this,

应用这样的卫星成像

so that we could guide our investments and vaccinator shelters,

我们能够引导我们的投资和接种员队伍

so we could get to the millions of children

找到上百万儿童

on the Koshi River basin

他们居住在波曲河盆地

where there are no other health services.

那里没有其他任何医疗服务

In northern Nigeria,

在尼日尼亚北部

the political leaders and the traditional Muslim leaders,

政治领导和传统穆斯林领导

they got directly involved in the program

都直接参与到项目中

to help solve the problems of logistics

帮助解决物流问题

and community confidence.

建立社区信心

And now they've even started using these devices --

现在他们开始运用这些设备

speaking of cool technology --

这些高科技

these little devices, little GIS trackers like this,

这些小型的GIS跟踪器

which they put into the vaccine carriers of their vaccinators.

被放到接种员的疫苗携带器中

And then they can track them,

这样他们可以跟踪接种员

and at the end of the day, they look and see,

每天工作结束之际，他们会检查

did these guys get every single street, every single house.

看看这些人是否到访了每条街的每户人家

This is the kind of commitment now we're seeing

我们需要的就是这样的承诺

to try and reach all of the children we've been missing.

来找到所有那些被我们遗落的儿童

And in Afghanistan, we're trying new approaches --

在阿富汗，我们尝试新的方法

access negotiators.

通入谈判者

We're working closely with the International Committee of the Red Cross

我们与国际红十字委员会紧密合作

to ensure that we can reach every child.

保证我们能够触及每个孩子

But as we tried these extraordinary things,

在我们尝试这些独特的方式

as people went to this trouble

当人们费劲心思

to try and rework their tactics,

重新制定战略的同时

we went back to the vaccine -- it's a 50-year-old vaccine --

我们再度回到疫苗本身，这疫苗已有50年历史

and we thought, surely we can make a better vaccine,

我们确信，我们能够研制出更好的疫苗

so that when they finally get to these kids,

因此当儿童最终接收到疫苗时

we can have a better bang for our buck.

我们会取得更好的预防效果

And this started an incredible collaboration with industry,

我们在行业内进行了辉煌的合作

and within six months,

六个月后

we were testing a new polio vaccine

我们便开始测试一种新型疫苗

that targeted, just two years ago,

针对的是，自前年以来

the last two types of polio in the world.

世界上余下的两种脊髓灰质炎病毒

Now June the ninth, 2009,

2009年6月9日

we got the first results from the first trial with this vaccine,

我们得到了第一批疫苗的测试结果

and it turned out to be a game-changer.

这是一个转折点

The new vaccine

新的疫苗的效应

had twice the impact on these last couple of viruses

针对这最后的两种病毒

as the old vaccine had,

比旧的强一倍

and we immediately started using this.

我们立刻投入使用新疫苗

Well, in a couple of months we had to get it out of production.

几个月后，我们便生产出成品

And it started rolling off the production lines

疫苗源源不断地从生产线上

and into the mouths of children around the world.

被送到世界各地儿童口中

And we didn't start with the easy places.

我们并不是从容易的地方开始

The first place this vaccine was used

第一个采用新疫苗的地方

was in southern Afghanistan,

是阿富汗南部

because it's in places like that

因为正是在这些地方

where kids are going to benefit the most

孩子们最能从

from technologies like this.

这样的新科技中获益

Now here at TED, over the last couple of days,

现在，在这里，最近几天

I've seen people challenging the audience again and again

我看到各位发言人不断挑战观众

to believe in the impossible.

去相信不可能的事物

So this morning at about seven o'clock,

所以今天早上7点左右

I decided that we'd try to drive Chris

我决定要把克里斯

and the production crew here berserk

和出品团队弄得抓狂

by downloading all of our data from India again,

我再次下载我们印度的所有数据

so that you could see something

为了各位能看到

that's just unfolding today,

我们今天刚刚发生的事情

which proves that the impossible is possible.

它证明了不可能也能成为可能

And only two years ago, people were saying that this is impossible.

而就在两年前，人们还说这是不可能发生的

Now remember, northern India is the perfect storm

大家都还记得，印度北部

when it comes to polio.

是脊髓灰质炎的风暴之地

Over 500,000 children

超过500，000名儿童

are born in the two states that have never stopped polio --

出生于这两个从未中止脊髓灰质炎的地区--

Uttar Pradesh and Bihar --

他们是Uttar Pradesh和Bihar省

500,000 children every single month.

500,000名儿童，每个月出生

Sanitation is terrible,

卫生条件极其糟糕

and our old vaccine, you remember,

而我们的旧疫苗，你知道的

worked half as well as it should have.

效力只有一半

And yet, the impossible is happening.

但是不可能的事情正在发生

Today marks exactly six months --

今天刚好满六个月

and for the first time in history,

这是历史上第一次

not a single child has been paralyzed

没有一个孩子因脊髓灰质炎而瘫痪

in Uttar Pradesh or Bihar.

这是Uttar Pradesh和Bihar省的情况

(Applause)

掌声

India's not unique.

不仅在印度

In Umar's home country of Nigeria,

在乌玛的家乡尼日尼亚

a 95 percent reduction

有百分之九十五的减少

in the number of children paralyzed by polio last year.

出现在去年因脊髓灰质炎瘫痪的儿童数量中

And in the last six months,

在过去六个月

we've had less places reinfected by polio

脊髓灰质炎再感染地区的数量

than at any other time in history.

也下降到历史以来最低

Ladies and gentlemen, with a combination

女士们先生们，我们结合了

of smart people, smart technology

人类的智慧，先进的科技

and smart investments,

创新的发明

polio can now be eradicated anywhere.

使得脊髓灰质炎无处藏身

We have major challenges, you can imagine,

我们面临巨大的挑战，如你所知

to finish this job,

来完成这项事业

but as you've also seen,

但你也看到了

it's doable,

它可能的

it has great secondary benefits,

它能带来巨大的衍生利益

and polio eradication is a great buy.

而根除脊髓灰质炎是一笔很棒的交易

And as long as any child anywhere

只要世界上还有儿童

is paralyzed by this virus,

因其瘫痪

it's a stark reminder

就提醒着我们

that we are failing, as a society, to reach children

整个社会就还未成功地给儿童

with the most basic of services.

提供最基本的服务

And for that reason, polio eradication:

因此，根除脊髓灰质炎

it's the ultimate in equity

意味着最终的平等

and it's the ultimate in social justice.

和社会公正

The huge social movement

这个巨大的社会活动群体

that's been involved in polio eradication

一直以来参与到根除脊髓灰质炎事业中

is ready to do way more for these children.

正准备为这些儿童贡献更多

It's ready to reach them with bed nets, with other things.

给他们提供蚊帐，以及其他

But capitalizing on their enthusiasm,

而利用他们的热情

capitalizing on their energy

他们的能量

means finishing the job

意味着完成

that they started 20 years ago.

这项20年前开始的工作

Finishing polio is a smart thing to do,

根除脊髓灰质炎是一件明智的事

and it's the right thing to do.

同时也是正确的

Now we're in tough times economically.

现在我们处在金融困难时期

But as David Cameron of the United Kingdom

但正如英国大卫·卡梅隆首相

said about a month ago when he was talking about polio,

一个月前谈到脊髓灰质炎时所说的

"There's never a wrong time

“做合适的事情

to do the right thing."

从来没有错误的时间”

Finishing polio eradication

而根除脊髓灰质炎

is the right thing to do.

就是这样无比正确一件事

And we are at a crossroads right now

我们现在处在十字路口

in this great effort over the last 20 years.

经过20年来艰难的努力

We have a new vaccine,

我们有了新的疫苗

we have new resolve,

我们有了新的解决方式

and we have new tactics.

有了新的战术

We have the chance

我们有机会

to write an entirely new polio-free chapter

将告别脊髓灰质炎的新篇章

in human history.

书写进人类历史

But if we blink now,

但稍一恍惚

we will lose forever

我们便可能永远失去

the chance to eradicate an ancient disease.

彻底根除这个古老疾病的机会

Here's a great idea to spread:

这就是我今天要传播的愿景

End polio now.

立即根除脊髓灰质炎

Help us tell the story.

请帮我们传播这个故事吧

Help us build the momentum

帮我们筑造声势

so that very soon

那么很快

every child, every parent

每一个孩子，每一个父母

everywhere

不论在哪里

can also take for granted

都能理所应当地

a polio-free life forever.

永远不再为脊髓灰质炎担忧

Thank you.

谢谢大家

(Applause)

掌声

Bill Gates: Well Bruce, where do you think the toughest places are going to be?

比尔·盖茨：布鲁斯，你认为最困难的地方在哪里

Where would you say we need to be the smartest?

我们需要在那些地方特别谨慎

BA: The four places where you saw, that we've never stopped --

布鲁斯·艾尔沃德：就是你刚才看到的那四个地方，我们从未中止过疾病的区域

northern Nigeria, northern India,

尼日尼亚北部，印度北部

the southern corner of Afghanistan

阿富汗南角

and bordering areas of Pakistan --

和巴基斯坦交界处

they're going to be the toughest.

这些区域是最困难的

But the interesting thing is, of those three,

关于其中三个国家，有一点很有趣

India's looking real good, as you just saw in the data.

印度现在情况很好，正如刚才的数据显示

And Afghanistan, Afghanistan, we think

在阿富汗，我们

has probably stopped polio repeatedly.

大概多次了中断了脊髓灰质炎感染

It keeps getting reinfected.

但它又不断复发

So the tough ones: going to get the top of Nigeria finished

因此最困难的是尼日尼亚北部

and getting Pakistan finished.

和巴基斯坦

They're going to be the tough ones.

它们是我们最难根除脊髓灰质炎的地区

BG: Now what about the money?

比尔·盖茨：资金方面呢？

Give us a sense of how much the campaign costs a year.

这场运动每年大概会耗费多少钱

And is it easy to raise that money?

资金的筹集容易吗？

And what's it going to be like the next couple of years?

接下来几年情况如何？

BA: It's interesting.

布鲁斯·艾尔沃德：这一点比较有趣

We spend right now about 750 million

我们现在每年花费7.5

to 800 million dollars a year.

到8亿美元

That's what it costs to reach 500 million children.

这是帮助5亿儿童的花费

It sounds like a lot of money; it is a lot of money.

这数目听起来很大，的确，是花了很多钱

But when you're reaching 500 million children multiple times --

但用这些钱，我们能给5亿儿童提供多次的帮助

20, 30 cents to reach a child --

每个儿童仅花费了20到 30美分

that's not very much money.

这其实是很少的数目

But right now we don't have enough of that.

而现在我们资金不够

We have a big gap in that money. We're cutting corners,

我们差的还很远。因此我们在减少开支

and every time we cut corners,

但每减少一次

more places get infected that shouldn't have, and it just slows us down.

就意味着更多本不该被感染的地区受到感染，同时减缓我们的进度

And that great buy costs us a little bit more.

而这项伟大交易的成本又上涨了一些

BG: Well, hopefully we'll get the word out,

比尔·盖茨：希望我们可以

and the governments will keep their generosity up.

让政府慷慨许诺，资助这项事业

So good luck. We're all in this with you.

祝好运，我们都支持你们

Thank you. (BA: Thank you.)

非常感谢（比尔·盖茨：谢谢你）

(Applause)

掌声