Cheryl Hayashi: The magnificence of spider silk

159,274 views ใƒป 2011-12-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Danny Dankner ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
I'm here to spread the word about the
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ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ
00:18
magnificence of spiders
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ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
00:20
and how much we can learn from them.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžื”ื.
00:23
Spiders are truly global citizens.
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื.
00:25
You can find spiders in nearly
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜
00:27
every terrestrial habitat.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™.
00:29
This red dot marks
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ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืื“ื•ื
00:31
the Great Basin of North America,
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ื”ื ื”ืื’ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
00:33
and I'm involved with an alpine biodiversity
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื™
00:35
project there with some collaborators.
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ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืข ืฉื ืขื ื›ืžื” ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื.
00:37
Here's one of our field sites,
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ื”ื ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืืชืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:39
and just to give you a sense of perspective,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
00:41
this little blue smudge here,
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ื”ื›ืชื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืืŸ,
00:43
that's one of my collaborators.
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:45
This is a rugged and barren landscape,
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ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฃ ืกืœืขื™ ืฆื—ื™ื—,
00:48
yet there are quite a few spiders here.
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ืื ืขื ื–ืืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
00:50
Turning rocks over revealed this crab spider
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ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ื—ืฉืคื” ืืช ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
00:54
grappling with a beetle.
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ืช.
00:56
Spiders are not just everywhere,
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
00:59
but they're extremely diverse.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
01:01
There are over 40,000 described species
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ื™ืฉื ื ืžืขืœ 40,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืชื•ืขื“ื™ื
01:04
of spiders.
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ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
01:05
To put that number into perspective,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
01:07
here's a graph comparing the 40,000
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ื”ื ื” ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช 40,000
01:09
species of spiders
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ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
01:11
to the 400 species of primates.
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ืืœ 400 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื-ืขื™ืœืื™ื™ื.
01:13
There are two orders of magnitude more
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืกื“ืจื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:15
spiders than primates.
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื-ืขื™ืœืื™ื™ื.
01:17
Spiders are also extremely old.
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื’ื ื•ืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
01:21
On the bottom here,
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื›ืืŸ
01:23
this is the geologic timescale,
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ื–ื”ื• ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
01:25
and the numbers on it indicate millions
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ื•ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื• ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื
01:27
of years from the present, so the zero here,
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ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืืคืก ืคื”,
01:29
that would be today.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:31
So what this figure shows is that spiders
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
01:34
date back to almost 380 million years.
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ืžืชื•ืืจื›ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื ื™ืช ืœื›ืžืขื˜ 380 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
01:38
To put that into perspective, this red
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื”,
01:40
vertical bar here marks the divergence time
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ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช
01:43
of humans from chimpanzees,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื,
01:46
a mere seven million years ago.
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ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
01:49
All spiders make silk
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ื›ืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื
01:51
at some point in their life.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
01:53
Most spiders use copious amounts of silk,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื,
01:56
and silk is essential to their survival
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ื•ืงื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื
01:58
and reproduction.
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ื•ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
02:00
Even fossil spiders can make silk,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืงื•ืจื™ื,
02:02
as we can see from this impression of
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ
02:04
a spinneret on this fossil spider.
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ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืžืื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:07
So this means that both spiders
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
02:09
and spider silk have been around
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ื•ื’ื ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ
02:11
for 380 million years.
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380 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:16
It doesn't take long from working with spiders
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ื–ื” ืœื ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
02:19
to start noticing how essential silk is
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ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
02:22
to just about every aspect of their life.
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ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
02:25
Spiders use silk for many purposes, including
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื–ื”
02:28
the trailing safety dragline,
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ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื ืคื” ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™,
02:30
wrapping eggs for reproduction,
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ืขื˜ื™ืคืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”,
02:33
protective retreats
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ืžืงื•ื ืžืคืœื˜ ืžื•ื’ืŸ
02:35
and catching prey.
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ื•ืœื›ื™ื“ืช ื˜ืจืฃ.
02:37
There are many kinds of spider silk.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
02:39
For example, this garden spider can make
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื’ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง
02:42
seven different kinds of silks.
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ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื.
02:44
When you look at this orb web, you're actually
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฉืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•, ืืชื ืœืžืขืฉื”
02:46
seeing many types of silk fibers.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืงื•ืจ.
02:49
The frame and radii of this web
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ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื–ื•
02:51
is made up of one type of silk,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ,
02:54
while the capture spiral is a composite
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืกืคื™ืจืœืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช
02:56
of two different silks:
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ืžืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:
02:58
the filament and the sticky droplet.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”.
03:01
How does an individual spider
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“
03:04
make so many kinds of silk?
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ืœื”ืคื™ืง ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื?
03:07
To answer that, you have to look a lot closer
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘
03:09
at the spinneret region of a spider.
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
03:11
So silk comes out of the spinnerets, and for
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื,
03:13
those of us spider silk biologists, this is what
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ื•ืœืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื
03:15
we call the "business end" of the spider. (Laughter)
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"ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืขืกืงื™" ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.ย (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:17
We spend long days ...
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ...
03:19
Hey! Don't laugh. That's my life.
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ื”ื™ื™!ย ืืœ ืชืฆื—ืงื•.ย ืืœื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
03:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:23
We spend long days and nights
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
03:25
staring at this part of the spider.
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ื‘ืœื‘ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
03:28
And this is what we see.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
03:30
You can see multiple fibers
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื
03:32
coming out of the spinnerets, because
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ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื,
03:35
each spinneret has many spigots on it.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
03:38
Each of these silk fibers exits from the spigot,
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื”ื‘ืจื–,
03:41
and if you were to trace the fiber back
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื—ืงื™ื ืื—ืจ ืžื•ืฆื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื
03:43
into the spider, what you would find is that
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื–ื”
03:46
each spigot connects to its own individual
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืคืงืช ืงื•ืจื™ื.
03:48
silk gland. A silk gland kind of looks like a sac
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ืช ื”ืคืงืช ืงื•ืจื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืงื™ืง
03:51
with a lot of silk proteins stuck inside.
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ืงื•ืจื™ื.
03:54
So if you ever have the opportunity to dissect
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืื™ ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื ืชื—
03:56
an orb-web-weaving spider,
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื” ืจืฉืชื•ืช,
03:58
and I hope you do,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื,
04:00
what you would find is a bounty
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืคืข
04:03
of beautiful, translucent silk glands.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื™ืคื•ืช.
04:06
Inside each spider, there are hundreds
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช
04:08
of silk glands, sometimes thousands.
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™ื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืœืคื™ื.
04:11
These can be grouped into seven categories.
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ืืช ืืœื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืฅ ืœืฉื‘ืข ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
04:14
They differ by size, shape,
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ื”ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ืžื–ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”, ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ,
04:16
and sometimes even color.
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืฆื‘ืข.
04:18
In an orb-web-weaving spider,
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ื‘ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ื•ื•ื” ืจืฉืชื•ืช,
04:20
you can find seven types of silk glands,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™ื,
04:22
and what I have depicted here in this picture,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:24
let's start at the one o'clock position,
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขื” ืื—ืช,
04:27
there's tubuliform silk glands, which are used
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช, ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช
04:29
to make the outer silk of an egg sac.
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ืœื”ืคืงืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืงื™ืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื.
04:31
There's the aggregate and flagelliform silk
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ื™ืฉ ืืช ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฉ ื•ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื˜
04:33
glands which combine to make the sticky
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ื”ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืืช ืจืฉืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื
04:35
capture spiral of an orb web.
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ื”ื“ื‘ื™ืงื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืœื›ื™ื“ื”.
04:38
Pyriform silk glands make the attachment
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืฆื•ืจืช ืื’ืก ืžืคื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” -
04:40
cement -- that's the silk that's used to adhere
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ืืœื” ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื“ืช ืงื•ืจื™ื
04:43
silk lines to a substrate.
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ืืœ ื”ืžืฆืข.
04:46
There's also aciniform silk,
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ืืฉื›ื•ืœ,
04:48
which is used to wrap prey.
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ื‘ื”ื ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ.
04:50
Minor ampullate silk is used in web construction.
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ืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
04:52
And the most studied silk line
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ื•ืกื™ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:54
of them all: major ampullate silk.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง.
04:56
This is the silk that's used to make the frame
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช
04:58
and radii of an orb web, and also
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช
05:01
the safety trailing dragline.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืืช ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ื”ื ืคื” ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื•ืชื™ ื”ื ื’ืจืจ.
05:04
But what, exactly, is spider silk?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ?
05:08
Spider silk is almost entirely protein.
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ืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ.
05:11
Nearly all of these proteins can be explained
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
05:13
by a single gene family,
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ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืช,
05:16
so this means that the diversity of silk types
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื
05:18
we see today is encoded by one gene family,
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืช,
05:23
so presumably the original spider ancestor
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
05:26
made one kind of silk,
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ื”ืคื™ืง ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื,
05:28
and over the last 380 million years,
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 380 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
05:31
that one silk gene has duplicated
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ื’ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื•ื›ืคืœ
05:34
and then diverged, specialized,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชืคืฆืœ ื•ื”ืชืžื—ื”
05:37
over and over and over again, to get
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ
05:40
the large variety of flavors of spider silks
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ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
05:42
that we have today.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื.
05:45
There are several features that all these silks
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
05:47
have in common. They all have a common
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.ย ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื“ื•ืžื”
05:49
design, such as they're all very long --
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ื›ืš, ื›ื•ืœื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ -
05:51
they're sort of outlandishly long
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ื”ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ื”
05:54
compared to other proteins.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:56
They're very repetitive, and they're very rich
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“
05:59
in the amino acids glycine and alanine.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ืืœืื ื™ืŸ.
06:02
To give you an idea of what
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ื™ืฆื“
06:04
a spider silk protein looks like,
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ื ืจืื” ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
06:06
this is a dragline silk protein,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื ืคื”,
06:08
it's just a portion of it,
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ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•,
06:10
from the black widow spider.
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ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืžื ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
06:12
This is the kind of sequence that I love
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช
06:14
looking at day and night. (Laughter)
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ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœื”.ย (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:17
So what you're seeing here is the one letter
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืช ืื—ืช
06:19
abbreviation for amino acids, and I've colored
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ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•, ื•ืื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขืชื™
06:21
in the glycines with green,
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ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง,
06:23
and the alanines in red, and so
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ื•ืืช ื”ืืœืื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื•ื›ืš
06:25
you can see it's just a lot of G's and A's.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” G ื•-A.
06:28
You can also see that there's a lot of short
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืจืฆืคื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื
06:31
sequence motifs that repeat over and over
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ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
06:34
and over again, so for example there's a lot of
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”
06:36
what we call polyalanines, or iterated A's,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืืœืื ื™ื ื™ื, ืื• A ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช,
06:39
AAAAA. There's GGQ. There's GGY.
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AAAAA.ย ื™ืฉ GGQ.ย ื™ืฉ GGY.
06:43
You can think of these short motifs
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
06:45
that repeat over and over again as words,
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ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื™ื,
06:48
and these words occur in sentences.
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.
06:51
So for example this would be one sentence,
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ื›ืš ืœืžืฉืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“,
06:54
and you would get this sort of green region
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ื•ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง
06:56
and the red polyalanine, that repeats
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ื•ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืืœืื ื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ื, ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ
06:58
over and over and over again,
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
07:00
and you can have that hundreds and
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื–ื”
07:02
hundreds and hundreds of times within
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ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš
07:04
an individual silk molecule.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจ.
07:06
Silks made by the same spider can have
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ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ
07:08
dramatically different repeat sequences.
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ืจืฆืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™.
07:11
At the top of the screen, you're seeing
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืš, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
07:14
the repeat unit from the dragline silk
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ืžืงื˜ืข ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืžืชื•ืš ืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื ืคื”
07:17
of a garden argiope spider.
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ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื ื” ืืจื’ื™ื•ืคื™.
07:20
It's short. And on the bottom,
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ื–ื” ืงืฆืจ.ย ื•ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
07:22
this is the repeat sequence for the
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืฆืฃ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืฉืœ
07:24
egg case, or tubuliform silk protein,
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ืžืืจื– ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื, ืื• ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ืช,
07:26
for the exact same spider. And you can see
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.ย ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
07:29
how dramatically different
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ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™
07:31
these silk proteins are -- so this is
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” - ืื– ื–ื”
07:34
sort of the beauty of the diversification
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
07:36
of the spider silk gene family.
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ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
07:38
You can see that the repeat units differ
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืžืงื˜ืขื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš.
07:40
in length. They also differ in sequence.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืฃ.
07:42
So I've colored in the glycines again
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ืื– ืฆื‘ืขืชื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืฆื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง,
07:44
in green, alanine in red, and the serines,
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ืืœืื ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื•ืืช ื”ืกืจื™ื ื™ื,
07:47
the letter S, in purple. And you can see
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ื”ืื•ืช S, ื‘ืกื’ื•ืœ.ย ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช
07:50
that the top repeat unit can be explained
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืืจืช
07:52
almost entirely by green and red,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืื“ื•ื,
07:55
and the bottom repeat unit has
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ื•ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื” ื™ืฉ
07:57
a substantial amount of purple.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื’ื•ืœ.
07:59
What silk biologists do is we try to relate
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ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื - ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื™ื™ืš
08:02
these sequences, these amino acid
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ืœืจืฆืคื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืœืจืฆืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืช
08:04
sequences, to the mechanical properties
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ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช
08:06
of the silk fibers.
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื.
08:08
Now, it's really convenient that spiders use their silk
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ื— ืฉืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
08:11
completely outside their body.
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ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื’ื•ืคื.
08:13
This makes testing spider silk really, really
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืœืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“
08:15
easy to do in the laboratory, because
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
08:17
we're actually, you know, testing it in air
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
08:20
that's exactly the environment that
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ืฉื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื”
08:22
spiders are using their silk proteins.
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
08:24
So this makes quantifying silk properties by
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ืžื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืจื™ื
08:26
methods such as tensile testing, which is
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืžืชื™ื—ื”, ืืฉืจ
08:28
basically, you know, tugging on one end
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆื” ืื—ื“
08:30
of the fiber, very amenable.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ื‘, ืœื ื•ื—ื” ืžืื•ื“.
08:33
Here are stress-strain curves
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ื”ื ื” ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ-ืžืชื™ื—ื”
08:36
generated by tensile testing
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ืžืชื™ื—ื”
08:38
five fibers made by the same spider.
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ืฉืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
08:41
So what you can see here is that
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
08:44
the five fibers have different behaviors.
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ืฉืœื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:47
Specifically, if you look on the vertical axis,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”ืื ื›ื™,
08:49
that's stress. If you look at the maximum
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ื–ื” ื”ืœื—ืฅ.ย ืื ืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื
08:52
stress value for each of these fibers,
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ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
08:54
you can see that there's a lot of variation,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
08:57
and in fact dragline, or major ampullate silk,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื ืคื”, ืื• ื”ืงื•ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง,
09:00
is the strongest of these fibers.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
09:02
We think that's because the dragline silk,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื ืคื”,
09:05
which is used to make the frame and radii
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ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื
09:08
for a web, needs to be very strong.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“.
09:10
On the other hand, if you were to look at
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ
09:12
strain -- this is how much a fiber can be
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ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื” - ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉืกื™ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืืจืš
09:14
extended -- if you look at the maximum value
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ ื›ืืŸ
09:16
here, again, there's a lot of variation
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘
09:19
and the clear winner is flagelliform,
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ื•ื”ืžื ืฆื— ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ ืฉื•ื˜,
09:21
or the capture spiral filament.
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ืื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ ื”ืกืคื™ืจืœื™ ืฉืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืœื›ื™ื“ื”.
09:23
In fact, this flagelliform fiber can
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืกื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœ
09:25
actually stretch over twice its original length.
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ืœื”ืžืชื— ืœืœืžืขืœื” ืžืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืื•ืจื›ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™.
09:29
So silk fibers vary in their strength
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื–ืงื
09:32
and also their extensibility.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
09:34
In the case of the capture spiral,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจืœืช ื”ืœื›ื™ื“ื”,
09:36
it needs to be so stretchy to absorb
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ื”ืงื•ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื›ืš ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกืคื•ื’
09:38
the impact of flying prey.
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ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื” ื˜ืจืฃ ืžืขื•ืคืฃ.
09:40
If it wasn't able to stretch so much, then
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ืืœืžืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืžืชื— ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืื–
09:42
basically when an insect hit the web,
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ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืจืฉืช,
09:44
it would just trampoline right off of it.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื ืชืจ ืžืžื ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”.
09:46
So if the web was made entirely out of
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ืื– ืื ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”
09:48
dragline silk, an insect is very likely to just
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ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื ืคื”, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื—ืจืง ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜
09:51
bounce right off. But by having really, really
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ื ื–ืจืง ืžืžื ื” ืžื™ื™ื“.ย ืื‘ืœ ืจืฉืช ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ
09:53
stretchy capture spiral silk, the web is actually
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ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืกืคื™ืจืœื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืœืœื›ื™ื“ื”, ื”ืจืฉืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื”
09:55
able to absorb the impact
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ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”
09:57
of that intercepted prey.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืจืฃ ืฉื ืœื›ื“.
10:00
There's quite a bit of variation within
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ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืฉืœ
10:02
the fibers that an individual spider can make.
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ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง.
10:05
We call that the tool kit of a spider.
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
10:08
That's what the spider has
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
10:10
to interact with their environment.
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ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื.
10:12
But how about variation among spider
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
10:14
species, so looking at one type of silk
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ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื, ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ื
10:16
and looking at different species of spiders?
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื?
10:19
This is an area that's largely unexplored
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื—ืœืงื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื—ืงืจ
10:21
but here's a little bit of data I can show you.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ืงืฆืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื.
10:25
This is the comparison of the toughness
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
10:27
of the dragline spilk spun
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ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื ืคื” ืฉื ื˜ื•ื•
10:29
by 21 species of spiders.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 21 ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื.
10:31
Some of them are orb-weaving spiders and
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ื—ืœืงื ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช
10:33
some of them are non-orb-weaving spiders.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
10:36
It's been hypothesized that
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ื”ื•ืขืœืชื” ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืœืคื™ื”
10:38
orb-weaving spiders, like this argiope here,
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ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืืจื’ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืืŸ,
10:41
should have the toughest dragline silks
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื ืคื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:43
because they must intercept flying prey.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืจืฃ ืžืขื•ืคืฃ.
10:46
What you see here on this toughness graph
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื’ืจืฃ ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื–ื”
10:49
is the higher the black dot is on the graph,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ืจืฃ,
10:51
the higher the toughness.
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ื›ืš ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:53
The 21 species are indicated here by this
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21 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ืžื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจืฉื™ื
10:56
phylogeny, this evolutionary tree, that shows
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ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข, ื–ื” ื”ืขืฅ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืฆื™ื’
10:59
their genetic relationships, and I've colored
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ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืกื™ืžื ืชื™
11:01
in yellow the orb-web-weaving spiders.
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ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
11:04
If you look right here at the two red arrows,
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ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื™ื ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
11:07
they point to the toughness values
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ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
11:10
for the draglines of nephila clavipes and
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื ืคื” ืฉืœ ื ืคื™ืœื” ืงืœื•ื•ื™ืคืก ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ
11:12
araneus diadematus.
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ืืจื ืื•ืก ื“ื™ืื“ืžื˜ื•ืก.
11:14
These are the two species of spiders
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื
11:16
for which the vast majority of time and money
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ืฉื‘ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื›ืกืฃ
11:19
on synthetic spider silk research has been
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ื”ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื ืชื˜ื™ื™ื
11:22
to replicate their dragline silk proteins.
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ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื.
11:25
Yet, their draglines are not the toughest.
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื ืคื” ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื ืœื ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:29
In fact, the toughest dragline in this survey
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ื ืคื” ื”ืงืฉื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืกืงืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:32
is this one right here in this white region,
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
11:35
a non orb-web-weaving spider.
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ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืจืฉืชื•ืช.
11:37
This is the dragline spun by scytodes,
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ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ืจ ื’ืจื™ืจื” ืฉื ื˜ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื•ื“ื™ืก,
11:39
the spitting spider.
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ืจืง.
11:41
Scytodes doesn't use a web at all
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ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื•ื“ื™ืก ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช
11:44
to catch prey. Instead, scytodes
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื˜ืจืฃ.ย ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื•ื“ื™ืก
11:46
sort of lurks around and waits for prey
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ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ืœื˜ืจืฃ
11:49
to get close to it, and then immobilizes prey
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ืฉื™ืชืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืง ืืช ื”ื˜ืจืฃ
11:52
by spraying a silk-like venom onto that insect.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจื™ืกื•ืก ืืจืก ื“ืžื•ื™ ืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจืง ื”ื–ื”.
11:56
Think of hunting with silly string.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืฆื™ื“ ืขื ืชืจืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ืงืฆืฃ.
11:59
That's how scytodes forages.
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ื›ืš ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื•ื“ื™ืก ืชืจ ืื—ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
12:02
We don't really know why scytodes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ื•ื“ื™ืก
12:04
needs such a tough dragline,
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ื–ืงื•ืง ืœืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื ืคื” ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš,
12:07
but it's unexpected results like this that make
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช
12:10
bio-prospecting so exciting and worthwhile.
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ืืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืื™ืชื•ืจ-ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืจื’ืฉ ื•ื›ื“ืื™.
12:14
It frees us from the constraints
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช
12:16
of our imagination.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:18
Now I'm going to mark on
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืกืžืŸ
12:20
the toughness values for nylon fiber,
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ืืช ืขืจื›ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ ื ื™ื™ืœื•ืŸ,
12:23
bombyx -- or domesticated silkworm silk --
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ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ืงืก - ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขื™ ืžืฉื™ ืžื‘ื•ื™ืชื•ืช -
12:26
wool, Kevlar, and carbon fibers.
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ืฆืžืจ, ืงื•ื•ืœืืจ ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ.
12:29
And what you can see is that nearly
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜
12:31
all the spider draglines surpass them.
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ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ื ืคื” ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
12:33
It's the combination of strength, extensibility
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื–ืง, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืชื™ื—ื”
12:37
and toughness that makes spider silk so
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ื•ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
12:40
special, and that has attracted the attention
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ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘
12:43
of biomimeticists, so people that turn
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื•ื ื™ื
12:46
to nature to try to find new solutions.
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ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
12:49
And the strength, extensibility and toughness
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ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง, ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื” ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช
12:52
of spider silks combined with the fact that
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ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
12:55
silks do not elicit an immune response,
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ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช-ื ื’ื“ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช,
12:58
have attracted a lot of interest in the use
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ืžืฉื›ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
13:01
of spider silks in biomedical applications,
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ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื,
13:03
for example, as a component of
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ
13:05
artificial tendons, for serving as
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ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื, ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื
13:08
guides to regrow nerves, and for
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ืœื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ
13:12
scaffolds for tissue growth.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคื™ื’ื•ืžื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืžื•ืช.
13:15
Spider silks also have a lot of potential
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ืœืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืจื‘
13:18
for their anti-ballistic capabilities.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
13:20
Silks could be incorporated into body
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ืงื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
13:22
and equipment armor that would be more
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ื•ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”
13:25
lightweight and flexible
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ืงืœ ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:27
than any armor available today.
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ืžื›ืœ ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
13:30
In addition to these biomimetic
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืžืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
13:33
applications of spider silks,
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ื‘ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
13:35
personally, I find studying spider silks
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืฉืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ
13:39
just fascinating in and of itself.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจืชืง ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
13:42
I love when I'm in the laboratory,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
13:46
a new spider silk sequence comes in.
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ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืจืฆืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
13:49
That's just the best. (Laughter)
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘.ย (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:52
It's like the spiders are sharing
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื™ืชื™
13:55
an ancient secret with me, and that's why
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ืกื•ื“ ืขืชื™ืง, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”
13:57
I'm going to spend the rest of my life
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ืฉืื ื™ ืื‘ืœื” ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™
13:59
studying spider silk.
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ื‘ื—ืงืจ ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
14:01
The next time you see a spider web,
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืจืฉืช ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ,
14:04
please, pause and look a little closer.
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ืื ื, ืขืฆืจื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘.
14:07
You'll be seeing one of the most
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
14:09
high-performance materials known to man.
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ืœืื“ื.
14:12
To borrow from the writings
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ื•ืื ื ืฆื˜ื˜ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื
14:14
of a spider named Charlotte,
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ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื ืฉืจืœื•ื˜,
14:17
silk is terrific.
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ืงื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื ืคืœืื™ื.
14:19
Thank you. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื”.ย (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:22
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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