Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Kovačević Lektor: Mile Živković

I'm here to spread the word about the

Želim da vam pokažem

magnificence of spiders

koliko su paukovi veličanstveni

and how much we can learn from them.

i koliko od njih možemo da naučimo.

Spiders are truly global citizens.

Paukovi su stanovnici celog sveta.

You can find spiders in nearly

Mogu se naći na skoro

every terrestrial habitat.

svakom kopnenom staništu.

This red dot marks

Ova crvena tačka predstavlja

the Great Basin of North America,

Veliku Kotlinu u Severnoj Americi,

and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity

gde sa saradnicima radim na projektu

project there with some collaborators.

vezanom za biodiverzitet planina.

Here's one of our field sites,

Ovo je jedan od naših terena,

and just to give you a sense of perspective,

i da biste razumeli koliko je to veliko,

this little blue smudge here,

ova mala plava fleka

that's one of my collaborators.

je jedan od mojih saradnika.

This is a rugged and barren landscape,

Iako je ovo kamenit i ogoljen predeo,

yet there are quite a few spiders here.

ovde ima dosta paukova.

Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider

Ispod kamenja smo otkrili ovog račjeg pauka

grappling with a beetle.

kako se bori sa bubom.

Spiders are not just everywhere,

Paukovi nisu samo mnogobrojni

but they're extremely diverse.

već i veoma raznoliki.

There are over 40,000 described species

Postoji preko 40,000 zabeleženih vrsta

of spiders.

paukova.

To put that number into perspective,

Da biste stekli osećaj koliki je to broj,

here's a graph comparing the 40,000

ovaj grafikon upoređuje 40.000

species of spiders

vrsta paukova

to the 400 species of primates.

sa 400 vrsta primata.

There are two orders of magnitude more

Broj paukova je za dva reda veličine

spiders than primates.

veći od broja primata.

Spiders are also extremely old.

Paukovi su takođe veoma star red životinja.

On the bottom here,

Ovde dole je

this is the geologic timescale,

geološka vremenska razmera,

and the numbers on it indicate millions

gde brojevi označavaju milione

of years from the present, so the zero here,

godina unazad od sadašnjosti -

that would be today.

dakle, nula predstavlja danas.

So what this figure shows is that spiders

Ova slika pokazuje da su paukovi

date back to almost 380 million years.

stari gotovo 380 miliona godina.

To put that into perspective, this red

Uzmite u obzir da je ova crvena

vertical bar here marks the divergence time

vertikalna pruga vreme odvajanja

of humans from chimpanzees,

ljudi od šimpanzi,

a mere seven million years ago.

tek pre sedam miliona godina.

All spiders make silk

Svi paukovi proizvode svilu

at some point in their life.

u nekom delu svog života.

Most spiders use copious amounts of silk,

Većina paukova koristi obilne količine svile,

and silk is essential to their survival

i svila je neophodna za njihov opstanak

and reproduction.

i razmnožavanje.

Even fossil spiders can make silk,

Čak su i praistorijski paukovi

as we can see from this impression of

pravili svilu, što se vidi iz otiska

a spinneret on this fossil spider.

paučinaste bradavice na ovom fosilu pauka.

So this means that both spiders

Ovo znači da i paukovi

and spider silk have been around

i paukova svila postoje

for 380 million years.

već 380 miliona godina.

It doesn't take long from working with spiders

Nije potrebno mnogo rada sa paukovima

to start noticing how essential silk is

da bi shvatili od kolikog je značaja svila

to just about every aspect of their life.

za gotovo svaki aspekt njihovog života.

Spiders use silk for many purposes, including

Paukovi koriste svilu za razne stvari,

the trailing safety dragline,

za pridržavajuće niti pri kretanju,

wrapping eggs for reproduction,

za umotavanje jaja pri razmnožavanju,

protective retreats

za izgradnju skloništa

and catching prey.

i hvatanje plena.

There are many kinds of spider silk.

Postoji mnogo vrsta paukove svile.

For example, this garden spider can make

Na primer, ovaj baštenski pauk pravi

seven different kinds of silks.

sedam različitih vrsta svile.

When you look at this orb web, you're actually

Kada se posmatra ova okrugla mreža,

seeing many types of silk fibers.

zapravo se vide različite vrste svilenih vlakana.

The frame and radii of this web

Okvir i poluprečnici

is made up of one type of silk,

su napravljeni od jedne vrste,

while the capture spiral is a composite

dok je spirala za lov mešavina

of two different silks:

dva različita oblika svile:

the filament and the sticky droplet.

niti i lepljivih kapljica.

How does an individual spider

Kako jedan pauk uspeva

make so many kinds of silk?

da napravi toliko vrsta svile?

To answer that, you have to look a lot closer

Da bi se na to odgovorilo, moramo da

at the spinneret region of a spider.

izbliza pogledamo paučinaste bradavice.

So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for

Svila izlazi iz paučinastih bradavica,

those of us spider silk biologists, this is what

i za nas biologe koji izučavamo paukovu svilu,

we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)

ovo je cev puške pauka. (Smeh)

We spend long days ...

Provodimo mnoge dane...

Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.

Hej! Ne smejte se. To je moj život.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We spend long days and nights

Provodimo mnoge dane i noći

staring at this part of the spider.

zagledani u ovaj deo pauka.

And this is what we see.

I vidimo sledeće.

You can see multiple fibers

Vidi se kako više vlakana

coming out of the spinnerets, because

izlazi iz paučinastih bradavica,

each spinneret has many spigots on it.

jer svaka od njih ima više mlazeva.

Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,

Svaka od ovih svilenih niti izlazi iz mlaza,

and if you were to trace the fiber back

i kada bismo pratili nit unazad

into the spider, what you would find is that

u telo pauka, videli bismo da je

each spigot connects to its own individual

svaki od ovih mlazeva povezan sa sopstvenom

silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac

paučinastom žlezdom. Paučinasta žlezda pomalo liči

with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.

na vreću punu proteina svile.

So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect

Pa ako ikada budete u prilici da secirate

an orb-web-weaving spider,

pauka koji plete kružne mreže,

and I hope you do,

a nadam se da ćete biti,

what you would find is a bounty

pronašli biste obilje

of beautiful, translucent silk glands.

divnih, providnih paučinastih žlezda.

Inside each spider, there are hundreds

Unutar svakog pauka postoje stotine

of silk glands, sometimes thousands.

paučinastih žlezda, nekada na hiljade.

These can be grouped into seven categories.

Svrstavaju se u sedam kategorija.

They differ by size, shape,

Razlikuju se po veličini, obliku,

and sometimes even color.

ponekad i po boji.

In an orb-web-weaving spider,

Kod pauka koji plete kružne mreže

you can find seven types of silk glands,

možete naći sedam vrsta paučinastih žlezda,

and what I have depicted here in this picture,

i kad pogledamo šta se nalazi na slici,

let's start at the one o'clock position,

da počnemo sa vrha:

there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used

postoje cevaste paučinaste žlezde

to make the outer silk of an egg sac.

koje proizvode svilenu opnu za jaje.

There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk

Tu su agregatne i bičaste žlezde

glands which combine to make the sticky

koje zajedno daju lepljivu spiralu

capture spiral of an orb web.

za lov kod kružne mreže.

Pyriform silk glands make the attachment

Kruškaste paučinaste žlezde prave

cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere

cement - to je svila koja se koristi da zalepi

silk lines to a substrate.

niti svile za podlogu.

There's also aciniform silk,

Postoji i svila iz grozdaste žlezde,

which is used to wrap prey.

kojom se obmotava plen.

Od svile iz manje ampulaste žlezde se pravi mreža.

Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction.

And the most studied silk line

I vrsta svile koja se najviše proučava:

of them all: major ampullate silk.

svila iz veće ampulaste žlezde.

This is the silk that's used to make the frame

Ovo je svila od koje se prave okvir

and radii of an orb web, and also

i poluprečnici kružne mreže,

the safety trailing dragline.

kao i niti za oslonac pri kretanju.

But what, exactly, is spider silk?

Ali šta je tačno paukova svila?

Spider silk is almost entirely protein.

Paukova svila je gotovo cela od proteina.

Nearly all of these proteins can be explained

Skoro svi ovi proteini potiču

by a single gene family,

od jedne grupe gena,

so this means that the diversity of silk types

što znači da i raznolikost vrsta svile

we see today is encoded by one gene family,

koje danas postoje takođe potiče od jedne grupe gena.

so presumably the original spider ancestor

Verovatno je prvobitni pauk mrežar

made one kind of silk,

pravio jednu vrstu svile,

and over the last 380 million years,

a geni za tu svilu su se

that one silk gene has duplicated

tokom proteklih 380 miliona godina umnožili,

and then diverged, specialized,

razdvojili i specijalizovali,

over and over and over again, to get

i to dosta puta, kako bi nastale

the large variety of flavors of spider silks

različite vrste svile

that we have today.

koja postoji danas.

There are several features that all these silks

Postoji nekoliko osobina

have in common. They all have a common

koje sve ove svile dele.

design, such as they're all very long --

Sve su sličnog izgleda, dakle sve su

they're sort of outlandishly long

veoma duge - zapravo neobično duge

compared to other proteins.

u poređenju sa drugim proteinima.

They're very repetitive, and they're very rich

Jednolične su građe i veoma bogate

in the amino acids glycine and alanine.

amino kiselinama glicinom i alaninom.

To give you an idea of what

Da biste shvatili kako izgleda

a spider silk protein looks like,

protein paukove svile,

this is a dragline silk protein,

ovo je protein sigurnosne niti svile,

it's just a portion of it,

jedan njegov deo,

from the black widow spider.

od pauka crne udovice.

This is the kind of sequence that I love

Ovakvu sekvencu volim da

looking at day and night. (Laughter)

gledam čitav dan. (Smeh)

So what you're seeing here is the one letter

Prikazana je skraćenica od jednog slova

abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored

za aminokiseline, i obojila sam

in the glycines with green,

glicine u zeleno,

and the alanines in red, and so

a alanine u crveno, tako da

you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's.

vidite mnogo slova G i A.

You can also see that there's a lot of short

Takođe se vidi da ima mnogo kratkih

sequence motifs that repeat over and over

sekvenci koje se ponavljaju iznova i iznova

and over again, so for example there's a lot of

i iznova, tako da na primer ima mnogo

what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's,

takozvanih polialanina, ili ponovljenih slova A,

AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY.

AAAAA. Imamo GGQ. Imamo GGY.

You can think of these short motifs

Možete da zamislite da su te

that repeat over and over again as words,

kratke sekvence koje se ponavljaju reči,

and these words occur in sentences.

a te reči stvaraju rečenice.

So for example this would be one sentence,

Pa bi na primer ovo bila jedna rečenica,

and you would get this sort of green region

i dobili biste ovu zelenu oblast

and the red polyalanine, that repeats

i crveni polialanin, koji se ponavlja

over and over and over again,

iznova i iznova i iznova,

and you can have that hundreds and

i to se može desiti

hundreds and hundreds of times within

na stotine puta

an individual silk molecule.

unutar pojedinačnog molekula svile.

Silks made by the same spider can have

U svilama jednog istog pauka

dramatically different repeat sequences.

mogu da se ponavljaju izrazito različite sekvence.

At the top of the screen, you're seeing

Na vrhu ekrana se vidi

the repeat unit from the dragline silk

jedinica koja se ponavlja kod sigurnosne niti

of a garden argiope spider.

krupnog baštenskog pauka.

It's short. And on the bottom,

Kratka je. I na dnu,

this is the repeat sequence for the

vidi se sekvenca ponavljanja za omotač

egg case, or tubuliform silk protein,

za jaja, protein svile cevastih žlezda,

for the exact same spider. And you can see

kod istog tog pauka. I možete videti

how dramatically different

koliko su izrazito različiti

these silk proteins are -- so this is

ovi proteini svile - dakle ovde se

sort of the beauty of the diversification

vidi lepota raznolikosti

of the spider silk gene family.

u grupi gena paukove svile.

You can see that the repeat units differ

Vidimo da su jedinice ponavljanja različite

in length. They also differ in sequence.

po dužini. Razlikuju se i redosledi gena.

So I've colored in the glycines again

Dakle, ponovo sam obojila glicine

in green, alanine in red, and the serines,

u zeleno, alanine u crveno, a serine,

the letter S, in purple. And you can see

slovo S, u ljubičasto. I vidite da

that the top repeat unit can be explained

se gotovo cela jedinica ponavljanja

almost entirely by green and red,

na vrhu sastoji iz zelene i crvene,

and the bottom repeat unit has

a jedinica ponavljanja na dnu ima

a substantial amount of purple.

velike količine ljubičastog.

What silk biologists do is we try to relate

Biolozi koji proučavaju svilu pokušavaju da povežu

these sequences, these amino acid

ovakve sekvence aminokiselina,

sequences, to the mechanical properties

sa mehaničkim svojstvima

of the silk fibers.

svilenih vlakana.

Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk

Pri tom je vrlo zgodno što pauci koriste svilu

completely outside their body.

potpuno van svojih tela.

This makes testing spider silk really, really

Ovo znatno olakšava testiranje

easy to do in the laboratory, because

u laboratoriji,

we're actually, you know, testing it in air

jer je testiramo u vazduhu,

that's exactly the environment that

dakle tačno u okruženju u kojem

spiders are using their silk proteins.

i paukovi koriste svoje proteine svile.

So this makes quantifying silk properties by

Zbog ovoga je merenje svojstava svile

methods such as tensile testing, which is

metodama poput testiranja rastegljivosti-

basically, you know, tugging on one end

u suštini, tegljenja jednog kraja niti -

of the fiber, very amenable.

veoma pristupačnim.

Here are stress-strain curves

Ovo su krive odnosa napona i deformacije

generated by tensile testing

izvedene iz testiranja rastegljivosti

five fibers made by the same spider.

pet vlakana koje je napravio isti pauk.

So what you can see here is that

Može se videti da se ovih pet vlakana

the five fibers have different behaviors.

ponaša različito.

Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis,

Tačnije, ako pogledate vertikalnu osu,

that's stress. If you look at the maximum

to je napon. Ako pogledate

maksimalne vrednosti napona svih ovih vlakana,

stress value for each of these fibers,

you can see that there's a lot of variation,

videćete da se znatno razlikuju,

and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk,

i da je sigurnosna nit, odnosno svila veće ampulaste žlezde

is the strongest of these fibers.

najjača od ovih vlakana.

We think that's because the dragline silk,

Mislimo da je to zato što ova svila,

which is used to make the frame and radii

od koje se prave okvir i poluprečnici mreže,

for a web, needs to be very strong.

mora da bude veoma jaka.

On the other hand, if you were to look at

Sa druge strane, ako biste posmatrali

strain -- this is how much a fiber can be

deformaciju - koliko nit može da se istegne -

extended -- if you look at the maximum value

ako pogledate maksimalnu vrednost,

here, again, there's a lot of variation

vidite da i ovde ima znatnih razlika,

and the clear winner is flagelliform,

a jasan pobednik je svila bičaste žlezde,

or the capture spiral filament.

odnosno vlakna spirale za lov.

In fact, this flagelliform fiber can

U stvari, nit bičaste žlezde može

actually stretch over twice its original length.

da se izduži dvostruko od svoje početne dužine.

So silk fibers vary in their strength

Dakle, svilena vlakna se razlikuju po jačini,

and also their extensibility.

kao i po istegljivosti.

In the case of the capture spiral,

Što se tiče spirale za lov,

it needs to be so stretchy to absorb

ona mora da bude rastegljiva da bi upila

the impact of flying prey.

udarac letećeg plena.

If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then

Kada ne bi mogla toliko da se tegli,

basically when an insect hit the web,

insekt koji udari u mrežu

it would just trampoline right off of it.

bi samo odskočio od nje.

So if the web was made entirely out of

Kada bi mreža bila napravljena

dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just

od sigurnosne svile, insekt bi najverovatnije samo

bounce right off. But by having really, really

odskočio od nje.

Ali, zbog veoma tegljive spirale za lov, mreža je u stvari

stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually

able to absorb the impact

u stanju da upije udarac

of that intercepted prey.

i zaustavi plen.

There's quite a bit of variation within

Postoje znatne razlike među nitima

the fibers that an individual spider can make.

koje jedan pauk može da napravi.

We call that the tool kit of a spider.

Za ovo kažemo da je paukov kofer sa alatom.

That's what the spider has

Time čime se pauk služi

to interact with their environment.

kako bi delovao na svet oko sebe.

But how about variation among spider

Ali šta se dešava

species, so looking at one type of silk

kada istu vrstu svile posmatramo

and looking at different species of spiders?

kod različitih vrsta paukova?

This is an area that's largely unexplored

Ovo je većinom neistražena oblast

but here's a little bit of data I can show you.

ali evo nekih podataka koje mogu da vam pokažem.

This is the comparison of the toughness

Ovo je poređenje čvrstine

of the dragline spilk spun

sigurnosnih niti

by 21 species of spiders.

kod 21 različite vrste paukova.

Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and

Neki od njih pletu kružne mreže,

some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders.

a drugi ne.

It's been hypothesized that

Pretpostavlja se da bi paukovi

orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here,

koji pletu kružne mreže, kao ovaj krupni baštenski pauk,

should have the toughest dragline silks

trebali da imaju najjače sigurnosne niti

because they must intercept flying prey.

jer moraju da ulove leteći plen.

What you see here on this toughness graph

Na ovom grafikonu jačine se vidi

is the higher the black dot is on the graph,

da najviše postavljene crne tačke

the higher the toughness.

prikazuju najveću jačinu.

The 21 species are indicated here by this

Ovo drvo evolucije prikazuje

phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows

genetski odnos 21 vrste paukova,

their genetic relationships, and I've colored

a oni koji pletu kružne mreže

in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders.

su obojeni u žuto.

If you look right here at the two red arrows,

Ako pogledate ove dve crvene strelice,

they point to the toughness values

one ukazuju na vrednosti jačine

for the draglines of nephila clavipes and

sigurnosnih niti vrste banana-paukova

araneus diadematus.

i paukova krstaša.

These are the two species of spiders

To su dve vrste paukova

for which the vast majority of time and money

čije proteine svile pokušavamo da kopiramo,

on synthetic spider silk research has been

i tu nam odlazi najviše novca i vremena

to replicate their dragline silk proteins.

prilikom istraživanja paukovih svila.

Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.

Pa ipak, njihove sigurnosne niti nisu najjače.

In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey

Zapravo se iz prikupljenih podataka vidi

is this one right here in this white region,

da je najjača svila u ovoj beloj oblasti,

a non orb-web-weaving spider.

nit pauka koji ne plete kružne mreže.

This is the dragline spun by scytodes,

Tu nit je isplela

the spitting spider.

vrsta pauka pljuvača.

Scytodes doesn't use a web at all

Ova vrsta prilikom lova uopšte ne koristi mrežu.

to catch prey. Instead, scytodes

Umesto toga oni

sort of lurks around and waits for prey

vrebaju plen iz zasede,

to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey

čekaju da se približi, pa ga onesposobe

by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.

pljujući otrov u obliku svile na njega.

Think of hunting with silly string.

Zamislite da lovite vunenim koncem.

That's how scytodes forages.

Tako se hrane paukovi pljuvači.

We don't really know why scytodes

Nismo sigurni zašto je paukovima pljuvačima

needs such a tough dragline,

potrebna tako jaka sigurnosna nit,

but it's unexpected results like this that make

ali ovakvi neočekivani rezultati čine

bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile.

bio-istraživanja tako uzbudljivim i isplativim.

It frees us from the constraints

To nas oslobađa od ograničenja

of our imagination.

naše mašte.

Now I'm going to mark on

Obeležiću vrednosti

the toughness values for nylon fiber,

čvrstine najlonskih vlakana,

bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk --

bolbiksa - niti pripitomljene svilene bube,

wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers.

vune, Kevlara i ugljeničnih vlakana.

And what you can see is that nearly

Vidi se da je paukova svila

all the spider draglines surpass them.

skoro u svakom slučaju jača.

It's the combination of strength, extensibility

Baš ova kombinacija jačine, istegljivosti

and toughness that makes spider silk so

i čvrstine čini paukovu svilu posebnom,

special, and that has attracted the attention

i to je skrenulo pažnju

of biomimeticists, so people that turn

biomimetičara, koji nova rešenja problema

to nature to try to find new solutions.

prave po ugledu na prirodu.

And the strength, extensibility and toughness

Zbog te snage, istegljivosti i čvrstine,

of spider silks combined with the fact that

kao i činjenice

silks do not elicit an immune response,

da ne nadražuje imuni sistem,

have attracted a lot of interest in the use

paukova svila je pronašla

of spider silks in biomedical applications,

upotrebu u biomedicini,

for example, as a component of

na primer, pri pravljenju

artificial tendons, for serving as

veštačkih tetiva,

guides to regrow nerves, and for

za navođenje pravca obnove nerava

scaffolds for tissue growth.

ili rasta tkiva.

Spider silks also have a lot of potential

Velik je i potencijal paukovih svila

for their anti-ballistic capabilities.

kao materijala za zaustavljanje metaka.

Silks could be incorporated into body

Mogle bi ući u sastav pancira

and equipment armor that would be more

za ljude i opremu, te bi on bio

lightweight and flexible

lakši i savitljiviji

than any armor available today.

od bilo kog koji danas postoji.

In addition to these biomimetic

Pored ovih

applications of spider silks,

biomimetičkih primena,

personally, I find studying spider silks

meni je samo proučavanje

just fascinating in and of itself.

paukovih svila strašno zanimljivo.

I love when I'm in the laboratory,

Strašno volim kad mi u laboratoriju

a new spider silk sequence comes in.

stigne nova sekvenca.

That's just the best. (Laughter)

To je stvarno super. (Smeh)

It's like the spiders are sharing

Kao da paukovi pokušavaju

an ancient secret with me, and that's why

da mi kažu neku drevnu tajnu,

I'm going to spend the rest of my life

i zbog toga ću do kraja života

studying spider silk.

da proučavam paukovu svilu.

The next time you see a spider web,

Molim vas, kad sledeći put vidite paukovu mrežu,

please, pause and look a little closer.

zastanite i bolje pogledajte.

You'll be seeing one of the most

Videćete jedan od najjačih materijala

high-performance materials known to man.

za koje znamo.

To borrow from the writings

Da citiram

of a spider named Charlotte,

pauka zvanog Šarlota:

silk is terrific.

svila je sjajna.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala vam. (Aplauz)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)