Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk

Prevoditelj: Damjan Kovač Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

I'm here to spread the word about the

Ovdje sam kako bih vas upoznala

magnificence of spiders

sa veličanstvenim paucima,

and how much we can learn from them.

i s time koliko od njih možemo naučiti.

Spiders are truly global citizens.

Pauci su istinski stanovnici čitave zemlje.

You can find spiders in nearly

Možete ih pronaći

every terrestrial habitat.

gotovo svugdje.

This red dot marks

Ova zelena točka označava

the Great Basin of North America,

pustinju Great Basin - Sjeverna Amerika,

and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity

povezana sam s tom biološkom raznolikošću

project there with some collaborators.

u projektu koji dijelim sa suradnicima.

Here's one of our field sites,

Ovdje je jedna od naših točaka

and just to give you a sense of perspective,

i samo kako bih vam to dočarala,

this little blue smudge here,

ova mala točkica ovdje

that's one of my collaborators.

to je jedan od mojih suradnika.

This is a rugged and barren landscape,

To je grub i jalov kraj

yet there are quite a few spiders here.

ali unatoč tome, tu opstaje podosta paukova.

Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider

Preokretanje kamenja otkriva pauka rakovicu

grappling with a beetle.

kako se hrva s bubom.

Spiders are not just everywhere,

Pauci nisu baš svugdje,

but they're extremely diverse.

ali su vrlo rasprostranjeni.

There are over 40,000 described species

Postoji više od 40.000 opisanih vrsta

of spiders.

pauka.

To put that number into perspective,

Kako bi to vidjeli s drugog kuta,

here's a graph comparing the 40,000

ovdje graf uspoređuje 40.000

species of spiders

vrsta pauka

to the 400 species of primates.

sa 400 vrsta primata.

There are two orders of magnitude more

Postoji dva vrijednosna reda više

spiders than primates.

paukova nego primata.

Spiders are also extremely old.

Pauci su ujedno i veoma stari.

On the bottom here,

Ovdje pri dnu,

this is the geologic timescale,

ovo je geološka vremenska skala,

and the numbers on it indicate millions

a brojevi na njoj prikazuju milijune

of years from the present, so the zero here,

godina od sadašnjosti, tako ova nula ovdje

that would be today.

označava danas.

So what this figure shows is that spiders

Možemo vidjeti da pauci

date back to almost 380 million years.

datiraju skoro 380 milijuna godina u prošlost.

To put that into perspective, this red

Kako bi to pojasnili, ova crvena

vertical bar here marks the divergence time

vertikala označava vremensku razliku

of humans from chimpanzees,

razvoja čovjeka iz čimpanze

a mere seven million years ago.

prije približno sedam milijuna godina.

All spiders make silk

Svi pauci prave svilu

at some point in their life.

u nekom trenutku svog života.

Most spiders use copious amounts of silk,

Većina pauka koristi obilne količine svile,

and silk is essential to their survival

i ta je svila važna za njihovo preživljavanje

and reproduction.

i reprodukciju.

Even fossil spiders can make silk,

Čak i fosilizirani pauci prave svilu,

as we can see from this impression of

kako to i prikazuje ova fotografija

a spinneret on this fossil spider.

bradavice fosiliziranog pauka.

So this means that both spiders

To znači da su i pauci

and spider silk have been around

i njihova svila svuda okolo nas

for 380 million years.

već otprilike 380 milijuna godina.

It doesn't take long from working with spiders

Nije potrebno puno raditi s paucima

to start noticing how essential silk is

da bi se uvidjela koliko je svila važna

to just about every aspect of their life.

u svakom aspektu njihovog života.

Spiders use silk for many purposes, including

Koriste je za mnoge svrhe, ukljućujući

the trailing safety dragline,

postavljanje sigurnosne linije,

wrapping eggs for reproduction,

zamatanje jajašaca za reprodukciju,

protective retreats

zaštitu

and catching prey.

i lov.

There are many kinds of spider silk.

Postoji mnogo vrsta svile.

For example, this garden spider can make

Na primjer, ovaj vrtni pauk izrađuje

seven different kinds of silks.

sedam različitih vrsta.

When you look at this orb web, you're actually

Kada pogledate ovu kuglastu mrežu, gledate u

seeing many types of silk fibers.

mnogo tipova svilenih niti.

The frame and radii of this web

Okvir i polumjer ove mreže

is made up of one type of silk,

izrađeni su od jednog tipa svile,

while the capture spiral is a composite

dok je spirala nastala spajanjem

of two different silks:

dva različita tipa svile:

the filament and the sticky droplet.

niti i ljepljive kapljice.

How does an individual spider

Kako jedan jedini pauk

make so many kinds of silk?

može napraviti toliko vrsta svile?

To answer that, you have to look a lot closer

Da bismo odgovorili na to potrebno je pobliže pogledati

at the spinneret region of a spider.

područje bradavice.

So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for

Tako svila izlazi iz bradavice, i za nas

those of us spider silk biologists, this is what

biologe paukove svile, to je ono što nazivamo

we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)

paukov "kraj poslovanja". (Smijeh)

We spend long days ...

Provodimo duge dane ...

Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.

EJ! Nemojte se smijati. To je moj život.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We spend long days and nights

Provodimo duge dane i noći

staring at this part of the spider.

na ovom dijelu pauka.

And this is what we see.

I ovo je što mi vidimo.

You can see multiple fibers

Možete vidjeti mnoštvo niti

coming out of the spinnerets, because

koje izlaze iz bradavice jer

each spinneret has many spigots on it.

svaka bradavica na sebi ima mnoštvo kanalića.

Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,

Svako vlakno svile izlazi iz tih kanalića,

and if you were to trace the fiber back

i kada bismo mogli slijediti niti

into the spider, what you would find is that

u unutrašnjost pauka, ono što bi tamo pronašli je da

each spigot connects to its own individual

svaki kanalić ima svoju vlastitu

silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac

žlijezdu. Žlijezdu koja podsjeća na vreću

with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.

s mnoštvom proteina svile.

So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect

Ako ste ikada imali priliku secirati

an orb-web-weaving spider,

paukovu kuglastu mrežu,

and I hope you do,

a nadam se da jeste,

what you would find is a bounty

našli ste izdašnost

of beautiful, translucent silk glands.

ljepote, prozračne žlijezde svile.

Inside each spider, there are hundreds

U svakom pauku su stotine

of silk glands, sometimes thousands.

pa i tisuće tih žlijezda.

These can be grouped into seven categories.

Mogu se svrstati u sedam kategorija.

They differ by size, shape,

Razlikuju se veličinom, oblikom,

and sometimes even color.

a katkada čak i bojom.

In an orb-web-weaving spider,

Unutar Kuglasto-mrežnog pauka,

you can find seven types of silk glands,

možete pronaći sedam vrsta žlijezda za svilu,

and what I have depicted here in this picture,

i ono što sam primijetila na ovoj fotografiji,

let's start at the one o'clock position,

počnimo s pozicijom "jedan sat",

there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used

tu su žlijezde u obliku tube koje proizvode

to make the outer silk of an egg sac.

vanjski dio svile na jajašcima.

There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk

Tu je agregat i (flageliform) svilne žlijezde

glands which combine to make the sticky

koje u kombinaciji daju ljepljivu

capture spiral of an orb web.

spiralu kuglaste mreže.

Pyriform silk glands make the attachment

Pyriformne žlijezde svile stvaraju neku vrstu cementa --

cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere

to je vrsta svile koja služi pridržavanju

silk lines to a substrate.

svile za podlogu.

There's also aciniform silk,

Postoji i acinformna svila,

which is used to wrap prey.

koja služi za omatanje plijena.

Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction.

Manja (ampulate) svila koristi se u konstrukciji mreže.

And the most studied silk line

I najproučavanija nit svile

of them all: major ampullate silk.

od svih drugih: velika (ampulate) svila.

This is the silk that's used to make the frame

To je svila za izradu okvira

and radii of an orb web, and also

i polumjera kuglaste mreže, kao i za

the safety trailing dragline.

povlačenje sigurnosne linije.

But what, exactly, is spider silk?

Ali što je zapravo paukova svila?

Spider silk is almost entirely protein.

Ona je skoro u potpunosti protein.

Nearly all of these proteins can be explained

Gotovo svi ti proteini mogu se objasniti

by a single gene family,

jednom genskom linijom,

so this means that the diversity of silk types

što znači da raznolikost vrsta svile

we see today is encoded by one gene family,

koju smo vidjeli dekodira jedna grupa gena,

so presumably the original spider ancestor

pa je vjerojatno paukov predak

made one kind of silk,

stvarao samo jednu vrstu svile,

and over the last 380 million years,

i tijekom posljednjih 380 milijuna godina,

that one silk gene has duplicated

taj jedan gen se umnožio

and then diverged, specialized,

razdijelio, specijalizirao,

over and over and over again, to get

opet i opet iznova, ne bi li se naposlijetku

the large variety of flavors of spider silks

dobila ogromna raznolikost nijansi paukove svile

that we have today.

koje poznajemo danas.

There are several features that all these silks

Nekoliko je značajki zajedničko

have in common. They all have a common

svakoj svili. Svima je zajednički

design, such as they're all very long --

dizajn, sve su veoma duge --

they're sort of outlandishly long

tako su izvanzemaljski duge

compared to other proteins.

usporedivši ih s drugim proteinima.

They're very repetitive, and they're very rich

Ponavljaju se i bogate su

in the amino acids glycine and alanine.

aminokiselinama glicina i alanina.

To give you an idea of what

Kako bih vam dočarala

a spider silk protein looks like,

kako izgleda protein paukove svile

this is a dragline silk protein,

ovo je protein svile koja se povlači,

it's just a portion of it,

samo mali dio,

from the black widow spider.

pripada crnoj udovici.

This is the kind of sequence that I love

To je ono što volim promatrati

looking at day and night. (Laughter)

cijele dane i noći. (Smijeh)

So what you're seeing here is the one letter

Ovo u što gledamo je skraćeno pismo

abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored

aminokiselina, a ja sam obojila

in the glycines with green,

glicerine zelenom,

and the alanines in red, and so

a alanine crvenom, i sada

you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's.

možete vidjeti samo mnoštvo G i A oblika.

You can also see that there's a lot of short

Također možete vidjeti mnoštvo kratkih

sequence motifs that repeat over and over

ponavljajućih sekvenci koje se ponavljaju

and over again, so for example there's a lot of

u nedogled, na primjer tu ima mnogo

what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's,

kako ih mi zovemo polialanina, ili iritirajućih A,

AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY.

AAAAA. Tu je GGQ. Ovdje GGY.

You can think of these short motifs

Možete misliti na ove motive

that repeat over and over again as words,

koji se neprestano ponavljaju poput riječi,

and these words occur in sentences.

a te riječi tvore rečenice.

So for example this would be one sentence,

Na primjer ovo bi bila jedna rečenica,

and you would get this sort of green region

i dobili bi ovakvu vrstu zelenog područja

and the red polyalanine, that repeats

i crvenih polialanina, to se ponavlja

over and over and over again,

u nedogled,

and you can have that hundreds and

i to možete dobiti tisuće i

hundreds and hundreds of times within

tisuće i tisuće puta

an individual silk molecule.

iz jedne jedine molekule svile.

Silks made by the same spider can have

Svila koju je napravio isti pauk može imati

dramatically different repeat sequences.

vrlo različite sekvence ponavljanja.

At the top of the screen, you're seeing

Na vrhu ekrana možete vidjeti

the repeat unit from the dragline silk

ponavljajuću jedinicu svile koju povlači

of a garden argiope spider.

vrtni pauk.

It's short. And on the bottom,

Kratka je. A na dnu je

this is the repeat sequence for the

ponavljajuća sekvenca za vrećicu

egg case, or tubuliform silk protein,

jajašaca, ili tubuliformni protein svile,

for the exact same spider. And you can see

za jednog te istog pauka. Možete vidjeti

how dramatically different

kako su strašno različiti

these silk proteins are -- so this is

ovi proteini svile -- to je

sort of the beauty of the diversification

ljepota raznolikosti

of the spider silk gene family.

genske grupe pauka.

You can see that the repeat units differ

Ponavljajuće jedinice, kao što vidimo, razlikuju se

in length. They also differ in sequence.

u dužini. Ali i u ponavljanju.

So I've colored in the glycines again

Ponovno sam glicine obojala

in green, alanine in red, and the serines,

u zeleno, alanine u crveno i serine,

the letter S, in purple. And you can see

slova S, u ljubičasto. Sada možete vidjeti

that the top repeat unit can be explained

da se ponavljajuća jedinica može gotovo

almost entirely by green and red,

u potpunosti objasniti zelenom i crvenom,

and the bottom repeat unit has

dok donja ponavljajuća jedinica sadrži

a substantial amount of purple.

znatnu količinu ljubičaste.

What silk biologists do is we try to relate

Biolozi svile pokušavaju povezati

these sequences, these amino acid

te sekvence, sekvence te aminokiseline

sequences, to the mechanical properties

s mehaničkim svojstvima

of the silk fibers.

svilenih niti.

Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk

Uvjerljivo je da pauci koriste svoju svilu

completely outside their body.

u potpunosti izvan svog tijela.

This makes testing spider silk really, really

To ispitivanje svile čini vrlo, vrlo

easy to do in the laboratory, because

laganim u laboratoriju, a to je zbog toga što

we're actually, you know, testing it in air

je mi testiramo u zraku

that's exactly the environment that

što je zapravo i okolina

spiders are using their silk proteins.

u kojoj i pauci koriste svoje proteine.

So this makes quantifying silk properties by

To umnožava svojstva svile

methods such as tensile testing, which is

metodama poput ispitivanja rastezljivosti, koja se

basically, you know, tugging on one end

temelji na potezanju za kraj

of the fiber, very amenable.

niti, i vrlo je pouzdana.

Here are stress-strain curves

Ovo su stresom-deformirane krivulje

generated by tensile testing

uzrokovane ispitom rastezljivosti

five fibers made by the same spider.

petero niti napravljenih od strane jednog pauka.

So what you can see here is that

Ono što se ovdje može vidjeti je

the five fibers have different behaviors.

različito ponašanje petero niti.

Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis,

Ako pogledate ovu vertikalnu os,

that's stress. If you look at the maximum

to je stres. Ako pogledate gornju granicu

stress value for each of these fibers,

stresa za svaku od ovih niti,

you can see that there's a lot of variation,

vidjet ćete mnoštvo varijacija,

and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk,

i čini se da je linijska nit, iliti glavna nit,

is the strongest of these fibers.

najjača među ovim nitima.

We think that's because the dragline silk,

Mislimo da je to zbog toga što linijska nit,

which is used to make the frame and radii

koja se koristi za izradu okvira

for a web, needs to be very strong.

i polumjera mreže, mora biti vrlo snažna.

On the other hand, if you were to look at

Naprotiv, ako pogledate naprezanje

strain -- this is how much a fiber can be

-- ovo je koliko nit može biti

extended -- if you look at the maximum value

rastegnuta -- ako pogledate maksimalnu vrijednost

here, again, there's a lot of variation

ovdje, ponovno postoji mnoštvo varijacija

and the clear winner is flagelliform,

i čisti je pobjednik flagelliform,

or the capture spiral filament.

iliti spiralna nit za lov.

In fact, this flagelliform fiber can

U stvari, ova se nit zapravo

actually stretch over twice its original length.

može rastegnuti dva puta više od svoje dužine.

So silk fibers vary in their strength

Tako svilene niti variraju i u snazi

and also their extensibility.

i rastezljivosti.

In the case of the capture spiral,

U slučaju spirale za lov,

it needs to be so stretchy to absorb

ona treba biti rastezljiva kako bi upila

the impact of flying prey.

udarac letećeg plijena.

If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then

Kada ne bi bila toliko rastezljiva, tada bi

basically when an insect hit the web,

u trenutku kada se kukac s njom sudari,

it would just trampoline right off of it.

jednostavno zbacila kukca sa sebe.

So if the web was made entirely out of

Dakle, kada bi mreža bila u potpunosti napravljena

dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just

od linijske svile, kukac bi se vjerojatno od nje

bounce right off. But by having really, really

odbio. Ali dok postoji vrlo, vrlo

stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually

rastezljiva spiralna svila, mreža je sposobna

able to absorb the impact

apsorbirati udarac

of that intercepted prey.

tog čekanog plijena.

There's quite a bit of variation within

Postoje mnoge varijacije između

the fibers that an individual spider can make.

niti koje stvara jedan pauk.

We call that the tool kit of a spider.

To možemo nazvati paukovim radnim setom.

That's what the spider has

To je ono što posjeduje pauk

to interact with their environment.

za interakciju s okolišem.

But how about variation among spider

Ali što je s razlikama među vrstama pauka

species, so looking at one type of silk

kada promatramo istu vrstu svile

and looking at different species of spiders?

ali među različitim vrstama?

This is an area that's largely unexplored

To je veoma neistraženo područje

but here's a little bit of data I can show you.

ali postoje neki djelovi koje vam mogu pokazati.

This is the comparison of the toughness

Ovo je usporedba čvrstoće

of the dragline spilk spun

linijske niti ispredenih

by 21 species of spiders.

od strane 21 vrste paukova.

Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and

Neki od njih su kuglastomrežni pauci,

some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders.

a neki ne.

It's been hypothesized that

Pretpostavlja se da

orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here,

kuglastomrežni pauk, poput ove agriope,

should have the toughest dragline silks

imaju najjaču linijsku svilu

because they must intercept flying prey.

jer moraju savladati leteći plijen.

What you see here on this toughness graph

To što vidite na ovom grafu

is the higher the black dot is on the graph,

je to da što je više ova crna točka

the higher the toughness.

to je veća i snaga.

The 21 species are indicated here by this

21 vrsta prikazana je ovdje

phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows

na ovom evolucijskom stablu koje prikazuje

their genetic relationships, and I've colored

gensku povezanost, a ja sam obojala

in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders.

u žuto orbitasto-mrežne pauke.

If you look right here at the two red arrows,

Ako pogledate ovdje tu su dvije crvene strelice,

they point to the toughness values

pokazuju vrijednosti snage

for the draglines of nephila clavipes and

linijske niti nephile clavipes i

araneus diadematus.

araneusa diadematus.

These are the two species of spiders

To su dvije vrste pauka

for which the vast majority of time and money

za koje se potrošilo puno vremena i novca

on synthetic spider silk research has been

na istraživanje sintetičke svile

to replicate their dragline silk proteins.

ne bi li se replicirali proteini te linijske niti.

Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.

Da, njihove linijske niti nisu najsnažnije.

In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey

Zapravo, najčvršća linijska nit je

is this one right here in this white region,

ova ovdje u ovom bijelom području,

a non orb-web-weaving spider.

pauka s mrežom koja nije u obliku orbite.

This is the dragline spun by scytodes,

To je linijska nit scitodesa,

the spitting spider.

pljuvajućeg pauka.

Scytodes doesn't use a web at all

Scitodes ne koristi mrežu

to catch prey. Instead, scytodes

za lov. Umjesto toga, scitodes

sort of lurks around and waits for prey

vreba okolo i čeka da mu se plijen

to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey

sam približi, te ga zatim onesposobi

by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.

prskajući na njega svilenkasti otrov.

Think of hunting with silly string.

Zamislite lov s ludom špagom.

That's how scytodes forages.

Tako scitodes traži hranu.

We don't really know why scytodes

Ne znamo zapravo zašto on

needs such a tough dragline,

treba toliko jaku linijsku nit,

but it's unexpected results like this that make

ali ovakvi zapanjujući rezultati čine naš rad

bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile.

tako zahvalnim i vrijednim.

It frees us from the constraints

Oslobađa nas ograničenja

of our imagination.

u maštanju.

Now I'm going to mark on

Sada ću obilježiti

the toughness values for nylon fiber,

najveću snagu najlonske niti,

bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk --

bombaž -- ili svila svilene bube --

wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers.

vuna, kevlar i karbonska vlakna.

And what you can see is that nearly

I kao što vidimo

all the spider draglines surpass them.

paukove linijske niti sve ih nadmašuju.

It's the combination of strength, extensibility

To je kombinacija snage, rastezljivosti

and toughness that makes spider silk so

i čvrstoće koja paukovu mrežu čini

special, and that has attracted the attention

tako posebnom, i to privlači pozornost

of biomimeticists, so people that turn

biomimetičara, tako da se ljudi

to nature to try to find new solutions.

okrenu prirodi u traženju novih mogućnosti.

And the strength, extensibility and toughness

Snaga, rastezljivost i čvrstoća

of spider silks combined with the fact that

paukove svile u kombinaciji sa činjenicom da

silks do not elicit an immune response,

svila ne izaziva nikakvu imunološku reakciju

have attracted a lot of interest in the use

potiče zanimanje i za korištenje

of spider silks in biomedical applications,

paukove svile u biomedičkim aplikacijama,

for example, as a component of

na primjer, kao dio

artificial tendons, for serving as

umjetne tetive, da služe kao

guides to regrow nerves, and for

vodići za ponovni uzgoj živaca, i kao

scaffolds for tissue growth.

pomoć za rast tkiva.

Spider silks also have a lot of potential

Paukova svila ima i ogromni potencijal

for their anti-ballistic capabilities.

zbog njihove antibalističke prirode.

Silks could be incorporated into body

Svila bi mogla biti ostvarena kao tijelo

and equipment armor that would be more

pa bi tako oprema i štitnici bili

lightweight and flexible

mnogo lakši i fleksibilniji

than any armor available today.

nego što je to slučaj s današnjim oklopom.

In addition to these biomimetic

U izdanju ovih biometričkih

applications of spider silks,

novotarija od svile,

personally, I find studying spider silks

osobno, paukovu svilu smatram

just fascinating in and of itself.

zanimljivom za proučavanje i isključivo zbog nje same.

I love when I'm in the laboratory,

Obožavam kada u laboratorij

a new spider silk sequence comes in.

dolazi nova paukova svila.

That's just the best. (Laughter)

To je jednostavno najbolje. (Smijeh)

It's like the spiders are sharing

Volim kada pauci dijele

an ancient secret with me, and that's why

svoje drevno znanje sa mnom, i to je ono

I'm going to spend the rest of my life

zbog čega ću cijeli život provesti

studying spider silk.

proučavajući paukovu svilu.

The next time you see a spider web,

Kada sljedeći put ugledate paukovu mrežu,

please, pause and look a little closer.

molim vas, smirite se i pogledajte pobliže.

You'll be seeing one of the most

Vidjet ćete najbolju

high-performance materials known to man.

izvedbu materijala ikada poznatih čovjeku.

To borrow from the writings

Posudivši to iz djela jednog

of a spider named Charlotte,

pauka zvanog Charlotte,

silk is terrific.

svila je nevjerojatna.

Thank you. (Applause)

Hvala. (Pljesak)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)