Read Montague: What we're learning from 5,000 brains

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Jovana Zorić Lektor: Boško Eraković

Other people. Everyone is interested in other people.

Drugi ljudi. Svi su zainteresovani za druge ljude.

Everyone has relationships with other people,

Svi imaju veze sa drugim ljudima

and they're interested in these relationships

i zanimaju ih ove veze

for a variety of reasons.

iz raznih razloga.

Good relationships, bad relationships,

Dobre veze, loše veze,

annoying relationships, agnostic relationships,

dosadne veze, sumnjičave veze,

and what I'm going to do is focus on the central piece

a ja ću se fokusirati na centralni deo

of an interaction that goes on in a relationship.

interakcije koji se odvija u vezama.

So I'm going to take as inspiration the fact that we're all

Dakle, ja ću kao inspiraciju uzeti činjenicu da nas sve

interested in interacting with other people,

zanima interakcija sa drugim ljudima

I'm going to completely strip it of all its complicating features,

i tu ideju ću u potpunosti osloboditi svih komplikovanih detalja

and I'm going to turn that object, that simplified object,

i pretvoriću taj pojednostavljeni objekat

into a scientific probe, and provide the early stages,

u naučno istraživanje i doći ću do prvih faza,

embryonic stages of new insights into what happens

osnovnih faza novih otkrića o tome šta se dešava

in two brains while they simultaneously interact.

unutar dva mozga u toku simultane interakcije.

But before I do that, let me tell you a couple of things

Ali pre nego što to uradim, govoriću vam o par stvari

that made this possible.

koje su to omogućile.

The first is we can now eavesdrop safely

Prva je ta da sada možemo bezbedno da osluškujemo

on healthy brain activity.

aktivnosti zdravog mozga.

Without needles and radioactivity,

Bez igala ili radioaktivnosti,

without any kind of clinical reason, we can go down the street

bez ikakvog kliničkog razloga, možemo ići niz ulicu

and record from your friends' and neighbors' brains

i snimati mozgove vaših prijatelja i suseda

while they do a variety of cognitive tasks, and we use

dok obavljaju razne kognitivne zadatke i pri tome koristimo

a method called functional magnetic resonance imaging.

metodu koja se naziva funkcionalno oslikavanje magnetnom rezonancijom.

You've probably all read about it or heard about in some

Svi ste verovatno čitali o tome ili ste čuli o tome u nekom obliku.

incarnation. Let me give you a two-sentence version of it.

Dozvolite da vam u dve rečenice objasnim o čemu se radi.

So we've all heard of MRIs. MRIs use magnetic fields

Svi smo čuli za MR (magnetna rezonancija). Tokom nje se koriste magnetna polja

and radio waves and they take snapshots of your brain

i radio talasi i uzimaju se snimci vašeg mozga

or your knee or your stomach,

ili vašeg kolena, vašeg stomaka,

grayscale images that are frozen in time.

slike u sivim tonovima koje su zamrznute u vremenu.

In the 1990s, it was discovered you could use

Tokom 1990-ih otkriveno je da ove mašine

the same machines in a different mode,

mogu da se koriste i na drugi način

and in that mode, you could make microscopic blood flow

i to tako da možete da uzmete mikroskopske snimke

movies from hundreds of thousands of sites independently in the brain.

krvotoka sa stotine hiljada mesta u mozgu.

Okay, so what? In fact, the so what is, in the brain,

Okej, pa šta? Zapravo, promene u nervnoj

changes in neural activity, the things that make your brain work,

aktivnosti mozga, ono što pokreće vaš mozak,

the things that make your software work in your brain,

ono što čini da softver u vašem mozgu radi,

are tightly correlated with changes in blood flow.

usko je povezano sa promenama u krvotoku.

You make a blood flow movie, you have an independent

Ako napravite snimak krvotoka, imaćete nezavistan

proxy of brain activity.

prikaz moždane aktivnosti.

This has literally revolutionized cognitive science.

Ovo je doslovno revolucija u kognitivnoj nauci.

Take any cognitive domain you want, memory,

Uzmite bilo koju oblast kognicije, pamćenje

motor planning, thinking about your mother-in-law,

planiranje, razmišljanje o vašoj svekrvi,

getting angry at people, emotional response, it goes on and on,

ljutnju, emocionalne reakcije i lista se nastavlja,

put people into functional MRI devices, and

stavite ljude u funkcionalne MR aparate

image how these kinds of variables map onto brain activity.

i posmatrajte kako ove varijable utiču na aktivnost mozga.

It's in its early stages, and it's crude by some measures,

Ideja je u ranoj fazi i još je nedovršena,

but in fact, 20 years ago, we were at nothing.

ali pre 20 godina, nismo imali ništa.

You couldn't do people like this. You couldn't do healthy people.

Nismo mogli ovako da istražujemo na ljudima. Ne na zdravim ljudima.

That's caused a literal revolution, and it's opened us up

To je izazvalo bukvalnu revoluciju i otvorilo nas je

to a new experimental preparation. Neurobiologists,

ka novim eksperimentalnim pripremama. Neurobiolozi

as you well know, have lots of experimental preps,

kao što znate, eksperimentišu na

worms and rodents and fruit flies and things like this.

crvima, glodarima, vinskim mušicama i sličnim oblicima života.

And now, we have a new experimental prep: human beings.

A sada, možemo da eksperimentišemo i na ljudskim bićima.

We can now use human beings to study and model

Možemo da koristimo ljudska bića u istraživanju i oblikovanju

the software in human beings, and we have a few

tog softvera u ljudskim bićima i sada imamo nekoliko

burgeoning biological measures.

razvijenih bioloških mera za to.

Okay, let me give you one example of the kinds of experiments that people do,

Ok, daću vam primer eksperimenata koje ljudi rade,

and it's in the area of what you'd call valuation.

a koji je u oblasti koju zovemo vrednovanje.

Valuation is just what you think it is, you know?

Vrednovanje je ono što i mislite da jeste, znate?

If you went and you were valuing two companies against

Ako biste uzeli da upoređujete vrednost dveju kompanija

one another, you'd want to know which was more valuable.

to biste uradili da otkrijete koja ima veću vrednost.

Cultures discovered the key feature of valuation thousands of years ago.

Kulture su otkrile ključnu odliku vrednovanja još pre nekoliko hiljada godina.

If you want to compare oranges to windshields, what do you do?

Ako želite da uporedite narandže i vetrobrane, šta ćete uraditi?

Well, you can't compare oranges to windshields.

Pa, ne možete da poredite narandže i vetrobrane.

They're immiscible. They don't mix with one another.

Oni se ne mogu mešati. Ne mogu se stavljati u isti koš.

So instead, you convert them to a common currency scale,

Umesto toga, konvertovaćete ih po skali zajedničkih vrednosti,

put them on that scale, and value them accordingly.

staviti ih na tu skalu i tako ih vrednovati.

Well, your brain has to do something just like that as well,

Pa, vaš mozak isto mora da uradi nešto poput toga,

and we're now beginning to understand and identify

a mi počinjemo da shvatamo i identifikujemo

brain systems involved in valuation,

sisteme u mozgu koji učestvuju u vrednovanju,

and one of them includes a neurotransmitter system

a jedan od njih uključuje sistem neurotransmitera

whose cells are located in your brainstem

čije ćelije se nalaze u korenu vašeg mozga

and deliver the chemical dopamine to the rest of your brain.

i šalju supstanciju dopamin do ostatka vašeg mozga.

I won't go through the details of it, but that's an important

Neću zalaziti u detalje, ali ovo je važno otkriće

discovery, and we know a good bit about that now,

o kome sada znamo dosta.

and it's just a small piece of it, but it's important because

Ovo je samo mali deo toga, ali je bitan jer

those are the neurons that you would lose if you had Parkinson's disease,

to su neuroni koje biste izgubili ako biste dobili Parkinsonovu bolest

and they're also the neurons that are hijacked by literally

i to su takođe neuroni koji stradaju zbog bukvalno

every drug of abuse, and that makes sense.

svake droge, a to ima smisla.

Drugs of abuse would come in, and they would change

Droga bi ušla u vaš sistem i promenila

the way you value the world. They change the way

način na koji vrednujete svet. Ona menja način

you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice,

na koji vrednujete simbole vezane za drogu koju koristite

and they make you value that over everything else.

i čine da to stavljate iznad svega ostalog.

Here's the key feature though. These neurons are also

Ali evo ključne odlike. Ovi neuroni takođe

involved in the way you can assign value to literally abstract ideas,

utiču na način na koji cenimo apstraktne ideje

and I put some symbols up here that we assign value to

i ovde sam stavio nekoliko simbola koje cenimo

for various reasons.

iz raznih razloga.

We have a behavioral superpower in our brain,

Imamo bihejvioralne super moći u našem mozgu

and it at least in part involves dopamine.

koje bar delimično uključuju dopamin.

We can deny every instinct we have for survival for an idea,

Mi možemo da ignorišemo svaki instinkt za preživljavanjem zbog ideje,

for a mere idea. No other species can do that.

samo zbog ideje. Nijedna druga vrsta to ne može.

In 1997, the cult Heaven's Gate committed mass suicide

1997. pripadnici kulta Kapija raja počinili su masovno samoubistvo

predicated on the idea that there was a spaceship

zasnovano na ideji da je postojao svemirski brod

hiding in the tail of the then-visible comet Hale-Bopp

koji se krio u repu tada vidljive komete Hejl-Bop

waiting to take them to the next level. It was an incredibly tragic event.

i koji je trebalo da ih prenese na sledeći nivo. Bio je to neverovatno tragičan događaj.

More than two thirds of them had college degrees.

Više od dve trećine njih završilo je fakultete.

But the point here is they were able to deny their instincts for survival

Ali poenta ovde je da su oni bili sposobni da zanemare svoj instinkt za preživljavanjem

using exactly the same systems that were put there

koristeći upravo one sisteme koji su postojali

to make them survive. That's a lot of control, okay?

kako bi ih terali da prežive. To zahteva mnogo kontrole.

One thing that I've left out of this narrative

Jednu očiglednu stvar sam izostavio iz ove priče,

is the obvious thing, which is the focus of the rest of my

koja je u fokusu ostatka mog govora

little talk, and that is other people.

a to su drugi ljudi.

These same valuation systems are redeployed

Isti ovi sistemi vrednovanja se primenjuju

when we're valuing interactions with other people.

kada vrednujemo interakciju sa drugim ljudima.

So this same dopamine system that gets addicted to drugs,

Dakle, isti ovaj dopaminski sistem, koji se navuče na drogu

that makes you freeze when you get Parkinson's disease,

koji vas natera da se parališete kada dobijete Parkinsonovu bolest,

that contributes to various forms of psychosis,

koji učestvuje u raznim oblicima psihoze,

is also redeployed to value interactions with other people

takođe se primenjuje kod vrednovanja interakcije sa drugim ljudima

and to assign value to gestures that you do

i kod pridavanja važnosti gestovima koje činite

when you're interacting with somebody else.

kada ste u interakciji sa nekim drugim.

Let me give you an example of this.

Daću vam primer ovoga.

You bring to the table such enormous processing power

Vi posedujete toliku ogromnu moć obrade podataka

in this domain that you hardly even notice it.

u ovom području da na to jedva obraćate pažnju.

Let me just give you a few examples. So here's a baby.

Daću vam nekoliko primera. Evo jedne bebe.

She's three months old. She still poops in her diapers and she can't do calculus.

Ona ima tri meseca. I dalje kaki u pelene i ne ume da računa.

She's related to me. Somebody will be very glad that she's up here on the screen.

U rodu je sa mnom. Nekome će biti veoma drago što je ovde na ekranu.

You can cover up one of her eyes, and you can still read

Možete pokriti jedno njeno oko i i dalje pročitati

something in the other eye, and I see sort of curiosity

nešto u njenom drugom oku, a ja vidim neku radoznalost

in one eye, I see maybe a little bit of surprise in the other.

u jednom oku i možda malo iznenađenosti u drugom.

Here's a couple. They're sharing a moment together,

Evo jednog para. Dele jedan zajednički trenutak,

and we've even done an experiment where you can cut out

a mi smo čak uradili i eksperiment gde možete da isečete

different pieces of this frame and you can still see

razne delove ove slike, a da i dalje vidite

that they're sharing it. They're sharing it sort of in parallel.

da oni dele isto osećanje. To se dešava paralelno.

Now, the elements of the scene also communicate this

E sada, elementi scene takođe nam to govore,

to us, but you can read it straight off their faces,

ali možete to pročitati direktno sa njihovih lica,

and if you compare their faces to normal faces, it would be a very subtle cue.

a ako uporedite njihova lica sa normalnim licima, bio bi to veoma suptilan signal.

Here's another couple. He's projecting out at us,

Evo još jednog para. On se obraća nama,

and she's clearly projecting, you know,

a ona očigledno pokazuje, znate,

love and admiration at him.

ljubav i divljenje prema njemu.

Here's another couple. (Laughter)

Evo još jednog para. (Smeh)

And I'm thinking I'm not seeing love and admiration on the left. (Laughter)

I čini mi se da ne vidim ljubav i divljenje sa leve strane. (Smeh)

In fact, I know this is his sister, and you can just see

Zapravo, ja znam da mu je to sestra i prosto možete da ga vidite

him saying, "Okay, we're doing this for the camera,

kako govori: "Ok, radimo ovo samo za slikanje,

and then afterwards you steal my candy and you punch me in the face." (Laughter)

a posle ćeš da mi kradeš slatkiše i da me udaraš u lice." (Smeh)

He'll kill me for showing that.

Ubiće me što sam ovo pokazao.

All right, so what does this mean?

U redu, šta onda ovo znači?

It means we bring an enormous amount of processing power to the problem.

Ovo znači da posedujemo ogromnu količinu moći obrade podataka.

It engages deep systems in our brain, in dopaminergic

To uključuje dubinske sisteme u našem mozgu, u dopaminergičkim

systems that are there to make you chase sex, food and salt.

sistemima koji postoje kako bi vas terali da jurite seks, hranu i so.

They keep you alive. It gives them the pie, it gives

Oni vas drže u životu. Daje im celinu, daje

that kind of a behavioral punch which we've called a superpower.

takvu bihevijoralnu snagu koju smo nazvali super moć.

So how can we take that and arrange a kind of staged

Pa kako to možemo da uzmemo i napravimo nekakvu isceniranu

social interaction and turn that into a scientific probe?

društvenu interakciju i pretvorimo to u naučno istraživanje?

And the short answer is games.

A kratak odgovor bio bi: kroz igre.

Economic games. So what we do is we go into two areas.

Ekonomske igre. Ono što mi radimo je da se bavimo dvama poljima.

One area is called experimental economics. The other area is called behavioral economics.

Jedno polje se zove eksperimentalna ekonomija. Drugo polje se zove bihevijoralna ekonomija.

And we steal their games. And we contrive them to our own purposes.

Mi krademo njihove igre i sprovodimo ih prema našim potrebama.

So this shows you one particular game called an ultimatum game.

Ovo vam prikazuje jednu od igara koja se zove igra ultimatuma.

Red person is given a hundred dollars and can offer

Crvena osoba dobija sto dolara i može da ih podeli

a split to blue. Let's say red wants to keep 70,

sa plavom osobom. Recimo da crveni hoće da zadrži 70,

and offers blue 30. So he offers a 70-30 split with blue.

a plavom nudi 30. Dakle, on plavom nudi podelu 70-30.

Control passes to blue, and blue says, "I accept it,"

Kontrola prelazi na plavog i on kaže: "Prihvatam"

in which case he'd get the money, or blue says,

i u tom slučaju on dobija novac. Ili plavi kaže:

"I reject it," in which case no one gets anything. Okay?

"Odbijam" i u tom slučaju niko ne dobija ništa. Ok?

So a rational choice economist would say, well,

Dakle, razumna odluka po ekonomistima bi bila

you should take all non-zero offers.

prihvatiti sve ponude koje ne uključuju nulu.

What do people do? People are indifferent at an 80-20 split.

Šta ljudi rade? Ljudi su ravnodušni na 80-20 podelu.

At 80-20, it's a coin flip whether you accept that or not.

Na 80-20, može se bacati novčić kako bi se odlučilo da li prihvatiti ili ne.

Why is that? You know, because you're pissed off.

A zašto je to tako? Pa znate, jer ste iznervirani.

You're mad. That's an unfair offer, and you know what an unfair offer is.

Besni ste. To nije poštena ponuda, a vi znate kako ona izgleda.

This is the kind of game done by my lab and many around the world.

Ovakva igra se radi u mojoj laboratoriji i još mnogima širom sveta.

That just gives you an example of the kind of thing that

To vam samo daje primer stvari koje

these games probe. The interesting thing is, these games

ove igre ispituju. Zanimljivo je da ove igre

require that you have a lot of cognitive apparatus on line.

zahtevaju od vas mnogo kognitivnog materijala.

You have to be able to come to the table with a proper model of another person.

Morate biti sposobni da uđete u raspravu sa odgovarajućom drugom osobom.

You have to be able to remember what you've done.

Morate biti sposobni da se setite šta ste uradili.

You have to stand up in the moment to do that.

Morate biti dostojni situacije da biste to uradili.

Then you have to update your model based on the signals coming back,

Onda morate da ažurirate svoj model na osnovu signala koje dobijete

and you have to do something that is interesting,

i morate da uradite nešto zanimljivo,

which is you have to do a kind of depth of thought assay.

a to je da morate da uradite procenu skrivenih misli.

That is, you have to decide what that other person expects of you.

Što znači da morate da procenite šta druga osoba očekuje od vas.

You have to send signals to manage your image in their mind.

Morate da šaljete signale kako biste upravljali vašom slikom u njenoj svesti.

Like a job interview. You sit across the desk from somebody,

Kao razgovor za posao. Sedite preko puta nekoga,

they have some prior image of you,

taj neko već ima prethodno stvorenu sliku o vama,

you send signals across the desk to move their image

vi šaljete signale preko stola kako biste promenili tu sliku

of you from one place to a place where you want it to be.

sa postojeće na onakvu kakva vi želite da bude.

We're so good at this we don't really even notice it.

Mi smo toliko dobri u tome, da ni ne obraćamo pažnju na to.

These kinds of probes exploit it. Okay?

Ovakva istraživanja to koriste. Razumete?

In doing this, what we've discovered is that humans

Radeći ovo shvatili smo da se ljudi

are literal canaries in social exchanges.

ponašaju kao kanarinci u komunikativnim situacijama.

Canaries used to be used as kind of biosensors in mines.

Kanarinci su korišćeni kao biosenzori u rudnicima.

When methane built up, or carbon dioxide built up,

Kada bi nivo metana ili ugljen-dioksida porastao,

or oxygen was diminished, the birds would swoon

ili kada bi nivo kiseonika opao, ptice bi izgubile svest

before people would -- so it acted as an early warning system:

pre ljudi, tako da je to služilo kao sistem upozoravanja:

Hey, get out of the mine. Things aren't going so well.

Hej, izlazite iz rudnika. Stvari baš i ne stoje najbolje.

People come to the table, and even these very blunt,

Ljudi dođu na raspravu i čak i u ovim veoma ograničenim,

staged social interactions, and they, and there's just

odglumljenim društvenim interakcijama, gde se

numbers going back and forth between the people,

radi samo o razmenjivanju raznih brojeva,

and they bring enormous sensitivities to it.

ljudi unose veliku osećajnost u to.

So we realized we could exploit this, and in fact,

Tako da smo shvatili da možemo ovo da iskoristimo i u stvari,

as we've done that, and we've done this now in

dok smo to radili, a uradili smo to sada sa

many thousands of people, I think on the order of

više hiljada ljudi, mislim na oko

five or six thousand. We actually, to make this

pet ili šest hiljada. Zapravo, kako bismo od ovoga napravili

a biological probe, need bigger numbers than that,

biološko istraživanje, treba nam i veći broj od ovoga

remarkably so. But anyway,

mnogo veći. Ali u svakom slučaju,

patterns have emerged, and we've been able to take

pojavili su se šabloni, a mi smo uzeli

those patterns, convert them into mathematical models,

te šablone, pretvorili ih u matematičke modele

and use those mathematical models to gain new insights

i iskoristili te matematičke modele kako bismo napravili nova otkrića

into these exchanges. Okay, so what?

o ovim situacijama. Ok, pa šta?

Well, the so what is, that's a really nice behavioral measure,

Pa, to da je ovo vrlo lepo merilo ponašanja,

the economic games bring to us notions of optimal play.

ekonomske igre nam donose predstavu optimalne igre.

We can compute that during the game.

To možemo da izračunamo u toku igre.

And we can use that to sort of carve up the behavior.

I to možemo da iskoristimo da, takoreći, isklešemo ponašanje.

Here's the cool thing. Six or seven years ago,

Evo jedne kul stvari. Pre šest ili sedam godina,

we developed a team. It was at the time in Houston, Texas.

oformili smo tim. Tada je to bilo u Hjustonu, u Teksasu.

It's now in Virginia and London. And we built software

Sada je u Virdžiniji i Londonu. I napravili smo softver

that'll link functional magnetic resonance imaging devices

koji će povezati sprave za funkcionalnu magnetnu rezonancu

up over the Internet. I guess we've done up to six machines

preko interneta. Mislim da smo to tada uradili sa oko šest

at a time, but let's just focus on two.

mašina, ali fokusirajmo se na dve.

So it synchronizes machines anywhere in the world.

Dakle, usklađujemo mašine bilo gde u svetu.

We synchronize the machines, set them into these

Mi usklađujemo mašine, namestimo ih na te

staged social interactions, and we eavesdrop on both

odglumljene društvene interakcije i prisluškujemo dva

of the interacting brains. So for the first time,

mozga u interakciji. Prvi put,

we don't have to look at just averages over single individuals,

ne moramo da posmatramo samo individualne proseke,

or have individuals playing computers, or try to make

ili da svako individualno igra kompjuter ili da pokušamo da pravimo

inferences that way. We can study individual dyads.

zaključke na taj način. Možemo da proučavamo individualne dijade.

We can study the way that one person interacts with another person,

Možemo da proučavamo način na koji jedna osoba komunicira da drugom,

turn the numbers up, and start to gain new insights

da povećamo broj osoba i počnemo da pravimo nova otkrića

into the boundaries of normal cognition,

o granicama normalne kognicije,

but more importantly, we can put people with

ali ono što je još bitnije, možemo da stavimo ljude

classically defined mental illnesses, or brain damage,

sa klasično definisanim mentalnim oboljenjima ili oštećenjima mozga

into these social interactions, and use these as probes of that.

u ove društvene interakcije i da ih koristimo u istraživanju toga.

So we've started this effort. We've made a few hits,

Dakle, mi smo započeli ovaj napor. Imali smo nekoliko pogodaka,

a few, I think, embryonic discoveries.

nekoliko, verujem, početnih otkrića.

We think there's a future to this. But it's our way

Mislimo da ovo ima budućnost. Ali to je naš način

of going in and redefining, with a new lexicon,

ulaska u to i redefinisanja, sa novim rečnikom,

a mathematical one actually, as opposed to the standard

matematičkim, zapravo, koji je suprotan standardnom

ways that we think about mental illness,

načinu na koji vidimo mentalna oboljenja,

characterizing these diseases, by using the people

karakterišući ove bolesti, koristeći ljude

as birds in the exchanges. That is, we exploit the fact

kao ptice u interakciji. Odnosno, iskorišćavamo činjenicu

that the healthy partner, playing somebody with major depression,

da zdrav partner glumi nekoga sa teškom depresijom,

or playing somebody with autism spectrum disorder,

ili nekoga sa spektrom autističnih poremećaja,

or playing somebody with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,

ili nekoga sa hiperkinetičkim poremećajem.

we use that as a kind of biosensor, and then we use

Koristimo to kao nekakve biosenzore, a zatim koristimo

computer programs to model that person, and it gives us

kompjuterske programe da modeliramo tu osobu i to nam daje

a kind of assay of this.

neku procenu toga.

Early days, and we're just beginning, we're setting up sites

Još je rano i tek počinjemo, širimo se

around the world. Here are a few of our collaborating sites.

po svetu. Evo nekoliko naših saradnika.

The hub, ironically enough,

Središte se, ironično,

is centered in little Roanoke, Virginia.

nalazi u Malom Roanoku, u Virdžiniji.

There's another hub in London, now, and the rest

Drugo središte nalazi se u Londonu, za sada, a ostala

are getting set up. We hope to give the data away

su u procesu. Nadamo se da ćemo u nekom trenutku moći

at some stage. That's a complicated issue

da otkrijemo podatke. Komplikovan je problem

about making it available to the rest of the world.

napraviti ovo dostupnim za ostatak sveta.

But we're also studying just a small part

Ali mi takođe proučavamo samo mali deo

of what makes us interesting as human beings, and so

onoga što nas kao ljudska bića čini zanimljivim i stoga

I would invite other people who are interested in this

bih da pozovem druge ljude koje ovo zanima

to ask us for the software, or even for guidance

da nas pitaju o softveru ili da čak potraže pomoć

on how to move forward with that.

oko toga kako da napreduju u tome.

Let me leave you with one thought in closing.

Ostaviću vas sa jednom mišlju za kraj.

The interesting thing about studying cognition

Zanimljiva stvar kod proučavanja kognicije

has been that we've been limited, in a way.

je da smo, na neki način, bili ograničeni.

We just haven't had the tools to look at interacting brains

Samo nismo imali instrumente kojima bismo posmatrali mozgove u simultanoj

simultaneously.

interakciji.

The fact is, though, that even when we're alone,

Činjenica je, pak, da čak i kad smo sami,

we're a profoundly social creature. We're not a solitary mind

mi smo izuzetno društvena bića. Nismo samotni um

built out of properties that kept it alive in the world

izgrađen od osobina koje ga drže u životu

independent of other people. In fact, our minds

nezavisno od drugih ljudi. Zapravo, naši umovi

depend on other people. They depend on other people,

zavise od drugih ljudi. Oni zavise od drugih ljudi

and they're expressed in other people,

i očituju se u drugim ljudima,

so the notion of who you are, you often don't know

tako da pojam onoga ko ste, vi često ne znate

who you are until you see yourself in interaction with people

ko ste dok ne vidite sebe u interakciji sa drugim ljudima

that are close to you, people that are enemies of you,

koji su vam bliski, ljudima koji su vaši neprijatelji,

people that are agnostic to you.

ljudima koji su sumnjičavi prema vama.

So this is the first sort of step into using that insight

Dakle, ovo je prvi korak ka korišćenju tih saznanja

into what makes us human beings, turning it into a tool,

o tome šta nas čini ljudskim bićima i pretvaranju toga u alat

and trying to gain new insights into mental illness.

i pokušaju dobijanja novih saznanja o mentalnim oboljenjima.

Thanks for having me. (Applause)

Hvala na pažnji. (Aplauz)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)