Bruce Aylward: How we'll stop polio for good

43,905 views ใƒป 2011-05-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Rafi Taglicht ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I want to share with you
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื
00:17
over the next 18 minutes
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ื‘ 18 ื”ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
00:19
a pretty incredible idea.
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืœื ืœืžื“ื™.
00:21
Actually, it's a really big idea.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
00:23
But to get us started,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ,
00:25
I want to ask if everyone
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื›ื•ืœื
00:27
could just close your eyes for two seconds
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ืœืขืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช
00:29
and try and think of a technology or a bit of science
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื• ืคื™ืกืช ืžื“ืข
00:32
that you think has changed the world.
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ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
00:38
Now I bet, in this audience,
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืฉื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื”,
00:40
you're thinking of some really incredible technology,
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช,
00:42
some stuff that I haven't even heard of,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
00:44
I'm absolutely sure.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ื›ืš.
00:46
But I'm also sure, pretty sure,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืœืžื“ื™,
00:49
that absolutely nobody is thinking of this.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ื ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
00:53
This is a polio vaccine.
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ื–ื”ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื•.
00:56
And it's a great thing actually
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”
00:58
that nobody's had to think about it here today
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:00
because it means that we can take this for granted.
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ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
01:02
This is a great technology.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช.
01:04
We can take it completely for granted.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืžืืœื™ื”.
01:06
But it wasn't always that way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš ืชืžื™ื“.
01:09
Even here in California,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
01:12
if we were to go back just a few years,
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ืื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช,
01:14
it was a very different story.
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:16
People were terrified of this disease.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•.
01:18
They were terrified of polio, and it would cause public panic.
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ื”ื ืคื—ื“ื• ืžืคื•ืœื™ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœืคื ื™ืงื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
01:21
And it was because of scenes like this.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
01:24
In this scene,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•,
01:26
people are living in an iron lung.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืจื™ืืช ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
01:28
These are people who were perfectly healthy two or three days before,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
01:31
and then two days later,
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ื•ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:33
they can no longer breathe,
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ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื ืฉื•ื,
01:35
and this polio virus has paralyzed
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ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื–ื” ืฉื™ืชืง,
01:37
not only their arms and their legs,
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ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืจื’ืœื™ื”ื,
01:39
but also their breathing muscles.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ื.
01:41
And they were going to spend the rest of their lives, usually,
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ื•ื”ื ืขืžื“ื• ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ืœืจื•ื‘,
01:44
in this iron lung to breathe for them.
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ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื ืฉืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
01:46
This disease was terrifying.
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ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื”,
01:48
There was no cure,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืคื,
01:50
and there was no vaccine.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
01:52
The disease was so terrifying
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ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื” ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื”
01:54
that the president of the United States
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ืฉื ืฉื™ื ืืจื”"ื‘
01:56
launched an extraordinary national effort
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ื”ืฉื™ืง ืžืืžืฅ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ
01:59
to find a way to stop it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
02:02
Twenty years later, they succeeded
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ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•
02:05
and developed the polio vaccine.
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•.
02:07
It was hailed as a scientific miracle
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ืจื– ื›ื ืก ืจืคื•ืื™
02:09
in the late 1950s.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช.
02:11
Finally, a vaccine that could stop this awful disease,
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ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืกื•ืฃ, ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืื™ื•ืžื” ื”ื–ื•.
02:14
and here in the United States
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:16
it had an incredible impact.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
02:18
As you can see, the virus stopped,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื ืขืฆืจ,
02:20
and it stopped very, very fast.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฆืจ ืžื”ืจ, ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
02:23
But this wasn't the case
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื›ืš ืงืจื”
02:26
everywhere in the world.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:28
And it happened so fast in the United States, however,
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื›ื” ืžื”ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช, ืื•ืœื,
02:31
that even just last month Jon Stewart said this:
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ืจืง ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืืžืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ื–ืืช:
02:34
(Video) Jon Stewart: Where is polio still active?
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•) ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜: ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ?
02:36
Because I thought that had been eradicated
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืกืœื”
02:39
in the way that smallpox had been eradicated.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื—ืœืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืกืœื”.
02:41
Bruce Aylward: Oops. Jon, polio's almost been eradicated.
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ื‘ืจื•ืก ืื™ืœื•ื•ืจื“: ืื•ืคืก. ื’'ื•ืŸ, ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื—ื•ืกืœื”.
02:45
But the reality is
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ืื•ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื
02:47
that polio still exists today.
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ืฉืคื•ืœื™ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
02:49
We made this map for Jon to try to show him exactly where polio still exists.
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ื”ื›ื ื• ืžืคื” ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื.
02:52
This is the picture.
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ื–ื• ื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:54
There's not very much left in the world.
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ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:57
But the reason there's not very much left
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ืื•ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ื”ืจื‘ื”
02:59
is because there's been an extraordinary public/private partnership
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช/ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ
03:02
working behind the scenes, almost unknown,
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืขื”,
03:05
I'm sure to most of you here today.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
03:07
It's been working for 20 years
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ื”ื™ื ืคืขืœื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 20 ืฉื ื”
03:09
to try and eradicate this disease,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
03:11
and it's got it down to these few cases
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืœื•
03:13
that you can see here on this graphic.
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ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื”ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
03:16
But just last year,
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ืื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
03:18
we had an incredible shock
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื–ืขื–ื•ืข ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ
03:20
and realized that almost just isn't good enough
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ื•ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื˜ื•ื‘
03:23
with a virus like polio.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื›ืžื• ืคื•ืœื™ื•.
03:26
And this is the reason:
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”:
03:28
in two countries
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ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช
03:30
that hadn't had this disease for more than probably a decade,
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจ,
03:33
on opposite sides of the globe,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ื•ืก,
03:35
there was suddenly terrible polio outbreaks.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื•.
03:38
Hundreds of people were paralyzed.
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ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง.
03:40
Hundreds of people died --
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ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื• --
03:43
children as well as adults.
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
03:45
And in both cases,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
03:47
we were able to use genetic sequencing to look at the polio viruses,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฆืฃ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
03:50
and we could tell these viruses were not from these countries.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ืืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช.
03:53
They had come from thousands of miles away.
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:56
And in one case, it originated on another continent.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื—ืจืช.
03:59
And not only that, but when they came into these countries,
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช,
04:02
then they got on commercial jetliners probably
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ื”ื ืขืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช
04:05
and they traveled even farther
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ื•ืื– ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ื‘ืžืกืขืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืจื—ื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:07
to other places like Russia,
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
04:09
where, for the first time in over a decade last year,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื” ืขืฉื•ืจ,
04:12
children were crippled and paralyzed
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ืœืงื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ื ื›ื™ื
04:15
by a disease that they had not seen for years.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืœื ื ืฆืคืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื.
04:19
Now all of these outbreaks that I just showed you,
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ื›ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื,
04:22
these are under control now,
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ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื›ืขืช,
04:24
and it looks like they'll probably stop very, very quickly.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฆืจื• ืžื”ืจ, ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
04:27
But the message was very clear.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
04:30
Polio is still
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ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
04:32
a devastating, explosive disease.
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ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ื•ื ืคื™ืฆื”.
04:35
It's just happening in another part of the world.
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ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:39
And our big idea
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
04:42
is that the scientific miracle of this decade
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืก ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืขืฉื•ืจ ื–ื”
04:46
should be the complete eradication
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
04:48
of poliomyelitis.
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ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืžื™ืืœื™ื˜ื™ืก.
04:50
So I want to tell you a little bit
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜
04:52
about what this partnership, the Polio Partnership,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•,
04:54
is trying to do.
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ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
04:56
We're not trying to control polio.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื•.
04:58
We're not trying to get it down to just a few cases,
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืœืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
05:01
because this disease is like a root fire;
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืจื™ืคื”
05:03
it can explode again if you don't snuff it out completely.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ืœื ื ื—ืกืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:06
So what we're looking for
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•
05:08
is a permanent solution.
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ื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
05:10
We want a world in which every child, just like you guys,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื•ื›ื,
05:13
can take for granted
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
05:15
a polio-free world.
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ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืคื•ืœื™ื•.
05:17
So we're looking for a permanent solution,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื—ืจ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข.
05:19
and this is where we get lucky.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืžื–ืœ.
05:21
This is one of the very few viruses in the world
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
05:24
where there are big enough cracks in its armor
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ืฉื‘ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
05:26
that we can try to do something truly extraordinary.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืืžืช.
05:29
This virus can only survive in people.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ืจื“ ืจืง ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:32
It can't live for a very long time in people.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:34
It doesn't survive in the environment hardly at all.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืจื“ ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
05:37
And we've got pretty good vaccines, as I've just showed you.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื›ื.
05:40
So we are trying
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื
05:42
to wipe out this virus completely.
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ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
05:45
What the polio eradication program is trying to do
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ืžื” ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
05:48
is to kill the virus itself
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•
05:50
that causes polio
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ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื•
05:52
everywhere on Earth.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:54
Now we don't have a great track record
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ื›ืขืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืขื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช
05:56
when it comes to doing something like this,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื–ื”,
05:58
to eradicating diseases.
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ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
06:00
It's been tried six times in the last century,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื” ืฉืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
06:03
and it's been successful exactly once.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
06:07
And this is because disease eradication,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ืžื—ืœื•ืช,
06:10
it's still the venture capital of public health.
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืคื•ืื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
06:13
The risks are massive,
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื,
06:15
but the pay-off --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” --
06:18
economic, humanitarian, motivational --
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ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช, ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืช, ื•ื”ืžื ื™ืข --
06:20
it's absolutely huge.
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขื ืงื™.
06:22
One congressman here in the United States
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืื—ื“ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
06:25
thinks that the entire investment
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ื•ืœื”
06:28
that the U.S. put into smallpox eradication
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ืฉืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
06:30
pays itself off every 26 days --
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืœ 26 ื™ื•ื --
06:33
in foregone treatment costs
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ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื
06:35
and vaccination costs.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
06:37
And if we can finish polio eradication,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•,
06:40
the poorest countries in the world
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ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
06:42
are going to save over 50 billion dollars
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ื™ื—ืกื›ื• ืžืขืœ ืœ 50 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
06:46
in the next 25 years alone.
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ื‘ 25 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:49
So those are the kind of stakes that we're after.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื•ืœื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื.
06:52
But smallpox eradication was hard;
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ืื•ืœื ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงืฉื”,
06:54
it was very, very hard.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
06:56
And polio eradication, in many ways, is even tougher,
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ื•ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืงืฉื” ืืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:59
and there's a few reasons for that.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
07:02
The first is that,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื,
07:04
when we started trying to eradicate polio
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ื—ื“ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
07:06
about 20 years ago,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”,
07:08
more than twice as many countries were infected
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื
07:10
than had been when we started off with smallpox.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืขื ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
07:13
And there were more than 10 times as many people
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™ ืขืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื
07:15
living in these countries.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืืœื•.
07:17
So it was a massive effort.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžืืžืฅ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจ.
07:19
The second challenge we had was --
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ืขืžื“ื ื• ื”ื™ื” --
07:21
in contrast to the smallpox vaccine,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
07:23
which was very stable, and a single dose protected you for life --
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžื ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ืš --
07:26
the polio vaccine is incredibly fragile.
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ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
07:29
It deteriorates so quickly in the tropics
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื
07:32
that we've had to put this special vaccine monitor
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ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื–ื”
07:34
on every single vial
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื•ื ื™ื,
07:36
so that it will change very quickly
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”
07:38
when it's exposed to too much heat,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฉืฃ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื—ื•ื,
07:40
and we can tell that it's not a good vaccine to use on a child --
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ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ --
07:43
it's not potent; it's not going to protect them.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื›ื•ื—, ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
07:45
Even then, kids need many doses of the vaccine.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–, ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืžื ื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื•ืช.
07:48
But the third challenge we have --
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ืืš ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื• --
07:50
and probably even bigger one, the biggest challenge --
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ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
07:53
is that, in contrast to smallpox where you could always see your enemy --
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ --
07:56
every single person almost who was infected with smallpox
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ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช
07:59
had this telltale rash.
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ื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื—ื” ืžืกื’ื™ืจื”.
08:01
So you could get around the disease;
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืื’ืฃ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื”,
08:03
you could vaccinate around the disease and cut it off.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื—ืกืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื•ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืื•ืชื”.
08:06
With polio it's almost completely different.
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ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:09
The vast majority of people who are infected with the polio virus
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ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ื™ื›ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
08:12
show absolutely no sign of the disease.
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ืœื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
08:15
So you can't see the enemy most of the time,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
08:18
and as a result,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”,
08:20
we've needed a very different approach to eradicate polio
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
08:23
than what was done with smallpox.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืขื ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
08:25
We've had to create
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ
08:27
one of the largest social movements in history.
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ืืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
08:30
There's over 10 million people,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 10 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:32
probably 20 million people,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:34
largely volunteers,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื,
08:36
who have been working over the last 20 years
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ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
08:38
in what has now been called
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื
08:40
the largest internationally-coordinated operation in peacetime.
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ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืžืชื•ืื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื•ื.
08:44
These people, these 20 million people,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื•, ืื•ืชื 20 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ,
08:47
vaccinate over 500 million children
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ื—ื™ืกื ื• ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
08:50
every single year,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
08:52
multiple times
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ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื
08:54
at the peak of our operation.
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ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืฉืœื ื•.
08:57
Now giving the polio vaccine is simple.
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ื›ืขืช ื ืชื™ื ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜.
08:59
It's just two drops, like that.
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ื–ื” ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช, ื›ืš.
09:01
But reaching 500 million people
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ืืš ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ
09:03
is much, much tougher.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
09:05
And these vaccinators, these volunteers,
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ื•ืžื—ืกื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืืœื•,
09:08
they have got to dive headlong
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืœื•ืœ ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆืช ืจืืฉ
09:10
into some of the toughest, densest
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ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:12
urban slums in the world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:14
They've got to trek under sweltering suns
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆืขื•ื“ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืงื“ืช
09:17
to some of the most remote, difficult to reach places in the world.
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื”ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ื’ืขื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
09:21
And they also have to dodge bullets,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืžื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื,
09:23
because we have got to operate
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ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ
09:25
during shaky cease-fires and truces
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืืฉ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ื ืฉืง
09:27
to try and vaccinate children,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืกืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
09:29
even in areas affected by conflict.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขื™ื ืžืขื™ืžื•ืช.
09:32
One reporter
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ื›ืชื‘ ืื—ื“
09:34
who was watching our program in Somalia about five years ago --
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ืืฉืจ ืฆืคื” ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืกื•ืžืœื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื --
09:37
a place which has eradicated polio,
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ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื—ื•ืกืœ,
09:39
not once, but twice, because they got reinfected.
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ืœื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืืœื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื‘ืงื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
09:41
He was sitting outside of the road,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืจืš,
09:43
watching one of these polio campaigns unfold,
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ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•,
09:45
and a few months later he wrote:
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘:
09:47
"This is foreign aid at its most heroic."
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" ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ื•ืข ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื•"
09:51
And these heroes, they come from every walk of life,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืืคืฉืจื™,
09:53
all sorts of backgrounds.
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ืžืจืงืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
09:55
But one of the most extraordinary is Rotary International.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ื• "ืจื•ื˜ืจื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™"
09:58
This is a group
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื•
10:00
whose million-strong army of volunteers
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ืืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืชื ื“ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืžื•ื ื” ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
10:02
have been working to eradicate polio
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
10:04
for over 20 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 20 ืฉื ื”.
10:06
They're right at the center of the whole thing.
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ื”ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื•ืœื•.
10:09
Now it took years to build up the infrastructure
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ื›ืขืช, ื–ื” ืœืงื— ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช
10:11
for polio eradication --
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• --
10:13
more than 15 years, much longer than it should have --
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ืžืขืœ 15 ืฉื ื”, ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช --
10:16
but once it was built, the results were striking.
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ืื•ืœื ืžืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื”, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช.
10:19
Within a couple of years,
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ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
10:21
every country that started polio eradication
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ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
10:23
rapidly eradicated all three of their polio viruses,
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ื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ื•.
10:27
with the exception of four countries that you see here.
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
10:30
And in each of those, it was only part of the country.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืจืฅ.
10:34
And then, by 1999,
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ื•ืื–, ืขื“ ืœ1999,
10:36
one of the three polio viruses
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ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื•
10:38
that we were trying to eradicate
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ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื—ืกืœ
10:40
had been completely eradicated worldwide --
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ื ืžื—ืง ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื --
10:43
proof of concept.
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ื›ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ.
10:45
And then today,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
10:48
there's been a 99 percent reduction --
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ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ 99% --
10:50
greater than 99 percent reduction --
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž99% --
10:52
in the number of children
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
10:54
who are being paralyzed by this awful disease.
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ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื–ื•.
10:57
When we started, over 20 years ago,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื ื•, ืœืคื ื™ ืœืžืขืœื” ืž 20 ืฉื ื”,
10:59
1,000 children were being paralyzed
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1,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง
11:01
every single day by this virus.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื”.
11:04
Last year, it was 1,000.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 1,000.
11:07
And at the same time,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
11:09
the polio eradication program
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
11:11
has been working to help with a lot of other areas.
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ืคืขืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
11:13
It's been working to help control pandemic flu,
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ื”ื™ื ืคืขืœื” ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช,
11:16
SARS for example.
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SARS ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื.
11:18
It's also tried to save children by doing other things --
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ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช --
11:21
giving vitamin A drops, giving measles shots,
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ืžืชืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ A, ืžืชืŸ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ ื—ืฆื‘ืช,
11:24
giving bed nets against malaria even
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื›ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžืœืจื™ื”
11:26
during some of these campaigns.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื•.
11:28
But the most exciting thing
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ืืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:30
that the polio eradication program has been doing
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ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืขืฉืชื”
11:32
has been to force us,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื•,
11:34
the international community,
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
11:36
to reach every single child, every single community,
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“, ืœื›ืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื” --
11:39
the most vulnerable people in the world,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
11:42
with the most basic of health services,
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ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
11:44
irrespective of geography, poverty,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ืขื•ื ื™,
11:48
culture and even conflict.
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ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื™ืžื•ืช.
11:50
So things were looking very exciting,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืจืื• ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
11:52
and then about five years ago,
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ื•ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื›ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
11:54
this virus, this ancient virus, started to fight back.
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื—ื–ืจื”.
11:57
The first problem we ran into
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ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื ืชืงืœื ื•
12:00
was that, in these last four countries, the strongholds of this virus,
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ื”ื™ืชื”, ื‘ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ื”ืžืขื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื–ื”,
12:03
we just couldn't seem to get the virus rooted out.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:07
And then to make the matters even worse,
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
12:09
the virus started to spread out of these four places,
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ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
12:12
especially northern India and northern Nigeria,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”,
12:15
into much of Africa, Asia, and even into Europe,
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ืœืชื•ืš ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ืืกื™ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
12:18
causing horrific outbreaks
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช
12:20
in places that had not seen this disease for decades.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื—ื–ื• ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืš ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
12:24
And then,
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ื•ืื–,
12:26
in one of the most important, tenacious
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืื’ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืขืงืฉื ื™ื™ื
12:29
and toughest reservoirs of the polio virus in the world,
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ื•ื”ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
12:32
we found that our vaccine was working
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ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœ
12:35
half as well as it should have.
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ืจืง ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืคื”.
12:37
In conditions like this,
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ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”,
12:39
the vaccine just couldn't get the grip it needed to
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืื—ื™ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื”
12:41
in the guts of these children
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ื‘ื‘ื˜ื ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื•
12:43
and protect them the way that it needed to.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื“ืจืฉ.
12:45
Now at that time,
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ื›ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
12:47
there was a great, as you can imagine,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชืืจ, ื”ื™ื”
12:49
frustration -- let's call it frustration --
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ืชืกื›ื•ืœ ืขืฆื•ื -- ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืชืกื›ื•ืœ --
12:51
it started to grow very, very quickly.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ืจ.
12:53
And all of a sudden, some very important voices
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ื•ืœืคืชืข, ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“
12:55
in the world of public health
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
12:57
started to say, "Hang on.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืืžืจ, "ื—ื›ื• ืจื’ืข.
12:59
We should abandon this idea of eradication.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ.
13:02
Let's settle for control -- that's good enough."
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชืคืง ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” -- ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ื•."
13:05
Now as seductive as the idea of control sounds,
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ื›ืขืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžืคืชื”,
13:09
it's a false premise.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
13:11
The brutal truth is,
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ื˜ืืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
13:13
if we don't have the will or the skill,
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช,
13:15
or even the money that we need
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืœื• ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื
13:18
to reach children, the most vulnerable children in the world,
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ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
13:21
with something as simple
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ืขื ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜
13:23
as an oral polio vaccine,
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ื›ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืื•ืจืืœื™ ,
13:26
then pretty soon,
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ืื– ืžื”ืจ ืœืžื“ื™,
13:28
more than 200,000 children
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 200,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื
13:30
are again going to be paralyzed by this disease
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ื™ืœืงื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื” ื–ื•
13:32
every single year.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
13:34
There's absolutely no question.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืš.
13:36
These are children like Umar.
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ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืžืจ.
13:39
Umar is seven years old,
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ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืข,
13:42
and he's from northern Nigeria.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”.
13:44
He lives in a family home there
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ืฉื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•
13:46
with his eight brothers and sisters.
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ืขื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ื™ื ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืช.
13:48
Umar also has polio.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขื•ืžืจ ืœืงื” ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื•.
13:51
Umar was paralyzed for life.
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ืขื•ืžืจ ืฉื•ืชืง ืœื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
13:53
His right leg was paralyzed
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ืจื’ืœื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืชืงื”
13:55
in 2004.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 2004.
13:57
This leg, his right leg,
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ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ื–ื•, ืจื’ืœื• ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช,
14:00
now takes an awful beating
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ื ื—ื‘ืœืช ื›ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืฉื”,
14:02
because he has to half-crawl,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื–ื—ื•ืœ ืœืžื—ืฆื”,
14:04
because it's faster to move that way
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ื›ื™ ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื•ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
14:06
to keep up with his friends, keep up with his brothers and sisters,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•, ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืชื™ื•,
14:08
than to get up on his crutches and walk.
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ื•ืื– ืœืงื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืœื›ืช.
14:11
But Umar is a fantastic student. He's an incredible kid.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื ื”ื“ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
14:14
As you probably can't see the detail here,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื,
14:16
but this is his report card,
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ืืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
14:18
and you'll see, he's got perfect scores.
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ื•ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื.
14:20
He got 100 percent in all the important things,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืื” ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
14:22
like nursery rhymes, for example there.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืฉื™ืจื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
14:25
But you know I'd love to be able to tell you
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื
14:28
that Umar is a typical kid with polio these days,
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ืฉืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•,
14:30
but it's not true.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืืžืช.
14:32
Umar is an exceptional kid
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ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ
14:34
in exceptional circumstances.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
14:36
The reality of polio today
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื•ื
14:38
is something very different.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
14:41
Polio strikes the poorest communities in the world.
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ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืžื›ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:45
It leaves their children paralyzed,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืชื™ืจื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื,
14:47
and it drags their families
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืจืจืช ืืช ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื
14:49
deeper into poverty,
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ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื•ื ื™,
14:51
because they're desperately searching
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช
14:53
and they're desperately spending the little bit of savings that they have,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื•ืืฉืช ืืช ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
14:55
trying in vain
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื•ื•ื
14:57
to find a cure for their children.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืชืจื•ืคื” ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื.
15:01
We think children deserve better.
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ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื• ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:04
And so when the going got really tough
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช
15:07
in the polio eradication program
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
15:09
about two years ago,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
15:11
when people were saying, "We should call it off,"
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•, "ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง,"
15:13
the Polio Partnership
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ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
15:15
decided to buckle down once again
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ืžืจืฅ
15:17
and try and find innovative new solutions,
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
15:20
new ways to get to the children
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
15:22
that we were missing again and again.
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ืฉืคืกืคืกื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
15:24
In northern India, we started mapping the cases
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื™ื, ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•
15:26
using satellite imaging like this,
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืืœื•,
15:28
so that we could guide our investments and vaccinator shelters,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืืช ืžืงืœื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
15:31
so we could get to the millions of children
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
15:33
on the Koshi River basin
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ื‘ืื’ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ืฉื™
15:35
where there are no other health services.
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:37
In northern Nigeria,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”,
15:39
the political leaders and the traditional Muslim leaders,
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ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
15:41
they got directly involved in the program
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช
15:43
to help solve the problems of logistics
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช
15:45
and community confidence.
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ื•ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
15:47
And now they've even started using these devices --
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืœื• --
15:50
speaking of cool technology --
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” --
15:52
these little devices, little GIS trackers like this,
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ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื™ืงื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”,
15:55
which they put into the vaccine carriers of their vaccinators.
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ืฉื”ื ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื ืฉืื™ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื.
15:58
And then they can track them,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื.
16:00
and at the end of the day, they look and see,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื, ื”ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืื™ื,
16:02
did these guys get every single street, every single house.
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ื”ืื ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืœ ืจื—ื•ื‘, ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช.
16:04
This is the kind of commitment now we're seeing
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ื–ื• ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืขืช
16:07
to try and reach all of the children we've been missing.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื”ื ืคืกื—ื ื•.
16:10
And in Afghanistan, we're trying new approaches --
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ื•ื‘ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช --
16:13
access negotiators.
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ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื™ืฉื”.
16:15
We're working closely with the International Committee of the Red Cross
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืฆืœื‘ ื”ืื“ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™
16:18
to ensure that we can reach every child.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื™ืœื“.
16:21
But as we tried these extraordinary things,
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ืืš ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืืœื•,
16:24
as people went to this trouble
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชืืžืฆื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš
16:26
to try and rework their tactics,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื˜ืงื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
16:28
we went back to the vaccine -- it's a 50-year-old vaccine --
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ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• -- ื–ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” --
16:31
and we thought, surely we can make a better vaccine,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
16:34
so that when they finally get to these kids,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืื•ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
16:36
we can have a better bang for our buck.
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœื ื•.
16:38
And this started an incredible collaboration with industry,
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื”.
16:41
and within six months,
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
16:43
we were testing a new polio vaccine
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื—ื“ืฉ
16:45
that targeted, just two years ago,
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ืืฉืจ ืฉื ื›ืžื˜ืจื”, ืžืžืฉ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื,
16:47
the last two types of polio in the world.
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ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื•.
16:50
Now June the ninth, 2009,
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ื›ืขืช ื”ืชืฉื™ืขื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™, 2009,
16:53
we got the first results from the first trial with this vaccine,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
16:56
and it turned out to be a game-changer.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
16:58
The new vaccine
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ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ
17:00
had twice the impact on these last couple of viruses
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ืคื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืฆืžื“ ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื•
17:03
as the old vaccine had,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ.
17:05
and we immediately started using this.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•.
17:07
Well, in a couple of months we had to get it out of production.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
17:10
And it started rolling off the production lines
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืžืคืกื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
17:12
and into the mouths of children around the world.
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ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืคื™ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
17:14
And we didn't start with the easy places.
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ื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืœื™ื.
17:16
The first place this vaccine was used
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ
17:18
was in southern Afghanistan,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,
17:20
because it's in places like that
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”
17:22
where kids are going to benefit the most
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ื™ืคื™ืงื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืจื‘
17:24
from technologies like this.
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ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื–ื”.
17:26
Now here at TED, over the last couple of days,
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ื›ืขืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘TED, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
17:29
I've seen people challenging the audience again and again
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ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
17:33
to believe in the impossible.
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ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
17:36
So this morning at about seven o'clock,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ืขืจืš,
17:39
I decided that we'd try to drive Chris
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื’ืข ืืช ื›ืจื™ืก
17:41
and the production crew here berserk
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ื•ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื”ืคืงื” ื›ืืŸ
17:43
by downloading all of our data from India again,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉื•ื‘,
17:47
so that you could see something
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ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื•
17:49
that's just unfolding today,
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ืฉืžืชืคืชื— ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื,
17:51
which proves that the impossible is possible.
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ืฉืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืืคืฉืจื™.
17:55
And only two years ago, people were saying that this is impossible.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
17:58
Now remember, northern India is the perfect storm
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ื›ืขืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช
18:01
when it comes to polio.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื•.
18:03
Over 500,000 children
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ืžืขืœ 500,000 ื™ืœื“ื™ื
18:05
are born in the two states that have never stopped polio --
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ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• --
18:08
Uttar Pradesh and Bihar --
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ืื•ื˜ืจ ืคืจืื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื™ื”ืจ --
18:11
500,000 children every single month.
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500,000 ื‘ื›ืœ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
18:13
Sanitation is terrible,
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ื”ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช,
18:15
and our old vaccine, you remember,
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื,
18:17
worked half as well as it should have.
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ืคืขืœ ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
18:20
And yet, the impossible is happening.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
18:23
Today marks exactly six months --
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืกืžืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื --
18:27
and for the first time in history,
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ื•ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
18:29
not a single child has been paralyzed
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ืืฃ ืœื ื™ืœื“ ืื—ื“ ืœืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง
18:31
in Uttar Pradesh or Bihar.
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ื‘ืื•ื˜ืจ ืคืจืื“ืฉ ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ื”ืจ.
18:33
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
18:44
India's not unique.
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื™ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
18:47
In Umar's home country of Nigeria,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ืžื•ืœื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืžืจ
18:49
a 95 percent reduction
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ื—ืœื” ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ 95 ืื—ื•ื–
18:51
in the number of children paralyzed by polio last year.
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœืงื• ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”.
18:54
And in the last six months,
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ื•ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
18:56
we've had less places reinfected by polio
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื“ื‘ืงื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื•
18:58
than at any other time in history.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
19:02
Ladies and gentlemen, with a combination
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ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘
19:04
of smart people, smart technology
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื”
19:06
and smart investments,
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ื•ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช,
19:08
polio can now be eradicated anywhere.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืกืœ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
19:12
We have major challenges, you can imagine,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ,
19:14
to finish this job,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•,
19:16
but as you've also seen,
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ืืš ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื ืจืื™ืชื,
19:18
it's doable,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
19:20
it has great secondary benefits,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื,
19:22
and polio eradication is a great buy.
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ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื“ืื™ ืžืื•ื“.
19:25
And as long as any child anywhere
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ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉื ื• ื™ืœื“ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื
19:28
is paralyzed by this virus,
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ืฉืœื•ืงื” ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื–ื”,
19:30
it's a stark reminder
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื–ื›ื•ืจืช ืงืฉื”
19:32
that we are failing, as a society, to reach children
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ืฉืื ื• ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื, ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื
19:35
with the most basic of services.
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ืขื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:37
And for that reason, polio eradication:
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ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•:
19:39
it's the ultimate in equity
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ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
19:42
and it's the ultimate in social justice.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
19:45
The huge social movement
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”
19:47
that's been involved in polio eradication
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
19:49
is ready to do way more for these children.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืœื•.
19:51
It's ready to reach them with bed nets, with other things.
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื”ื ืขื ื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
19:54
But capitalizing on their enthusiasm,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืงืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
19:57
capitalizing on their energy
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ื”ืคืงืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
19:59
means finishing the job
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
20:01
that they started 20 years ago.
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ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”.
20:04
Finishing polio is a smart thing to do,
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ืœื’ืžื•ืจ ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•,
20:07
and it's the right thing to do.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•.
20:09
Now we're in tough times economically.
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ื›ืขืช ืืœื• ื”ื ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
20:12
But as David Cameron of the United Kingdom
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ืืš ื›ืคื™ ืฉื“ื™ื•ื™ื“ ืงืžืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
20:15
said about a month ago when he was talking about polio,
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ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื•,
20:18
"There's never a wrong time
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"ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
20:20
to do the right thing."
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ"
20:22
Finishing polio eradication
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ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื•
20:24
is the right thing to do.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
20:26
And we are at a crossroads right now
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ื•ืื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื
20:28
in this great effort over the last 20 years.
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ื‘ืžืืžืฅ ื–ื” ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
20:30
We have a new vaccine,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ,
20:32
we have new resolve,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
20:34
and we have new tactics.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
20:36
We have the chance
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
20:38
to write an entirely new polio-free chapter
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ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืคืจืง ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืคื•ืœื™ื•
20:41
in human history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
20:44
But if we blink now,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื ืžืฆืžืฅ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
20:47
we will lose forever
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ื ืคืกื™ื“ ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ื
20:49
the chance to eradicate an ancient disease.
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื—ืกืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืขืชื™ืงื”.
20:54
Here's a great idea to spread:
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ื”ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืคืฆื”:
20:57
End polio now.
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ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืขื ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื›ืขืช.
20:59
Help us tell the story.
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ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
21:01
Help us build the momentum
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ืขื™ื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืชื ื•ืคื”.
21:03
so that very soon
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“
21:05
every child, every parent
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ื›ืœ ื™ืœื“, ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื”
21:07
everywhere
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื
21:09
can also take for granted
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
21:11
a polio-free life forever.
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ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ืœื™ื• ืœืชืžื™ื“.
21:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
21:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
21:38
Bill Gates: Well Bruce, where do you think the toughest places are going to be?
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ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืก, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
21:41
Where would you say we need to be the smartest?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืชืืžืจ ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ?
21:44
BA: The four places where you saw, that we've never stopped --
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ื‘"ื: ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ืชื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืขืฆืจื ื• --
21:47
northern Nigeria, northern India,
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ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”, ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื“ื•,
21:49
the southern corner of Afghanistan
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ื”ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ
21:51
and bordering areas of Pakistan --
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ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื’ื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ --
21:53
they're going to be the toughest.
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ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
21:55
But the interesting thing is, of those three,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืœื•,
21:57
India's looking real good, as you just saw in the data.
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ื”ื•ื“ื• ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื ืžื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
21:59
And Afghanistan, Afghanistan, we think
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ื•ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืืคื’ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
22:01
has probably stopped polio repeatedly.
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ืขืฆืจื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
22:03
It keeps getting reinfected.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืงืช ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
22:05
So the tough ones: going to get the top of Nigeria finished
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื”
22:07
and getting Pakistan finished.
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ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื™ื•ื ื‘ืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ.
22:09
They're going to be the tough ones.
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ืืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื.
22:11
BG: Now what about the money?
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ื‘"ื’: ื›ืขืช ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืกืฃ?
22:13
Give us a sense of how much the campaign costs a year.
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ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื”.
22:16
And is it easy to raise that money?
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ื•ื”ืื ืงืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”?
22:19
And what's it going to be like the next couple of years?
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช?
22:21
BA: It's interesting.
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ื‘"ื: ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
22:23
We spend right now about 750 million
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื‘ืขืจืš 750 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ
22:25
to 800 million dollars a year.
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ืขื“ 800 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื”.
22:28
That's what it costs to reach 500 million children.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
22:30
It sounds like a lot of money; it is a lot of money.
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ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ, ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
22:33
But when you're reaching 500 million children multiple times --
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœ 500 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช --
22:36
20, 30 cents to reach a child --
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20, 30 ืกื ื˜ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืœื“ --
22:38
that's not very much money.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืกืฃ.
22:40
But right now we don't have enough of that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžืžื ื• ืžืกืคื™ืง.
22:42
We have a big gap in that money. We're cutting corners,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืคืขืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื–ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ืช.
22:44
and every time we cut corners,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืชื›ื™ื ืคื™ื ื•ืช,
22:46
more places get infected that shouldn't have, and it just slows us down.
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ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืื˜ ืื•ืชื ื•.
22:49
And that great buy costs us a little bit more.
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ื•ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืœื” ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
22:52
BG: Well, hopefully we'll get the word out,
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ื‘"ื’: ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ,
22:55
and the governments will keep their generosity up.
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ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืชืจื•ื ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
22:58
So good luck. We're all in this with you.
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชืš ื‘ื–ื”.
23:00
Thank you. (BA: Thank you.)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. (ื‘"ื: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.)
23:02
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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