Read Montague: What we're learning from 5,000 brains

46,847 views ・ 2012-09-24

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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λ²ˆμ—­: Mira Park κ²€ν† : Soo-min Chung
00:15
Other people. Everyone is interested in other people.
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타인. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ νƒ€μΈμ—κ²Œ 관심을 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
Everyone has relationships with other people,
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λͺ¨λ“  μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 타인과 λŒ€μΈκ΄€κ³„λ₯Ό ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λ©°
00:20
and they're interested in these relationships
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 이유둜 이런 λŒ€μΈκ΄€κ³„μ— λŒ€ν•΄
00:22
for a variety of reasons.
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ν₯λ―Έλ₯Ό κ°–μ£ .
00:24
Good relationships, bad relationships,
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우호적인 관계, μ’‹μ§€μ•Šμ€ 관계
00:26
annoying relationships, agnostic relationships,
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μ§œμ¦λ‚˜λŠ” 관계, λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ κ΄€κ³„κΉŒμ§€,
00:29
and what I'm going to do is focus on the central piece
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이런 관계 μ†μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‚˜λˆ„λŠ” μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©
00:32
of an interaction that goes on in a relationship.
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κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ μ €λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 핡심에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”λ„λ‘ ν•΄λ³Όν…λ°μš”.
00:35
So I'm going to take as inspiration the fact that we're all
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆκΉŒ, 우리 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€ νƒ€μΈκ³Όμ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„
00:38
interested in interacting with other people,
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μ›ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 사싀에 μ˜κ°μ„ λ°›μ•„
00:40
I'm going to completely strip it of all its complicating features,
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이 λͺ¨λ“  λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ‚΄μš©λ“€μ„ μ™„μ „νžˆ ν•΄λΆ€ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
and I'm going to turn that object, that simplified object,
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그리고 λ‹¨μˆœν•΄λ³΄μ΄λŠ” μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ΄λΌλŠ” ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό
00:48
into a scientific probe, and provide the early stages,
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과학적인 μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ μ „ν™˜ν•˜μ—¬,
00:52
embryonic stages of new insights into what happens
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두 μ‚¬λžŒμ˜ λ‡Œκ°€ λ™μ‹œμ— μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© ν•  λ•Œμ˜ 상황에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬
00:55
in two brains while they simultaneously interact.
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아직은 μ΄ˆκΈ°λ‹¨κ³„μ— μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 톡찰λ ₯으둜 λ°”λΌλ³΄κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:58
But before I do that, let me tell you a couple of things
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본격적으둜 μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κΈ° 전에, 이런 μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν•œ
01:01
that made this possible.
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두 가지 μš”μΈμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–˜κΈ°ν•΄ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
01:02
The first is we can now eavesdrop safely
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일단 첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 정상적인 λ‘λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μ„
01:05
on healthy brain activity.
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μ•ˆμ „ν•œ λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ λ³Ό 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:08
Without needles and radioactivity,
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주사 λ°”λŠ˜μ΄λ‚˜ 방사λŠ₯의 μ‚¬μš©μ—†μ΄λ„,
01:10
without any kind of clinical reason, we can go down the street
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별닀λ₯Έ μ˜ν•™μ μΈ λͺ©μ μ΄ 없더라도, 길을 κ±·λ‹€κ°€
01:13
and record from your friends' and neighbors' brains
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λ§Œλ‚œ μΉœκ΅¬λ“€μ΄λ‚˜ 이웃듀이 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μΈμ§€μž‘μ—…μ„ ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”
01:16
while they do a variety of cognitive tasks, and we use
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λ‡Œμ˜ ν™œλ™μ„ 기둝할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:19
a method called functional magnetic resonance imaging.
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이 λ•Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 'κΈ°λŠ₯적 자기 곡λͺ… 기둝법'μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ‚¬μš©ν•΄μš”.
01:23
You've probably all read about it or heard about in some
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€ λͺ¨λ‘ ν•œλ²ˆ 쯀은 μ½μ–΄λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜ λ“€μ–΄λ³Έ 적이 μžˆμ„ κ±°μ—μš”.
01:25
incarnation. Let me give you a two-sentence version of it.
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두 λ¬Έμž₯으둜 κ°„μΆ”λ¦¬μžλ©΄,
01:29
So we've all heard of MRIs. MRIs use magnetic fields
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MRI μ•„μ‹œμ£ ? (Magnetic Resonance Imaging : 자기곡λͺ…μ˜μƒλ²•)
01:33
and radio waves and they take snapshots of your brain
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MRIλž€ 자기μž₯κ³Ό μ „νŒŒλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬
01:35
or your knee or your stomach,
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λ‡Œ, λ¬΄λ¦Žμ΄λ‚˜ λ³΅λΆ€μ˜
01:37
grayscale images that are frozen in time.
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μˆœκ°„ λ©ˆμΆ°μ§„ 흑백 μŠ€λƒ…μƒ·μ„ μ°λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
In the 1990s, it was discovered you could use
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1990λ…„λŒ€μ—
01:42
the same machines in a different mode,
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이 기계λ₯Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ“Έ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이 λ°ν˜€μ Έ
01:44
and in that mode, you could make microscopic blood flow
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λ‡Œμ˜ κ³³κ³³μ—μ„œ λ―Έμ„Έν•œ 혈λ₯˜μ˜ μ˜μƒμ„
01:47
movies from hundreds of thousands of sites independently in the brain.
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λ…μžμ μœΌλ‘œ μ΄¬μ˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•΄μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
Okay, so what? In fact, the so what is, in the brain,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ–΄λ–»λƒκ΅¬μš”?
01:53
changes in neural activity, the things that make your brain work,
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λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ μ •μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•  수 있게 ν•΄μ£ΌλŠ”
01:57
the things that make your software work in your brain,
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λ‡Œ μ‹ κ²½μ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ” μžμž˜ν•œ 변화듀이,
01:59
are tightly correlated with changes in blood flow.
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혈λ₯˜μ™€ 맀우 λ°€μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ μ—°κ΄€λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ—μš”.
02:01
You make a blood flow movie, you have an independent
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ν˜ˆμ•‘μ˜ 흐름을 μ½λŠ” 건, λ‘λ‡Œ ν™œλ™μ˜ λ…μžμ μΈ
02:03
proxy of brain activity.
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ν‘œμ‹œμžλ₯Ό μ½λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
This has literally revolutionized cognitive science.
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κ·Έμ•Όλ§λ‘œ 인지 과학에 혁λͺ…을 μΌμœΌν‚¨ μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
02:09
Take any cognitive domain you want, memory,
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인지 μž‘μ—…μ˜ 예λ₯Ό μ•„λ¬΄κ±°λ‚˜ λ“€μ–΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
02:11
motor planning, thinking about your mother-in-law,
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이λ₯Ό ν…Œλ©΄ κΈ°μ–΅, μš΄λ™ κ³„νš, μ‹œμ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆ 생각,
02:13
getting angry at people, emotional response, it goes on and on,
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μ§œμ¦λ‚΄κΈ°, 감정적인 λ°˜μ‘ λ“±, 끝도 μ—†μ£ .
02:17
put people into functional MRI devices, and
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fMRI 기계에 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
02:20
image how these kinds of variables map onto brain activity.
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이런 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 이미지λ₯Ό λ‘λ‡Œ ν™œλ™κ³Ό μ—°κ²°μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:23
It's in its early stages, and it's crude by some measures,
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처음 이것을 μ‹œμž‘ν•  λ•ŒλŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡ μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ μ‘°μž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
but in fact, 20 years ago, we were at nothing.
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사싀 20λ…„ μ „μ—λŠ” 아무 것도 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:28
You couldn't do people like this. You couldn't do healthy people.
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λ©€μ©‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ‹œν—˜ν•΄λ³Ό 수 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
02:31
That's caused a literal revolution, and it's opened us up
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이것이 κ·Έμ•Όλ§λ‘œ 혁λͺ…을 μΌμœΌμΌ°λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λŠ” μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
to a new experimental preparation. Neurobiologists,
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ μ€€λΉ„ 과정을 κ°€λŠ₯μΌ€ ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:36
as you well know, have lots of experimental preps,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€λ„ μ•Œ 듯이, μ‹ κ²½μƒλ¦¬ν•™μžλ“€μ€ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ‹€ν—˜ μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
worms and rodents and fruit flies and things like this.
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μ• λ²Œλž˜μ™€ μ„€μΉ˜λ₯˜, 그리고 μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ™€ 같은 것듀 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
And now, we have a new experimental prep: human beings.
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그리고 이제, μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‹€ν—˜ λŒ€μƒμ΄ μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 인간이죠.
02:46
We can now use human beings to study and model
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우린 이제 인간을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μΈκ°„μ˜ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄(λ‚΄λΆ€ 감정적츑면)λ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κ³ ,
02:50
the software in human beings, and we have a few
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또 μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄μ˜ 견본을 λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
02:53
burgeoning biological measures.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 일뢀 생물학적 츑정법은 μ„±μž₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
Okay, let me give you one example of the kinds of experiments that people do,
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μ’‹μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡λ‹€λ©΄ μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹€ν—˜μ˜ ν•œκ°€μ§€ 예λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
03:00
and it's in the area of what you'd call valuation.
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그것은 λ°”λ‘œ κ°€μΉ˜νŒλ‹¨μ˜ μ˜μ—­μ— μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
Valuation is just what you think it is, you know?
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μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, κ°€μΉ˜ νŒλ‹¨μ΄λž€ κ·Έμ € μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것과 λ‹€λ₯Όκ²Œ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:05
If you went and you were valuing two companies against
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λ§Œμ•½ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 두 νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό μ„œλ‘œ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
03:07
one another, you'd want to know which was more valuable.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ–΄λŠ μͺ½μ΄ 더 κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 큰지 μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜μ£ .
03:10
Cultures discovered the key feature of valuation thousands of years ago.
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수천 λ…„μ „, μΈκ°„μ˜ 사고 방식은 κ°€μΉ˜ νŒλ‹¨μ˜ 핡심을 μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
If you want to compare oranges to windshields, what do you do?
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λ§Œμ•½ μ˜€λ Œμ§€μ™€ λ°”λžŒλ§‰μ΄λ₯Ό 비ꡐ해보고 μ‹Άλ‹€λ©΄, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
03:17
Well, you can't compare oranges to windshields.
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μ•„λ§ˆλ„, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ˜€λ Œμ§€μ™€ λ°”λžŒλ§‰μ΄λ₯Ό 비ꡐ할 수 없을 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:19
They're immiscible. They don't mix with one another.
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그듀은 λΉ„μœ΅ν•©μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그듀은 μ„œλ‘œμ—κ²Œ μ„žμΌ 수 μ—†μ£ ,
03:21
So instead, you convert them to a common currency scale,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ λŒ€μ‹ , 두 가지λ₯Ό ν†΅μš© κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ ν˜„κΈˆ λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ μ „ν™˜ν•˜κ³ 
03:24
put them on that scale, and value them accordingly.
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κ·Έ λ‹¨μœ„λ₯Ό μ μš©μ‹œμΌœ κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•˜μ£ .
03:26
Well, your brain has to do something just like that as well,
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λ‡Œλ„ 그와 같은 일을 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ±°κ³ ,
03:30
and we're now beginning to understand and identify
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ°€μΉ˜ νŒλ‹¨μ— κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ‡Œμ˜ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„
03:32
brain systems involved in valuation,
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μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ , 또 λ°œκ²¬ν•΄λ‚΄κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
and one of them includes a neurotransmitter system
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그리고 κ·Έ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 세포가 λ‡Œκ°„μ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•΄μžˆκ³ 
03:37
whose cells are located in your brainstem
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λͺΈμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ 화학적 λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ„ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ”
03:40
and deliver the chemical dopamine to the rest of your brain.
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μ‹ κ²½ 전달 λ¬Όμ§ˆκ³„λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:43
I won't go through the details of it, but that's an important
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깊게 λ“€μ–΄κ°€μ§€λŠ” μ•Šκ² μ§€λ§Œ 이것은 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 발견이자
03:45
discovery, and we know a good bit about that now,
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이제 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 것에 λŒ€ν•΄ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 많이 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ–΄μš”.
03:48
and it's just a small piece of it, but it's important because
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ•Œκ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이 비둝 μž‘μ€ 뢀뢄일지라도
03:50
those are the neurons that you would lose if you had Parkinson's disease,
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그것듀이 νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨ 병에 걸리면 μžƒκ²Œ 되고
03:53
and they're also the neurons that are hijacked by literally
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μ–΄λ– ν•œ μ•½λ¬Ό λ‚¨μš©μ— μ˜ν•΄μ„œλ“  파괴될수 μžˆλŠ” μ‹ κ²½μ„Έν¬λΌλŠ” μ μ—μ„œ
03:55
every drug of abuse, and that makes sense.
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μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:57
Drugs of abuse would come in, and they would change
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κ³Όλ‹€ν•œ 약물이 λͺΈμ— λ“€μ–΄μ˜€κ²Œ 되면
04:00
the way you value the world. They change the way
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그것은 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ 세상을 νŒλ‹¨ν•˜λŠ” 방식을 λ°”κΏ”λ²„λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:01
you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice,
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약물을 선택할 λ•Œ, κ΄€λ ¨λœ ν‘œμ‹œλ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•˜λŠ” 기쀀을 λ°”κΎΈκ³ ,
04:05
and they make you value that over everything else.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λͺ¨λ“  것을 λ°°μ œν•œ μ±„λ‘œ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
04:07
Here's the key feature though. These neurons are also
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ 여기에 핡심이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
involved in the way you can assign value to literally abstract ideas,
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ 세포듀은 κ·Έμ•Όλ§λ‘œ 좔상적인 κ°œλ…μ— κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ§€κΈ°λŠ” 과정에도 κ΄€μ—¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
and I put some symbols up here that we assign value to
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μ—¬κΈ° μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 이유둜 인해
04:16
for various reasons.
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κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό λ§€κΈ°λŠ” 것듀이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
We have a behavioral superpower in our brain,
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우리의 λ‡ŒλŠ” 행동에 λŒ€ν•œ κ°•λ ₯ν•œ κΆŒν•œμ„ 가지고 있고,
04:21
and it at least in part involves dopamine.
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적어도 그것듀은 μΌλΆ€λŠ” λ„νŒŒλ―Όκ³Ό μ—°κ΄€λ˜μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
We can deny every instinct we have for survival for an idea,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 생각, λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μƒκ°μ΄λΌλŠ” 것 λ•Œλ¬Έμ—
04:27
for a mere idea. No other species can do that.
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생쑴을 μœ„ν•œ λ³ΈλŠ₯을 κ±°λΆ€ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ₯Έ 쒅듀은 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ£ .
04:31
In 1997, the cult Heaven's Gate committed mass suicide
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1997λ…„, "천ꡭ의 λ¬Έ(Heaven's Gate)μ΄λΌλŠ” 쒅ꡐ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ 광신도듀이 집단 μžμ‚΄μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
predicated on the idea that there was a spaceship
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— 눈으둜 κ΄€μ°°λλ˜ "헀일-λ°₯(Hale-Bopp)"μ΄λΌλŠ”
04:37
hiding in the tail of the then-visible comet Hale-Bopp
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ν˜œμ„±μ˜ 꼬리에 그듀을 λ‹€μŒ μ„ΈμƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°λ €κ°€λ €ν•˜λŠ”
04:41
waiting to take them to the next level. It was an incredibly tragic event.
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μš°μ£Όμ„ μ΄ μˆ¨μ–΄ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ―ΏμŒμ— κ·Όκ±°ν•΄μ„œ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ ν•œκ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ”μ°ν•˜κ²Œ 비극적인 μ‚¬κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
04:45
More than two thirds of them had college degrees.
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κ·Έλ“€ 쀑 μ‚Ό λΆ„μ˜ 이 이상이 학사 ν•™μœ„λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
But the point here is they were able to deny their instincts for survival
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 핡심은 그듀이 생쑴 λ³ΈλŠ₯을 λΆ€μ •ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
04:52
using exactly the same systems that were put there
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생쑴을 μœ„ν•΄ 주어진 λ°”λ‘œ κ·Έ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:55
to make them survive. That's a lot of control, okay?
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 자기 μ‘°μ • λŠ₯λ ₯이죠.
04:59
One thing that I've left out of this narrative
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μ œκ°€ 아직 λ§ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 뢀뢄이 μžˆλŠ”λ°
05:01
is the obvious thing, which is the focus of the rest of my
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ ν•  μ†Œμ†Œν•  μ–˜κΈ°λ“€μ€ 그것을 μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 진행될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
little talk, and that is other people.
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λ°”λ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 것이죠.
05:05
These same valuation systems are redeployed
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ°€μΉ˜ 평가 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ€
05:08
when we're valuing interactions with other people.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄λ“€κ³Όμ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°€μΉ˜ νŒλ‹¨μ„ ν•  λ•Œ μž¬ν˜„λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:11
So this same dopamine system that gets addicted to drugs,
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λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄, 약물에 μ€‘λ…λ˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ³ 
05:14
that makes you freeze when you get Parkinson's disease,
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νŒŒν‚¨μŠ¨λ³‘μ— 걸렸을 λ•Œ λ§ˆλΉ„λ₯Ό 뢈러 μΌμœΌν‚€κ³ 
05:17
that contributes to various forms of psychosis,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ •μ‹ λ³‘μ˜ 원인이 λ˜λŠ” λ°”λ‘œ 이 λ„νŒŒλ―Ό μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄
05:20
is also redeployed to value interactions with other people
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄λ“€κ³Όμ˜ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κ³ 
05:24
and to assign value to gestures that you do
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λ‹€λ₯Έ 이와 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© ν•  λ•Œ ν•˜λŠ” 행동에 κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό λΆ€μ—¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
05:27
when you're interacting with somebody else.
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μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
Let me give you an example of this.
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ν•œ 가지 예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
You bring to the table such enormous processing power
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ „ν˜€ 신경쓰지 μ•ŠλŠ” μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ
05:35
in this domain that you hardly even notice it.
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이런 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ ν”„λ‘œμ„Έμ‹± λŠ₯λ ₯을 λ°œνœ˜ν•˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
05:37
Let me just give you a few examples. So here's a baby.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€. 자, μ—¬κΈ° ν•œ μ•„κΈ°κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
She's three months old. She still poops in her diapers and she can't do calculus.
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생후 μ‚Ό κ°œμ›” 된 μ•„μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 아직 기저귀에 λŒ€λ³€μ„ λˆ„κ³  미적뢄도 λͺ»ν•˜μ£ .
05:43
She's related to me. Somebody will be very glad that she's up here on the screen.
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이 μ•„μ΄λŠ” 저와 관계가 있죠. μ•„λ§ˆ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€λŠ” 이 μ•„κΈ°κ°€ 크린에 λ‚˜μ˜¨κ±Έ 정말 κΈ°λ»ν• κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:46
You can cover up one of her eyes, and you can still read
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이 μ•„κΈ°μ˜ ν•œ μͺ½ λˆˆμ„ κ°€λ¦°λ‹€κ³  해도 μ—¬μ „νžˆ 당신은 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œ μͺ½ λˆˆμ„ 톡해
05:48
something in the other eye, and I see sort of curiosity
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κ·Έ μ•ˆμ˜ 무언가λ₯Ό λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ ν•œ μͺ½ λˆˆμ—μ„œ ν˜ΈκΈ°μ‹¬μ„ 보게되고,
05:51
in one eye, I see maybe a little bit of surprise in the other.
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μ•„λ§ˆ λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œ μͺ½ λˆˆμ—μ„œλŠ” μ•½κ°„μ˜ 놀라움을 보게 λ˜κ² μ§€μš”.
05:55
Here's a couple. They're sharing a moment together,
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여기에 ν•œ μ»€ν”Œμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그듀은 μ°°λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν•˜κ³  있죠.
05:58
and we've even done an experiment where you can cut out
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€ν—˜μ€ ν•΄λ΄€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이 ν”„λ ˆμž„μ„ μž‘μ€ μ‘°κ°λ“€λ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄λ„
05:59
different pieces of this frame and you can still see
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ 그듀이 μ°°λ‚˜λ₯Ό ν•¨κ»˜ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을
06:02
that they're sharing it. They're sharing it sort of in parallel.
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μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그듀은 마치 λ³‘λ ¬μ μœΌλ‘œ 그것을 κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:05
Now, the elements of the scene also communicate this
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μž₯면의 κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œλ“€λ„ μš°λ¦¬μ™€ μ†Œν†΅μ„ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
06:07
to us, but you can read it straight off their faces,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ ν‘œμ •μ—μ„œ λ°”λ‘œ 읽을 μˆ˜κ°€ 있죠.
06:09
and if you compare their faces to normal faces, it would be a very subtle cue.
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ ν‘œμ •μ„ ν‰μ†Œμ˜ ν‘œμ •κ³Ό λΉ„κ΅ν•˜λ©΄ λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 읽을 μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:13
Here's another couple. He's projecting out at us,
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μ—¬κΈ° λ‹€λ₯Έ μ»€ν”Œμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‚¨μžλŠ” 우리λ₯Ό 쳐닀보고 있고
06:16
and she's clearly projecting, you know,
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μ—¬μžλŠ” λͺ…λ°±ν•˜κ²Œ
06:19
love and admiration at him.
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κ·Έλ₯Ό μ‚¬λž‘μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 눈길둜 쳐닀보고 있죠.
06:21
Here's another couple. (Laughter)
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μ—¬κΈ° 또 μ»€ν”Œμ΄ μžˆλ„€μš”. (μ›ƒμŒ)
06:25
And I'm thinking I'm not seeing love and admiration on the left. (Laughter)
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제 생각에 μ™Όμͺ½ μ•„μ΄ν•œν…Œμ„œ μ‚¬λž‘κ³Ό 쑴경을 μ°ΎκΈ΄ μ’€ νž˜λ“€κ΅°μš”.(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:30
In fact, I know this is his sister, and you can just see
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사싀 μ €λŠ” μ˜†μ— 아이가 μ•„μ΄μ˜ λˆ„λ‚˜λΌλŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œκ³ μžˆκ³ ,
06:33
him saying, "Okay, we're doing this for the camera,
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λ‚¨μžμ•„μ΄κ°€ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 것 κ°™μ£ . "카메라가 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒ 포즈λ₯Ό μ·¨ν•˜κΈ΄ ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
06:35
and then afterwards you steal my candy and you punch me in the face." (Laughter)
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λλ‚˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄ λˆ„λ‚˜κ°€ λ‚΄ 사탕을 뺏고 λ‚  λ•Œλ¦¬κ² μ§€" (μ›ƒμŒ)
06:41
He'll kill me for showing that.
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μ œκ°€ 이걸 λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦° κ±Έ μ•Œλ©΄ μ—„μ²­ ν™”λ‚Όκ±°μ—μš”.
06:43
All right, so what does this mean?
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자 그럼, 이건 뭘 μ˜λ―Έν• κΉŒμš”?
06:46
It means we bring an enormous amount of processing power to the problem.
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–€ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μ–‘μ˜ 처리 λŠ₯λ ₯을 가지고 μžˆμŒμ„ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:49
It engages deep systems in our brain, in dopaminergic
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이것은 우리 λ‡Œ κΉŠμˆ™νžˆ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ— μΉ¨νˆ¬ν•΄
06:53
systems that are there to make you chase sex, food and salt.
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μ„ΉμŠ€, μŒμ‹, μ†ŒκΈˆμ„ μ›ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€μ£ .
06:56
They keep you alive. It gives them the pie, it gives
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이것듀이 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ„ μ‚΄μ•„μžˆκ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. 이것이 파이λ₯Ό 주기도 ν•˜κ³ 
06:59
that kind of a behavioral punch which we've called a superpower.
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초λŠ₯λ ₯이라고 λΆˆλ¦¬λŠ” νž˜μ„ 주기도 ν•˜μ£ .
07:01
So how can we take that and arrange a kind of staged
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그럼 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이것을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 받아듀이고 μ‚¬νšŒμ  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ λ‹¨κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ—¬
07:05
social interaction and turn that into a scientific probe?
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과학적 μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ μ „ν™˜ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
07:08
And the short answer is games.
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λ°”λ‘œ κ²Œμž„μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œμ£ .
07:11
Economic games. So what we do is we go into two areas.
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κ²½μ œν•™ κ²Œμž„ λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν•˜λŠλƒ ν•˜λ©΄, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 두 개의 μ˜μ—­μœΌλ‘œ ν•΄λ³Ό κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:15
One area is called experimental economics. The other area is called behavioral economics.
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ν•œ μ˜μ—­μ€ μ‹€ν—˜ κ²½μ œν•™λΌκ³  λΆˆλ¦¬μ›λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 행동 κ²½μ œν•™μ΄μ£ .
07:18
And we steal their games. And we contrive them to our own purposes.
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이 κ²½μ œν•™μ  κ²Œμž„λ“€μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 우리의 λͺ©μ μ— 맞게 λ°”κΎΈλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:22
So this shows you one particular game called an ultimatum game.
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λ°”λ‘œ μ΅œν›„ 톡첩 κ²Œμž„μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±΄λ°μš”,
07:25
Red person is given a hundred dollars and can offer
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λΉ¨κ°„μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œμ‹œλœ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 100λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό 가지고 있고 νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό λ‚˜λˆ„λ €κ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:27
a split to blue. Let's say red wants to keep 70,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, 빨간색 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 70λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό 가지길 μ›ν•˜λ‹ˆ
07:31
and offers blue 30. So he offers a 70-30 split with blue.
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30λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜μ£ . κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 70:30으둜 λ‚˜λˆ„μžκ³  ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:35
Control passes to blue, and blue says, "I accept it,"
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κΆŒν•œμ€ νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ λ„˜μ–΄κ°€κ³ , "λ°›μ•„λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€"
07:38
in which case he'd get the money, or blue says,
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라고 ν•˜λ©΄ κ·ΈλŠ” 30λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό λ°›μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ μ‚¬λžŒμ€
07:40
"I reject it," in which case no one gets anything. Okay?
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"κ±°μ ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€"라고 λ§ν•˜κ³  λ‘˜ λ‹€ λˆμ„ λͺ»λ°›λŠ” κ±°μ£ . μ΄ν•΄κ°€μ‹œμ£ ?
07:44
So a rational choice economist would say, well,
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κ²½μ œν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λ§ν•˜λŠ” 합리적인 선택은
07:47
you should take all non-zero offers.
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0λ‹¬λŸ¬λ₯Ό μ œμ•ˆν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 이상 λͺ¨λ‘ λ°›μ•„λ“€μ΄λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:50
What do people do? People are indifferent at an 80-20 split.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 보톡 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ ν• κΉŒμš”? μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 80:20으둜 λΆ„λ°°ν•  λ•Œμ—λ„ 관심이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
At 80-20, it's a coin flip whether you accept that or not.
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80:20이 되면 μ œμ•ˆμ„ 받아듀일지 말지 동전을 던져 κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
07:57
Why is that? You know, because you're pissed off.
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μ™œ κ·ΈλŸ°κ±ΈκΉŒμš”? μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ ν™”κ°€ λ‚˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
08:00
You're mad. That's an unfair offer, and you know what an unfair offer is.
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κ·Έ μ œμ•ˆμ΄ λΆˆκ³΅ν‰ν•˜λ‹ˆκΉŒ ν™”κ°€ λ‚˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
This is the kind of game done by my lab and many around the world.
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이런 κ²Œμž„μ€ 제 연ꡬ싀 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ „ μ„Έκ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ 이루어지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:06
That just gives you an example of the kind of thing that
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μ΄λŠ” κ²Œμž„μ΄ μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것듀에 λŒ€ν•œ
08:09
these games probe. The interesting thing is, these games
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사둀가 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν₯미둜운 것은, 이런 κ²Œμž„μ΄
08:12
require that you have a lot of cognitive apparatus on line.
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μƒλ‹Ήν•œ 일련의 인지적 μž₯치λ₯Ό μš”κ΅¬ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:16
You have to be able to come to the table with a proper model of another person.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•  λ•Œ 타인에 λŒ€ν•œ μ μ ˆν•œ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ£ .
08:19
You have to be able to remember what you've done.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 또 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 무엇을 ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€λ„ κΈ°μ–΅ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:22
You have to stand up in the moment to do that.
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μˆœκ°„ 그런 결정을 내릴 수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ΅¬μš”.
08:24
Then you have to update your model based on the signals coming back,
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또 νƒ€μΈμ˜ λ°˜μ‘μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄μ„œ λͺ¨λΈμ„ μˆ˜μ •ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:27
and you have to do something that is interesting,
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또 ν₯미둜운 것 ν•œκ°€μ§€λŠ”
08:30
which is you have to do a kind of depth of thought assay.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬ 수λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ‹€ 보아야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:32
That is, you have to decide what that other person expects of you.
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무슨 말이냐면, λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ˜ˆμƒν• μ§€λ₯Ό 생각해야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
You have to send signals to manage your image in their mind.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 이미지λ₯Ό κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내야 ν•˜μ£ .
08:39
Like a job interview. You sit across the desk from somebody,
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λ©΄μ ‘μ—μ„œ μ²˜λŸΌμš”. μ±…μƒμ˜ λ°˜λŒ€νŽΈμ— μ•‰μ•„μ„œ
08:42
they have some prior image of you,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–΄λ–€ 첫 인상을 가지고 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
08:43
you send signals across the desk to move their image
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책상 λ„ˆλ¨Έλ‘œ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό 보내
08:46
of you from one place to a place where you want it to be.
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‘œ 바꾸도둝 ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
08:50
We're so good at this we don't really even notice it.
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우린 이런 행동을 μŠ€μŠ€λ‘œλ„ μ•Œμ•„μ°¨λ¦¬μ§€ λͺ»ν•  만큼 μž˜ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:53
These kinds of probes exploit it. Okay?
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이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜μœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€λ‚΄λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
08:57
In doing this, what we've discovered is that humans
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이런 μ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ μ‚¬νšŒμ  ꡐλ₯˜μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
08:59
are literal canaries in social exchanges.
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μΉ΄λ‚˜λ¦¬μ•„ 같은 μ‘΄μž¬λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:01
Canaries used to be used as kind of biosensors in mines.
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μΉ΄λ‚˜λ¦¬μ•„λŠ” κ΄‘μ‚°μ—μ„œ λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ„Όμ„œμ™€ 같은 역할을 ν•˜μ£ .
09:04
When methane built up, or carbon dioxide built up,
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λ©”νƒ„μ΄λ‚˜ μΌμ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œκ°€ μƒμ„±λ˜κ±°λ‚˜
09:08
or oxygen was diminished, the birds would swoon
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μ‚°μ†Œκ°€ λΆ€μ‘±ν•˜κ²Œ 되면, μΉ΄λ‚˜λ¦¬μ•„λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ³΄λ‹€ λ¨Όμ € κΈ°μ ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
before people would -- so it acted as an early warning system:
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μ‘°κΈ° μœ„ν—˜κ²½κ³  μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 같은 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:14
Hey, get out of the mine. Things aren't going so well.
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λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μƒκ²ΌμœΌλ‹ˆ κ΄‘μ‚°μ—μ„œ 빨리 λ‚˜κ°€λΌκ³  λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ±°μ£ .
09:17
People come to the table, and even these very blunt,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ κ²Œμž„μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λ©΄,
09:20
staged social interactions, and they, and there's just
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 직섀적이고 단계적인 μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš© μ‹€ν—˜ μ†μ—μ„œ
09:23
numbers going back and forth between the people,
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단지 숫자λ₯Ό μ£Όκ³  λ°›λŠ” 것 뿐인데도
09:26
and they bring enormous sensitivities to it.
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ꡉμž₯히 λ―Όκ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ°˜μ‘ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
So we realized we could exploit this, and in fact,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이걸 잘 μ΄μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹«κ³ 
09:31
as we've done that, and we've done this now in
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‹œν—˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:34
many thousands of people, I think on the order of
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λŒ€λž΅ 5~6천λͺ… 정도λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν–ˆμ£ .
09:36
five or six thousand. We actually, to make this
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생물학적 쑰사가 되기 μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
09:39
a biological probe, need bigger numbers than that,
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그보닀 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ€ μˆ«μžκ°€ ν•„μš”ν•˜μ£ .
09:41
remarkably so. But anyway,
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μ–΄μ¨Œλ“ ,
09:45
patterns have emerged, and we've been able to take
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νŒ¨ν„΄μ΄ ν˜•μ„±λ˜κ³ , 우린 κ·Έ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ„œ,
09:47
those patterns, convert them into mathematical models,
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μˆ˜ν•™μ  λͺ¨λΈλ‘œ λ°”κΎΈμ£ .
09:50
and use those mathematical models to gain new insights
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그리고 μˆ˜ν•™μ  λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ˜κ°μ„
09:53
into these exchanges. Okay, so what?
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μ–»μ–΄λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그러면 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ κΉŒμš”?
09:55
Well, the so what is, that's a really nice behavioral measure,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ˜λƒν•˜λ©΄, 이건 정말 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ 행동에 κ΄€ν•œ 척도가 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
the economic games bring to us notions of optimal play.
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κ²½μ œν•™ κ²Œμž„μ΄ μ΅œμ„ μ˜ 선택을 μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ” κ±°μ£ .
10:02
We can compute that during the game.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜λŠ” 쀑에 그런 κ±Έ κ³„μ‚°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:04
And we can use that to sort of carve up the behavior.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 행동을 λΆ„ν• ν•΄ μ΄μš©ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
10:07
Here's the cool thing. Six or seven years ago,
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멋진 것이 ν•˜λ‚˜ μžˆλŠ”λ°μš”, 6~7λ…„ μ „ 쯀에
10:12
we developed a team. It was at the time in Houston, Texas.
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ν…μ‚¬μŠ€ νœ΄μŠ€ν„΄μ— νŒ€μ„ ν•˜λ‚˜ κ΅¬μ„±ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:14
It's now in Virginia and London. And we built software
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μ§€κΈˆμ€ λ²„μ§€λ‹ˆμ•„μ™€ λŸ°λ˜μ— 있죠.
10:18
that'll link functional magnetic resonance imaging devices
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ§ˆκ·Έλ„€ν‹± 곡λͺ… 이미지 μž₯치λ₯Ό 인터넷과 μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ”
10:21
up over the Internet. I guess we've done up to six machines
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μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” μž₯치λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. ν•œλ²ˆμ— μ—¬μ„―κ°œ μ •λ„μ˜ μž₯치λ₯Ό μ—°κ²°ν•΄λ΄€μ§€λ§Œ,
10:25
at a time, but let's just focus on two.
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두 κ°œμ—λ§Œ 집쀑을 ν•΄λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
10:27
So it synchronizes machines anywhere in the world.
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이 μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λŠ” 세계 어디에 μžˆλŠ” μž₯μΉ˜μ™€λ„ μ—°κ²°λ˜μ–΄ λ™μ‹œ μž‘λ™ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
We synchronize the machines, set them into these
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μž₯μΉ˜λ“€μ„ μ—°κ²°ν•΄μ„œ, 이런 단계적인 μ‚¬νšŒμ  μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
staged social interactions, and we eavesdrop on both
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μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ„ ν•˜λŠ” μ–‘μͺ½ λ‡Œλ₯Ό λͺ¨λ‘
10:35
of the interacting brains. So for the first time,
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μ—Ώλ“£λŠ”κ±°μ£ . 그러면 처음으둜
10:37
we don't have to look at just averages over single individuals,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 개개인의 평균을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ±°λ‚˜
10:40
or have individuals playing computers, or try to make
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각각 컴퓨터λ₯Ό ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜,
10:43
inferences that way. We can study individual dyads.
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좔둠을 ν•˜λ €κ³  μ• μ“Έ ν•„μš”κ°€ 없어지죠. μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•œλ²ˆμ— 두 μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:46
We can study the way that one person interacts with another person,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒκ³Ό μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© ν•˜λŠ” 법을 μ‚΄ν”Όκ³ ,
10:49
turn the numbers up, and start to gain new insights
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κ·Έ 숫자λ₯Ό λŠ˜λ €μ„œ, 정상적 μΈμ§€μ˜ λ²”μœ„μ— μžˆλŠ”
10:51
into the boundaries of normal cognition,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 톡찰을 얻을 수 있게 λ˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
10:54
but more importantly, we can put people with
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더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ΄ μžˆκ±°λ‚˜
10:57
classically defined mental illnesses, or brain damage,
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λ‡Œμ†μƒμ„ μž…μ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œλ„
11:00
into these social interactions, and use these as probes of that.
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이런 방법을 μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 쑰사해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:03
So we've started this effort. We've made a few hits,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ‹€ν—˜μ„ μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
11:06
a few, I think, embryonic discoveries.
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λͺ‡ 가지 μ΄ˆκΈ°λ‹¨κ³„μ˜ λŒ€λ‹¨ν•œ λ°œκ²¬μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:08
We think there's a future to this. But it's our way
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μ•žμœΌλ‘  더 큰 λ°œμ „μ΄ 있겠죠.
11:11
of going in and redefining, with a new lexicon,
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μ΄λŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μˆ˜ν•™μ  μ–Έμ–΄λ‘œ μž¬μ •μ˜λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:14
a mathematical one actually, as opposed to the standard
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •μ‹ μ§ˆν™˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 가진
11:18
ways that we think about mental illness,
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일반적인 생각과 λ°˜λŒ€λ˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
11:20
characterizing these diseases, by using the people
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ— μžˆμ–΄μ„œ
11:22
as birds in the exchanges. That is, we exploit the fact
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μΉ΄λ‚˜λ¦¬μ•„ 같이 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬, μ§ˆν™˜μ„ νŠΉμ§•μ§“λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:25
that the healthy partner, playing somebody with major depression,
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ 우울증이 μžˆκ±°λ‚˜
11:29
or playing somebody with autism spectrum disorder,
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μ§ˆν™˜μ΄ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ΄λ‚˜ 자폐증이 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒ,
11:32
or playing somebody with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,
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λ˜λŠ” 주의λ ₯ 결핍 μž₯μ• κ°€ μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© ν•˜λŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό μ‚΄νŽ΄μ„œ
11:36
we use that as a kind of biosensor, and then we use
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λ°”μ΄μ˜€μ„Όμ„œμ²˜λŸΌ μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
11:39
computer programs to model that person, and it gives us
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κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λŠ” 컴퓨터 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄ κ·Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ„ λͺ¨λΈν™”ν•˜λ©΄
11:42
a kind of assay of this.
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척도λ₯Ό μ–»λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
Early days, and we're just beginning, we're setting up sites
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아직은 초기 λ‹¨κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 세계 곳곳에 연ꡬ μž₯μ†Œλ₯Ό κ΅¬μΆ•ν•˜κ³  있죠.
11:47
around the world. Here are a few of our collaborating sites.
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λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 것듀은 저희와 ν•¨κ»˜ μž‘μ—…ν•˜λŠ” κ³³λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:50
The hub, ironically enough,
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ν—ˆλΈŒλŠ” μ•„μ΄λŸ¬λ‹ˆν•˜κ²Œλ„
11:52
is centered in little Roanoke, Virginia.
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λ²„μ§€λ‹ˆμ•„μ˜ λ‘œμ–΄λ…Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:55
There's another hub in London, now, and the rest
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λŸ°λ˜μ— ν—ˆλΈŒκ°€ ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 있고, λ‹€λ₯Έ 곳듀도 μ€€λΉ„ μ€‘μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:58
are getting set up. We hope to give the data away
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μ–΄λŠ 단계가 되면 데이터λ₯Ό 보낼 수 있기λ₯Ό 바라고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
at some stage. That's a complicated issue
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‚˜λΌμ—μ„œλ„ 이런 기술이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 것은
12:05
about making it available to the rest of the world.
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μ’€ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λ¬Έμ œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
But we're also studying just a small part
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 인간을 ν₯미둜운 쑴재둜 λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
12:10
of what makes us interesting as human beings, and so
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μž‘μ€ 뢀뢄에 λŒ€ν•΄ 연ꡬ쀑이고,
12:12
I would invite other people who are interested in this
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이런 일듀에 관심이 μžˆλŠ” λΆ„λ“€μ΄λ‚˜
12:14
to ask us for the software, or even for guidance
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μ•žμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜μ•„κ°€μ•Ό ν•  λ°©ν–₯성에 λŒ€ν•΄ 쑰언을 μ£Όμ‹€ 뢄듀을
12:17
on how to move forward with that.
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μ΄ˆλŒ€ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
Let me leave you with one thought in closing.
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마무리 ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ ν•œ 가지 말씀을 더 λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
The interesting thing about studying cognition
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인지 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν₯미둜운 점은
12:23
has been that we've been limited, in a way.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–€ μ μ—μ„œ ν•œκ³„κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
We just haven't had the tools to look at interacting brains
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이제 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ‡Œλ“€μ„ λ™μ‹œλ‹€λ°œμ μœΌλ‘œ
12:30
simultaneously.
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κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 도ꡬ가 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:31
The fact is, though, that even when we're alone,
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ 사싀은, 혼자 μžˆμ„ λ•Œλ„
12:34
we're a profoundly social creature. We're not a solitary mind
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒλ‹Ήν•œ μ‚¬νšŒμ  μ‘΄μž¬λΌλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:38
built out of properties that kept it alive in the world
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ 세상을 μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ”
12:42
independent of other people. In fact, our minds
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κ³ λ…ν•œ μ‘΄μž¬κ°€ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€. 사싀, 우리의 정신은
12:46
depend on other people. They depend on other people,
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νƒ€μΈλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜κ³  있으며,
12:49
and they're expressed in other people,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 타인듀 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ ν‘œν˜„λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:51
so the notion of who you are, you often don't know
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λˆ„κ΅¬μΈκ°€μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°œλ…μ€
12:54
who you are until you see yourself in interaction with people
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜κΈ° μ „κΉŒμ§€λŠ” μ•Œμˆ˜ μ—†λŠ”κ±°μ£ .
12:57
that are close to you, people that are enemies of you,
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우리의 친ꡬ ν˜Ήμ€ 적
12:59
people that are agnostic to you.
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λ˜λŠ” μ „ν˜€ μƒκ΄€μ—†λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κ³Ό λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
So this is the first sort of step into using that insight
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이것이 λ°”λ‘œ, 톡찰λ ₯을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬
13:06
into what makes us human beings, turning it into a tool,
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무엇이 우리λ₯Ό μΈκ°„λ‹΅κ²Œ λ§Œλ“œλŠ”κ°€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ ,
13:09
and trying to gain new insights into mental illness.
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μ •μ‹ μ§ˆν™˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 이해을 μ–»κ³ μžν•˜λŠ” 첫 걸음 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:11
Thanks for having me. (Applause)
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λ“€μ–΄μ£Όμ…”μ„œ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. (λ°•μˆ˜)
13:14
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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