Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk

158,268 views ใƒป 2011-12-07

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Alf Bae ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:16
I'm here to spread the word about the
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์ €๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
00:18
magnificence of spiders
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
and how much we can learn from them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
Spiders are truly global citizens.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
You can find spiders in nearly
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์‹์ง€์—์„œ
00:27
every terrestrial habitat.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
This red dot marks
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ‰์€ ์ ๋“ค์€
00:31
the Great Basin of North America,
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๋ถ๋ฏธ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‰์•ผ์ง€๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:33
and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฐ์•…์ง€๋Œ€ ์ž์—ฐ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ
00:35
project there with some collaborators.
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๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
Here's one of our field sites,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„์žฅ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
and just to give you a sense of perspective,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณณ์ธ์ง€ ์ž ๊น ์„ค๋ช… ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
00:41
this little blue smudge here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ‘ธ๋ฅธ ์ ์ด
00:43
that's one of my collaborators.
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์ €์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
This is a rugged and barren landscape,
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๊ฑฐ์น ๊ณ  ํ™ฉ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ํ’๊ด‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
yet there are quite a few spiders here.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ข…๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
00:50
Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider
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๋ฐ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ถฐ ๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ฒŒ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด
00:54
grappling with a beetle.
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๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค๊ณผ ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:56
Spiders are not just everywhere,
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณณ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋งŒ,
00:59
but they're extremely diverse.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ •๋ง ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
There are over 40,000 described species
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—๋Š” 4๋งŒ์—ฌ์ข…์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€
01:04
of spiders.
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์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
To put that number into perspective,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:07
here's a graph comparing the 40,000
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ 4๋งŒ์—ฌ์ข…์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ
01:09
species of spiders
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:11
to the 400 species of primates.
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400 ์—ฌ์ข…์˜ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณด์ฃ .
01:13
There are two orders of magnitude more
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์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด
01:15
spiders than primates.
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๋‘์ž๋ฆฟ์ˆ˜๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:17
Spiders are also extremely old.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์ •๋ง ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
On the bottom here,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด,
01:23
this is the geologic timescale,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ง€์งˆํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
and the numbers on it indicate millions
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
01:27
of years from the present, so the zero here,
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๋ช‡ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆซ์ž 0์€
01:29
that would be today.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
01:31
So what this figure shows is that spiders
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
01:34
date back to almost 380 million years.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ 3์–ต8์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ „์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
To put that into perspective, this red
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ถ‰์€ ์ˆ˜์ง์„ ์€
01:40
vertical bar here marks the divergence time
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜์˜จ
01:43
of humans from chimpanzees,
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
a mere seven million years ago.
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๋‹จ์ง€ 7๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:49
All spiders make silk
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„
01:51
at some point in their life.
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์ผ์ƒ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
Most spiders use copious amounts of silk,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์–‘์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
and silk is essential to their survival
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ƒ์กด๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์‹์—์„œ
01:58
and reproduction.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:00
Even fossil spiders can make silk,
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ํ™”์„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:02
as we can see from this impression of
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
02:04
a spinneret on this fossil spider.
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ํ™”์„์ด ๋œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
02:07
So this means that both spiders
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋‚˜
02:09
and spider silk have been around
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด๋‚˜ ์ตœ์†Œ 3์–ต8์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„
02:11
for 380 million years.
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์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
It doesn't take long from working with spiders
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉด
02:19
to start noticing how essential silk is
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
02:22
to just about every aspect of their life.
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๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:25
Spiders use silk for many purposes, including
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
02:28
the trailing safety dragline,
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์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:30
wrapping eggs for reproduction,
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๋ฒˆ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์•Œ๋“ค์„ ์‹ธ๋ฉ”๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:33
protective retreats
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๋ฐฉ์–ด ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
02:35
and catching prey.
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๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์žก๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:37
There are many kinds of spider silk.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
For example, this garden spider can make
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ •์›๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋Š”
02:42
seven different kinds of silks.
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7๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
When you look at this orb web, you're actually
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด ์ณ์ง„๊ฑธ ๋ณด์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์‚ฌ์‹ค
02:46
seeing many types of silk fibers.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:49
The frame and radii of this web
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์™ธ๊ณฝ๊ณผ ๋™์‹ฌ์›์„ ๋งŒ๋“ 
02:51
is made up of one type of silk,
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
while the capture spiral is a composite
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ํฌํš์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด ์„ ์€
02:56
of two different silks:
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
the filament and the sticky droplet.
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ํ•„๋ผ๋จผํŠธ์™€ ๋ˆ์ ํ•œ ์ ์•ก์ด์ง€์š”
03:01
How does an individual spider
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹จ ํ•œ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์—์„œ
03:04
make so many kinds of silk?
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:07
To answer that, you have to look a lot closer
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๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋” ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์„œ์„œ
03:09
at the spinneret region of a spider.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋Œ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ž˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋Œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ
03:13
those of us spider silk biologists, this is what
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์ €ํฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
03:15
we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๊ตฌ("Business end")์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:17
We spend long days ...
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„...
03:19
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.
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ํ—ค์ด! ์›ƒ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”. ์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ ์‚ถ์ด์—์š”.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:23
We spend long days and nights
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐค ๋‚ฎ์„
03:25
staring at this part of the spider.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณด๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
And this is what we see.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ง€์š”.
03:30
You can see multiple fibers
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ฌ์œ ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด์‹œ์ฃ .
03:32
coming out of the spinnerets, because
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๋ฐฉ์ ๋Œ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
each spinneret has many spigots on it.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ ๋Œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ํ† ์‚ฌ๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:38
Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ์ด ํ† ์‚ฌ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€์š”.
03:41
and if you were to trace the fiber back
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์ด ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ถ”์ ํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
03:43
into the spider, what you would find is that
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์•ˆ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
03:46
each spigot connects to its own individual
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ํ† ์‚ฌ๊ด€์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ
03:48
silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์€
03:51
with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.
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๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ
03:56
an orb-web-weaving spider,
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ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•ด ๋ณผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:58
and I hope you do,
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๊ผญ ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
04:00
what you would find is a bounty
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ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด
04:03
of beautiful, translucent silk glands.
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๋ฐ˜ํˆฌ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์„
04:06
Inside each spider, there are hundreds
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๊ฐœ์˜
04:08
of silk glands, sometimes thousands.
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๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
These can be grouped into seven categories.
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์ผ๊ณฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์นดํ…Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
04:14
They differ by size, shape,
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ํฌ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
and sometimes even color.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ‰๊น”๋กœ๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์ง€์š”.
04:18
In an orb-web-weaving spider,
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์„ ์น˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์—๋Š”
04:20
you can find seven types of silk glands,
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7๊ฐ€์ง€ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
and what I have depicted here in this picture,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ๋ณด์‹œ์ฃ .
04:24
let's start at the one o'clock position,
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ํ•œ์‹œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
04:27
there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used
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ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:29
to make the outer silk of an egg sac.
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์•Œ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ทจ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์™€ ํŽธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์—์„œ๋Š”
04:33
glands which combine to make the sticky
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๋™๊ทธ๋ž—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์„ ํ˜• ํฌํš ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”
04:35
capture spiral of an orb web.
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๋ˆ์ ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋ถ„์ถœํ•ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
Pyriform silk glands make the attachment
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์„œ์–‘๋ฐฐ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„์ƒ˜์€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„
04:40
cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere
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์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ๋ถ™์„ ์ˆ˜
04:43
silk lines to a substrate.
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๊ตต์€ ์ค„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:46
There's also aciniform silk,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํฌ๋„์†ก์ด ๋ชจ์–‘ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€
04:48
which is used to wrap prey.
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๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ํฌํšํ• ๋•Œ ์“ฐ์ง€์š”
04:50
Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction.
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์†Œํ˜ธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ(ๅฐๅฃบ็‹€่…บ็ตฒ) ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘ ๊ฑด์„ค ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
And the most studied silk line
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€
04:54
of them all: major ampullate silk.
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๋Œ€ํ˜ธ์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ(ๅคงๅฃบ็‹€่…บ็ตฒ) ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:56
This is the silk that's used to make the frame
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ์น  ๋•Œ ๋ผˆ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
04:58
and radii of an orb web, and also
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๋‘ฅ๊ธ€๊ฒŒ ์ณ์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์˜ ๋‘˜๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:01
the safety trailing dragline.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋™์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
05:04
But what, exactly, is spider silk?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
05:08
Spider silk is almost entirely protein.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:11
Nearly all of these proteins can be explained
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
05:13
by a single gene family,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
so this means that the diversity of silk types
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์ด๋ง์€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด
05:18
we see today is encoded by one gene family,
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
so presumably the original spider ancestor
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์›๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ ์กฐ์ƒ์€
05:26
made one kind of silk,
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ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:28
and over the last 380 million years,
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3์–ต8์ฒœ๋งŒ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
05:31
that one silk gene has duplicated
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๊ทธ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณต์ œ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:34
and then diverged, specialized,
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฌธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ด
05:37
over and over and over again, to get
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๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ
05:40
the large variety of flavors of spider silks
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„๋กœ
05:42
that we have today.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ์ „๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:45
There are several features that all these silks
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
05:47
have in common. They all have a common
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ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
05:49
design, such as they're all very long --
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๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ธธ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:51
they're sort of outlandishly long
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด
05:54
compared to other proteins.
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ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธด๋ฐ์š”.
05:56
They're very repetitive, and they're very rich
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์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์ด
05:59
in the amino acids glycine and alanine.
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๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
To give you an idea of what
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ์–ด๋–ค
06:04
a spider silk protein looks like,
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๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
06:06
this is a dragline silk protein,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋™์šฉ ์•ˆ์ „์„  ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
it's just a portion of it,
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๊ฒ€์€๊ณผ๋ถ€๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€
06:10
from the black widow spider.
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์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
This is the kind of sequence that I love
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์ด๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐค๋‚ฎ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ๋ณด๋Š”
06:14
looking at day and night. (Laughter)
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์—ฐ์†ํ˜•ํƒœ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ๋ฐ์š” (์›ƒ์Œ)
06:17
So what you're seeing here is the one letter
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋“ค์˜
06:19
abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored
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๊ธ€์ž ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
in the glycines with green,
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๋…น์ƒ‰ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ์ƒ‰๋œ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:23
and the alanines in red, and so
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์•Œ๋‚˜๋‹Œ์€ ๋ถ‰๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์š”
06:25
you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ G์™€ A๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
You can also see that there's a lot of short
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๋˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์งง์€ ์—ฐ์† ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
06:31
sequence motifs that repeat over and over
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๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:34
and over again, so for example there's a lot of
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์˜ˆ๋กœ์จ ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€
06:36
what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's,
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ํด๋ฆฌ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ ํ˜น์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋œ A๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY.
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AAAAA ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— GGQ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ  GGY๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€์š”.
06:43
You can think of these short motifs
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
06:45
that repeat over and over again as words,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งง์€ ๋ชจํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:48
and these words occur in sentences.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
So for example this would be one sentence,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์˜ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๊ฑด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
and you would get this sort of green region
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๊ณผ
06:56
and the red polyalanine, that repeats
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๋ถ‰์€ ํด๋ฆฌ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๋˜๊ณ 
06:58
over and over and over again,
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๊ณ„์† ๊ณ„์† ๊ณ„์† ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜์ง€์š”.
07:00
and you can have that hundreds and
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋ถ„์ž์—๋Š”
07:02
hundreds and hundreds of times within
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์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋ฒˆ์„ ๊ณฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณฑํ•˜์—ฌ
07:04
an individual silk molecule.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:06
Silks made by the same spider can have
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„๋„
07:08
dramatically different repeat sequences.
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๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ‹ฑํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:11
At the top of the screen, you're seeing
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ™”๋ฉด ์œ„์— ๋ณด์ด๋“ฏ์ด
07:14
the repeat unit from the dragline silk
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์ด๋™์šฉ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€
07:17
of a garden argiope spider.
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์ •์›๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
It's short. And on the bottom,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์งง์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ž˜์—
07:22
this is the repeat sequence for the
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์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š”
07:24
egg case, or tubuliform silk protein,
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์•Œ์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ด€์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:26
for the exact same spider. And you can see
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๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
07:29
how dramatically different
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆํ‹ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ
07:31
these silk proteins are -- so this is
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์ค„์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด
07:34
sort of the beauty of the diversification
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ตฐ์˜
07:36
of the spider silk gene family.
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์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
You can see that the repeat units differ
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๊ธธ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„๊ฐ€
07:40
in length. They also differ in sequence.
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๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
So I've colored in the glycines again
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฐฉ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
07:44
in green, alanine in red, and the serines,
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์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ๋ถ‰์€ ์ƒ‰์ด๊ณ ์š”. ์„ธ๋ฆฐ์€
07:47
the letter S, in purple. And you can see
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S์ด๊ณ  ๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ
07:50
that the top repeat unit can be explained
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ค๋ช…๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:52
almost entirely by green and red,
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋…น์ƒ‰๊ณผ ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์ด์ง€์š”.
07:55
and the bottom repeat unit has
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์œ„๋Š”
07:57
a substantial amount of purple.
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๋ณด๋ผ์ƒ‰์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:59
What silk biologists do is we try to relate
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์€
08:02
these sequences, these amino acid
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด
08:04
sequences, to the mechanical properties
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„
08:06
of the silk fibers.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ชธ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ
08:11
completely outside their body.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
This makes testing spider silk really, really
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•ด๋ณด๋Š”
08:15
easy to do in the laboratory, because
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๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:17
we're actually, you know, testing it in air
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ณต์ค‘์—์„œ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
08:20
that's exactly the environment that
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
08:22
spiders are using their silk proteins.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:24
So this makes quantifying silk properties by
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์žฅ๋ ฅ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด
08:26
methods such as tensile testing, which is
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์˜ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:28
basically, you know, tugging on one end
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค ์‹œํ”ผ ํ•œ์ชฝ ์„ฌ์œ ๋์€
08:30
of the fiber, very amenable.
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๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  ๋Œ๋ฉด ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ์œ ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
Here are stress-strain curves
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์žฅ๋ ฅ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„
08:36
generated by tensile testing
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:38
five fibers made by the same spider.
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5์ข…์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
So what you can see here is that
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์ž, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
08:44
the five fibers have different behaviors.
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์ด ๋‹ค์„ฏ์ข…์˜ ์„ฌ์œ ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์ง์ถ•์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
08:49
that's stress. If you look at the maximum
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์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€์ ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
08:52
stress value for each of these fibers,
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๊ฐ ์„ฌ์œ ๋“ค์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:54
you can see that there's a lot of variation,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:57
and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk,
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ํŠนํžˆ ์•ˆ์ „์„  ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ˜ธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ(ๅคงๅฃบ็‹€่…บ็ตฒ)๊ฐ€
09:00
is the strongest of these fibers.
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์ด ์„ฌ์œ ๋“ค ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํŠผํŠผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:02
We think that's because the dragline silk,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์˜
09:05
which is used to make the frame and radii
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๋ผˆ๋Œ€์™€ ํ‹€์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์€
09:08
for a web, needs to be very strong.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ํŠผํŠผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
On the other hand, if you were to look at
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
09:12
strain -- this is how much a fiber can be
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๋ณ€ํ˜•์œจ์ธ๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
09:14
extended -- if you look at the maximum value
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๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
09:16
here, again, there's a lot of variation
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๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:19
and the clear winner is flagelliform,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํŽธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ๋‚˜
09:21
or the capture spiral filament.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ํฌํš์šฉ ๋‚˜์„  ํ•„๋ผ๋จผํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
In fact, this flagelliform fiber can
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ํŽธ์žฅ์„ ์‚ฌ ์„ฌ์œ ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜
09:25
actually stretch over twice its original length.
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์›๋ž˜ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋Š˜์–ด ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:29
So silk fibers vary in their strength
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ๊ฐ•ํ•จ์ด๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€
09:32
and also their extensibility.
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์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
In the case of the capture spiral,
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ํฌํš ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
09:36
it needs to be so stretchy to absorb
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๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์žกํžŒ ํฌํš๋ฌผ์ด ์ฃผ๋Š”
09:38
the impact of flying prey.
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:40
If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:42
basically when an insect hit the web,
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ณค์ถฉ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํžˆ๋ฉด
09:44
it would just trampoline right off of it.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ํŠธ๋žจํด๋ฆฐ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํŠ•๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
So if the web was made entirely out of
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:48
dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just
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๊ณค์ถฉ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์— ๋ถ€๋”›ํ˜€๋„
09:51
bounce right off. But by having really, really
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๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ํŠ•๊ฒจ์ ธ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜
09:53
stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually
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ํฌํš์‚ฌ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ญ‰ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์ด
09:55
able to absorb the impact
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์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํฌํš๋œ
09:57
of that intercepted prey.
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๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ์žก์•„ ๋‘๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:00
There's quite a bit of variation within
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์˜
10:02
the fibers that an individual spider can make.
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๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ฉด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:05
We call that the tool kit of a spider.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ ์„ธํŠธ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
10:08
That's what the spider has
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ
10:10
to interact with their environment.
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์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
But how about variation among spider
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ข…๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:14
species, so looking at one type of silk
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„
10:16
and looking at different species of spiders?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ์ข…์˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
10:19
This is an area that's largely unexplored
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์ด ์˜์—ญ์€ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
but here's a little bit of data I can show you.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ด์ง ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋“œ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:25
This is the comparison of the toughness
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋™์‚ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์˜ ์ธ์„ฑํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ
10:27
of the dragline spilk spun
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๋น„๊ตํ•œ ํ‘œ์ธ๋ฐ
10:29
by 21 species of spiders.
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21๊ฐœ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:31
Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์„ ์ง“๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด๊ณ 
10:33
some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…์€ ์ง‘์„ ์ง“์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
It's been hypothesized that
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์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
10:38
orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here,
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์•„๋ฅด์ง€์˜คํŽ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ง‘์ง“๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
10:41
should have the toughest dragline silks
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ด๋™์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
because they must intercept flying prey.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์•ผ ๋‚ ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋จน์ž‡๊ฐ์„ ํฌํšํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:46
What you see here on this toughness graph
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ์ธ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„
10:49
is the higher the black dot is on the graph,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์€ ์ ๋“ค์ด ๋†’์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ก
10:51
the higher the toughness.
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์ธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
The 21 species are indicated here by this
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21์ข…์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์š”.
10:56
phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows
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๊ณ„ํ†ต๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
10:59
their genetic relationships, and I've colored
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๊ทธ๋“ค๊ฐ„ ์œ ์ „์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders.
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๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰์ด ์ง‘์ง“๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด๊ณ ์š”
11:04
If you look right here at the two red arrows,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‘ ๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰ ํ™”์‹คํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์‹œ๋ฉด
11:07
they point to the toughness values
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๋„คํ•„๋ผ ํด๋ผ๋น„ํŽ˜์Šค์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ์˜
11:10
for the draglines of nephila clavipes and
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์ธ์„ฑ ๊ฐ’์„
11:12
araneus diadematus.
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์•„๋ผ๋…ธ์ด์Šค ๋””์•„๋ฐ๋งˆํˆฌ์Šค์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
These are the two species of spiders
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์ด๋“ค ๋‘์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์€
11:16
for which the vast majority of time and money
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ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ
11:19
on synthetic spider silk research has been
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์—ฌ
11:22
to replicate their dragline silk proteins.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋™์‚ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:25
Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ธ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:29
In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ด๋™์‚ฌ๋Š”
11:32
is this one right here in this white region,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
a non orb-web-weaving spider.
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์ง‘์„ ์ง“์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์ด์ง€์š”.
11:37
This is the dragline spun by scytodes,
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์ด ์ด๋™์‚ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ๋ฐ์Šค ์ผ๋ช…
11:39
the spitting spider.
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์นจ๋ฑ‰๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์˜ ์ด๋™์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
Scytodes doesn't use a web at all
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์‚ฌ์ดํ† ๋ฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„๋กœ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์žก์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
to catch prey. Instead, scytodes
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ๋ฐ์Šค๋Š”
11:46
sort of lurks around and waits for prey
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์ˆจ์–ด ๋„์‚ฌ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
11:49
to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey
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๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด์˜ค๋ฉด ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋ชป์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ๋”
11:52
by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.
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๊ณค์ถฉ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„๊ฐ™์€ ๋…์•ก์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
Think of hunting with silly string.
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ํŒŒํ‹ฐ ๋•Œ ์“ฐ๋Š” ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฑธ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
That's how scytodes forages.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
We don't really know why scytodes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์™œ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ๋ฐ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ
12:04
needs such a tough dragline,
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์ด๋™์„ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
but it's unexpected results like this that make
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€
12:10
bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
It frees us from the constraints
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ œํ•œ์„
12:16
of our imagination.
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ํ’€์–ด ๋†“๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:18
Now I'm going to mark on
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์ž ์ด์ œ ๋‚˜์ผ๋ก  ์„ฌ์œ ์˜ ์ธ์„ฑ ๊ฐ’์„
12:20
the toughness values for nylon fiber,
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ํ‘œ์‹œํ•ด ๋ณผ ๊นŒ์š”.
12:23
bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk --
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๋ฐค๋น…์Šค๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์œก๋œ ๋ˆ„์—๊ณ ์น˜ ์‹ค,
12:26
wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers.
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์šธ, ์บ๋ธ”๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒ„์†Œ์„ฌ์œ ๋“ค.
12:29
And what you can see is that nearly
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
12:31
all the spider draglines surpass them.
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ ์ด๋™์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค ์šฐ์›”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:33
It's the combination of strength, extensibility
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ, ์—ฐ์„ฑ, ์ธ์„ฑ์„
12:37
and toughness that makes spider silk so
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ
12:40
special, and that has attracted the attention
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
12:43
of biomimeticists, so people that turn
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์™œ ์ƒ์ฒด๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋„๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ์™œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
12:46
to nature to try to find new solutions.
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์ž์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
And the strength, extensibility and toughness
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์˜ ๊ฐ•์„ฑ, ์—ฐ์„ฑ, ์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด
12:52
of spider silks combined with the fact that
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์  ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
12:55
silks do not elicit an immune response,
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์•„
12:58
have attracted a lot of interest in the use
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ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ƒํ™”ํ•™์  ์•ฝํ’ˆ์ œ์กฐ์— ์“ฐ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
13:01
of spider silks in biomedical applications,
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์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
for example, as a component of
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ธ์กฐ ํž˜์ค„์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ
13:05
artificial tendons, for serving as
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ผ๊ฒŒ๋”
13:08
guides to regrow nerves, and for
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์ด๋Œ์–ด์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
13:12
scaffolds for tissue growth.
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์กฐ์ง์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๊ณ„ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
Spider silks also have a lot of potential
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ๋ฐฉํƒ„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋งŽ์€
13:18
for their anti-ballistic capabilities.
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์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:20
Silks could be incorporated into body
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉํƒ„๋ณต ๋ณด๋‹ค
13:22
and equipment armor that would be more
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๊ฐ€๋ณ๊ณ  ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชธ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
13:25
lightweight and flexible
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๋ฐฉ์–ด์šฉ ๋ฐฉํƒ„๋ณต์€
13:27
than any armor available today.
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์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
In addition to these biomimetic
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ
13:33
applications of spider silks,
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์‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์—๋‹ค ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ
13:35
personally, I find studying spider silks
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€
13:39
just fascinating in and of itself.
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๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋งคํ˜น์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:42
I love when I'm in the laboratory,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์˜ฌ๋•Œ๋ฉด
13:46
a new spider silk sequence comes in.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์— ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ฆ๊ฒ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
That's just the best. (Laughter)
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์•„์ฃผ ์ตœ๊ณ ์—์š”(์›ƒ์Œ)
13:52
It's like the spiders are sharing
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๋งˆ์น˜ ์ €๋ž‘ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋“ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„
13:55
an ancient secret with me, and that's why
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๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
I'm going to spend the rest of my life
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚จ์€ ํ‰์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค ๋ฐ”์ณ
13:59
studying spider silk.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
The next time you see a spider web,
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๋‹ค์Œ์— ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ง‘์„ ๋ณผ๋•Œ๋ฉด
14:04
please, pause and look a little closer.
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์ž ์‹œ ์„œ์„œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
14:07
You'll be seeing one of the most
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
14:09
high-performance materials known to man.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
To borrow from the writings
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์ƒฌ๋กฏ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์“ด ๊ธ€์„
14:14
of a spider named Charlotte,
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๋นŒ๋ ค ๋ง์”€ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
14:17
silk is terrific.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฏธ์ค„์€ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:19
Thank you. (Applause)
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
14:22
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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