Read Montague: What we're learning from 5,000 brains

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

Other people. Everyone is interested in other people.

Drugi ljudi. Svi su zainteresirani za druge ljude.

Everyone has relationships with other people,

Svi imaju odnose s drugim ljudima

and they're interested in these relationships

i zainteresirani su za te odnose

for a variety of reasons.

iz brojnih razloga.

Good relationships, bad relationships,

Dobri odnosi, loši odnosi,

annoying relationships, agnostic relationships,

dosadni odnosi, agnostični odnosi,

and what I'm going to do is focus on the central piece

a ono na što ću se ja fokusirati je središnji komad

of an interaction that goes on in a relationship.

interakcije koji se odvija u odnosu.

So I'm going to take as inspiration the fact that we're all

Kao inspiraciju ću uzeti činjenicu da smo svi

interested in interacting with other people,

zainteresirani za interakciju s drugim ljudima.

I'm going to completely strip it of all its complicating features,

Potpuno ću ogoliti sva komplicirana svojstva

and I'm going to turn that object, that simplified object,

i formirati taj predmet, taj pojednostavljen predmet

into a scientific probe, and provide the early stages,

u znanstveno istraživanje i omogućiti rane faze,

embryonic stages of new insights into what happens

embrionalne faze novih spoznaja o tome što se događa

in two brains while they simultaneously interact.

u dva mozga za vrijeme njihove simultane interakcije.

But before I do that, let me tell you a couple of things

No prije no što to učinim, dopustite mi da vam ispričam nekoliko stvari

that made this possible.

koje su ovo učinile mogućim.

The first is we can now eavesdrop safely

Prva je da sada možemo sa sigurnošću osluškivati

on healthy brain activity.

aktivnost zdravog mozga.

Without needles and radioactivity,

Bez igala i radioaktivnosti,

without any kind of clinical reason, we can go down the street

bez ikakvog kliničkog razloga

and record from your friends' and neighbors' brains

možemo ići niz ulicu i snimiti mozgove vaših prijatelja

while they do a variety of cognitive tasks, and we use

i susjeda dok obavljaju niz kognitivnih zadataka i koristimo

a method called functional magnetic resonance imaging.

metodu pod nazivom funkcionalna magnetska rezonanca.

You've probably all read about it or heard about in some

Svi ste vjerojatno čitali o tome ili čuli u nekom

incarnation. Let me give you a two-sentence version of it.

obliku. Dat ću vam verziju toga u dvije rečenice.

So we've all heard of MRIs. MRIs use magnetic fields

Dakle, svi smo čuli za MR. MR koristi magnetska polja

and radio waves and they take snapshots of your brain

i radio valove kojima se uzimaju snimci vašeg mozga,

or your knee or your stomach,

koljena ili želuca,

grayscale images that are frozen in time.

sive slike koje su zamrznute u vremenu.

In the 1990s, it was discovered you could use

U devedesetima je otkriveno da možete koristiti

the same machines in a different mode,

iste aparate na drugačiji način

and in that mode, you could make microscopic blood flow

i na taj način možete napraviti filmove mikroskopskog protoka krvi

movies from hundreds of thousands of sites independently in the brain.

iz stotinu i tisuću samostalnih dijelova u mozgu.

Okay, so what? In fact, the so what is, in the brain,

U redu, pa što onda? Zapravo, stvar je u tome da se u mozgu

changes in neural activity, the things that make your brain work,

mijenja neurološka aktivnost, stvari koje tjeraju vaš mozak na rad,

the things that make your software work in your brain,

stvari koje tjeraju vaš software na rad u vašem mozgu

are tightly correlated with changes in blood flow.

usko su povezane s promjenama u krvotoku.

You make a blood flow movie, you have an independent

Snimite film o protoku krvi i imate nezavisnog

proxy of brain activity.

zastupnika aktivnosti mozga.

This has literally revolutionized cognitive science.

Ovo je doslovno revolucionaliziralo kognitivnu znanost.

Take any cognitive domain you want, memory,

Uzmite bilo koje kognitivno područje koje želite, pamćenje,

motor planning, thinking about your mother-in-law,

motoričko planiranje, razmišljanje o vašoj punici,

getting angry at people, emotional response, it goes on and on,

ljutnja na ljude, emocionalni odgovor, to jednostavno traje

put people into functional MRI devices, and

i stavite ljude u uređaje za funkcionalni MR i

image how these kinds of variables map onto brain activity.

vidjet ćete kako se ove vrste varijabli mapiraju u moždanu aktivnost.

It's in its early stages, and it's crude by some measures,

To je u svojim ranim stadijima i veoma je primitivno u nekim mjerama,

but in fact, 20 years ago, we were at nothing.

ali zapravo prije 20 godina nismo bili nigdje.

You couldn't do people like this. You couldn't do healthy people.

Niste mogli ovako obraditi ljude. Niste mogli obraditi zdrave ljude.

That's caused a literal revolution, and it's opened us up

To je uzrokovalo doslovnu revoluciju i otvorilo nas

to a new experimental preparation. Neurobiologists,

novim eksperimentalnim pripravcima. Neurobiolozi,

as you well know, have lots of experimental preps,

kao što dobro znate, imaju mnogo eksperimentalnih pripravaka,

worms and rodents and fruit flies and things like this.

crva, glodavaca, vinskih mušica i stvari poput toga.

And now, we have a new experimental prep: human beings.

A sada mi imamo nove eksperimentalne pripravke: ljudska bića.

We can now use human beings to study and model

Sada možemo upotrijebiti ljudska bića kako bismo proučili i modelirali

the software in human beings, and we have a few

software u ljudskim bićima i imamo nekoliko

burgeoning biological measures.

rastućih bioloških mjera.

Okay, let me give you one example of the kinds of experiments that people do,

U redu, dopustite mi da vam dam jedan primjer načina eksperimenata koji ljudi rade

and it's in the area of what you'd call valuation.

i on je u području koje biste nazvali procjenom.

Valuation is just what you think it is, you know?

Procjena je upravo ono što mislite da je, znate?

If you went and you were valuing two companies against

Ako ste procjenjivali dvije tvrtke jednu naspram druge,

one another, you'd want to know which was more valuable.

voljeli biste znati koja je cjenjenija.

Cultures discovered the key feature of valuation thousands of years ago.

Kulture su otkrile ključno svojstvo procjene prije mnogo tisuća godina.

If you want to compare oranges to windshields, what do you do?

Ukoliko želite usporediti naranče s vjetrobranima, što ćete učiniti?

Well, you can't compare oranges to windshields.

Pa, ne možete usporediti naranče s vjetrobranima.

They're immiscible. They don't mix with one another.

Neusporedivi su. Ne miješaju se jedni s drugima.

So instead, you convert them to a common currency scale,

Umjesto toga, pretvorite ih u zajedničku novčanu ljestvicu,

put them on that scale, and value them accordingly.

stavite ih na tu ljestvicu i procjenjujete ih na odgovarajući način.

Well, your brain has to do something just like that as well,

Vaš mozak mora učiniti nešto poput toga

and we're now beginning to understand and identify

i sada počinjemo razumijevati i identificirati

brain systems involved in valuation,

sustave u mozgu uključene u procjenu,

and one of them includes a neurotransmitter system

a jedan od njih uključuje sustav neurotransmitera

whose cells are located in your brainstem

čije su stanice smještene u vašem moždanom deblu

and deliver the chemical dopamine to the rest of your brain.

i dostavljaju kemikaliju dopamin u ostatak vašeg mozga.

I won't go through the details of it, but that's an important

Neću ići u detalje što se toga tiče, no to je važno

discovery, and we know a good bit about that now,

otkriće i sada dosta znamo o tome,

and it's just a small piece of it, but it's important because

no to je samo mali dio, ali je važan zato

those are the neurons that you would lose if you had Parkinson's disease,

što su to neuroni koje biste izgubili da imate Parkinsonovu bolest

and they're also the neurons that are hijacked by literally

i to su također neuroni koji su doslovce ukradeni

every drug of abuse, and that makes sense.

prilikom svake zlouporabe droge i to ima smisla.

Drugs of abuse would come in, and they would change

Oni mijenjaju način

the way you value the world. They change the way

na koji vrednujete simbole

you value the symbols associated with your drug of choice,

udružene s drogom koju ste izabrali

and they make you value that over everything else.

i oni vas više od ičega tjeraju da to vrednujete.

Here's the key feature though. These neurons are also

Međutim, ovdje je ključno svojstvo. Ovi neuroni su također

involved in the way you can assign value to literally abstract ideas,

uključeni u način na koji možete raspodijeliti procjenu na doslovno apstraktne ideje

and I put some symbols up here that we assign value to

i staviti neke simbole ovdje gore gdje raspodjeljujemo procjenu

for various reasons.

iz raznih razloga.

We have a behavioral superpower in our brain,

Imamo bihevioralnu supermoć u svom mozgu

and it at least in part involves dopamine.

i ona barem dijelom uključuje dopamin.

We can deny every instinct we have for survival for an idea,

Možemo demantirati svaki instinkt koji imamo za preživljavanjem za idejom,

for a mere idea. No other species can do that.

za pukom idejom. Nijedna vrsta to ne može učiniti.

In 1997, the cult Heaven's Gate committed mass suicide

1997. kult Heaven's Gate (Rajska vrata) počinio je masovno samoubojstvo

predicated on the idea that there was a spaceship

izričeno idejom da postoji svemirski brod

hiding in the tail of the then-visible comet Hale-Bopp

koji se skriva na repu tada vidljivog kometa Hale-Bopp

waiting to take them to the next level. It was an incredibly tragic event.

koji tamo čeka ne bi li ih odveo na sljedeću razinu. To je bio nevjerojatno tragičan događaj.

More than two thirds of them had college degrees.

Više od dvije trećine tih ljudi bilo je visoko obrazovano.

But the point here is they were able to deny their instincts for survival

No poanta je u tome da su bili u mogućnosti negirati svoje instinkte za preživljavanjem

using exactly the same systems that were put there

koristeći upravo jednake sustave koji su tamo postavljeni

to make them survive. That's a lot of control, okay?

da im omoguće preživljavanje. To je mnogo kontrole, u redu?

One thing that I've left out of this narrative

Jedna stvar koju sam izostavio za vrijeme ovog pričanja

is the obvious thing, which is the focus of the rest of my

je očigledna stvar koja je centar ostatka

little talk, and that is other people.

mog malog govora, a to su drugi ljudi.

These same valuation systems are redeployed

Isti su procjenjivački sustavi pregrupirani

when we're valuing interactions with other people.

kad procjenjujemo interakcije s drugim ljudima.

So this same dopamine system that gets addicted to drugs,

Isti ovaj sustav dopamina koji nas čini ovisnima o drogama,

that makes you freeze when you get Parkinson's disease,

koji vas zamrzne kad obolite od Parkinsonove bolesti,

that contributes to various forms of psychosis,

koji pridonosi brojnim oblicima psihoza

is also redeployed to value interactions with other people

također je pregrupiran u vrijednost interakcija s drugim ljudima

and to assign value to gestures that you do

na dodijeljenu vrijednost pokreta koju činite

when you're interacting with somebody else.

kad komunicirate s nekim drugim.

Let me give you an example of this.

Da vam dam primjer ovoga.

You bring to the table such enormous processing power

Vi donosite nezamislivo korisnu ogromnu obrađenu moć

in this domain that you hardly even notice it.

u ovo područje da to teško uopće zamjećujete.

Let me just give you a few examples. So here's a baby.

Dat ću vam nekoliko primjera. Ovo je dijete.

She's three months old. She still poops in her diapers and she can't do calculus.

Ima tri mjeseca. Još uvijek kaka u svoje pelene i ne može računati.

She's related to me. Somebody will be very glad that she's up here on the screen.

Povezana je sa mnom. Netko će biti veoma sretan što je ona ovdje na ekranu.

You can cover up one of her eyes, and you can still read

Možete pokriti jedno njeno oko i još uvijek iščitati

something in the other eye, and I see sort of curiosity

nešto u drugom oku, a ja vidim neku vrstu znatiželje

in one eye, I see maybe a little bit of surprise in the other.

u jednom oku, možda vidim malo iznenađenja u drugom.

Here's a couple. They're sharing a moment together,

Ovdje je jedan par. Dijele zajednički trenutak

and we've even done an experiment where you can cut out

i čak smo napravili eksperiment gdje možete izvaditi

different pieces of this frame and you can still see

različite komadiće ovog okvira i još uvijek možete vidjeti

that they're sharing it. They're sharing it sort of in parallel.

da ga dijele. Dijele ga u nekoj vrsti paralele.

Now, the elements of the scene also communicate this

Elementi scene također komuniciraju s nama,

to us, but you can read it straight off their faces,

ali možete ih pročitati direktno s njihovih lica

and if you compare their faces to normal faces, it would be a very subtle cue.

i ako usporedite njihova lica s normalnim licima to bi bio veoma suptilan trag.

Here's another couple. He's projecting out at us,

Evo još jednog para. On se izbacuje prema nama,

and she's clearly projecting, you know,

a ona očito izbacuje, znate,

love and admiration at him.

ljubav i divljenje prema njemu.

Here's another couple. (Laughter)

Evo još jednog para. (Smijeh)

And I'm thinking I'm not seeing love and admiration on the left. (Laughter)

Mislim kako ne vidim ljubav i divljenje s lijeve strane. (Smijeh)

In fact, I know this is his sister, and you can just see

Zapravo, znam da mu je ovo sestra i možete vidjeti

him saying, "Okay, we're doing this for the camera,

kako on govori, “U redu, radimo ovo zbog slikanja,

and then afterwards you steal my candy and you punch me in the face." (Laughter)

a nakon toga ćeš mi ukrasti slatkiš i udariti me u lice.” (Smijeh)

He'll kill me for showing that.

Ubit će me zato što vam ovo pokazujem.

All right, so what does this mean?

U redu, što ovo znači?

It means we bring an enormous amount of processing power to the problem.

Znači da problemu dajemo ogromnu količinu obrađene moći.

It engages deep systems in our brain, in dopaminergic

To uključuje duboke sustave u našem mozgu, u našim dopaminskim

systems that are there to make you chase sex, food and salt.

sustavima koji su ovdje kako bi vas natjerali da želite seks, hranu i sol.

They keep you alive. It gives them the pie, it gives

Oni vas drže živima. Daju vam pitu, daju vam

that kind of a behavioral punch which we've called a superpower.

tu vrstu bihevioralnog udarca koji smo mi nazvali supermoći.

So how can we take that and arrange a kind of staged

Dakle, kako to možemo uzeti i dogovoriti neku vrstu predstavljene

social interaction and turn that into a scientific probe?

socijalne interakcije i pretvoriti to u znanstvenu sondu?

And the short answer is games.

Kratak odgovor su igrice.

Economic games. So what we do is we go into two areas.

Ekonomske igrice. Ono što radimo jest da idemo u dva područja.

One area is called experimental economics. The other area is called behavioral economics.

Jedno područje se naziva eksperimentalna ekonomija. Drugo područje se zove bihevioralna ekonomija.

And we steal their games. And we contrive them to our own purposes.

Mi krademo njihove igrice. Mi smo ih izmislili za vlastite namjene.

So this shows you one particular game called an ultimatum game.

Ovo vam pokazuje jednu određenu igricu pod nazivom igra ultimatuma.

Red person is given a hundred dollars and can offer

Crvenoj osobi ponuđeno je sto dolara i ona to može podijeliti

a split to blue. Let's say red wants to keep 70,

s plavom osobom na dva dijela. Recimo da crvena želi zadržati 70,

and offers blue 30. So he offers a 70-30 split with blue.

a plavoj nudi 30. Dakle, ona nudi dijeljenje na 70-30 s plavom.

Control passes to blue, and blue says, "I accept it,"

Kontrola prelazi na plavu i plava kaže, “Prihvaćam.”

in which case he'd get the money, or blue says,

u čijem slučaju bi onda dobila novac ili plava kaže “Odbijam.”

"I reject it," in which case no one gets anything. Okay?

u čijem slučaju nitko ne dobiva ništa. U redu?

So a rational choice economist would say, well,

Racionalan izbor, rekli bi ekonomisti,

you should take all non-zero offers.

bi bio da biste trebali prihvatiti bilo kakve ponude koje ne uključuju nulu.

What do people do? People are indifferent at an 80-20 split.

Što ljudi rade? Ljudi su nezainteresirani za dijeljenja na 80-20.

At 80-20, it's a coin flip whether you accept that or not.

Na 80-20 imate bacanje novčića bez obzira prihvatili vi to ili ne.

Why is that? You know, because you're pissed off.

Zašto je tome tako? Znate, zato što ste bijesni. Ljuti ste.

You're mad. That's an unfair offer, and you know what an unfair offer is.

To nije poštena ponuda, a vi znate što je nepoštena ponuda.

This is the kind of game done by my lab and many around the world.

To je vrsta igre koju je napravio moj laboratorij i mnogi širom svijeta.

That just gives you an example of the kind of thing that

To vam samo daje primjer na koji način ove igrice ispituju stvar.

these games probe. The interesting thing is, these games

Zanimljivo je da

require that you have a lot of cognitive apparatus on line.

te igrice trebaju mnogo simultanih kognitivnih aparata.

You have to be able to come to the table with a proper model of another person.

Morate biti u stanju doći do stola s određenim modelom druge osobe.

You have to be able to remember what you've done.

Morate biti u stanju zapamtiti što ste učinili.

You have to stand up in the moment to do that.

Morate se suprotstaviti kad je vrijeme za to.

Then you have to update your model based on the signals coming back,

Zatim morate dopuniti svoj model baziran na signalima koji se vraćaju

and you have to do something that is interesting,

i morate učiniti nešto što je zanimljivo,

which is you have to do a kind of depth of thought assay.

a to je da morate učiniti neku vrstu analize dubine vaših misli.

That is, you have to decide what that other person expects of you.

Zapravo, morate odrediti što ta druga osoba očekuje od vas.

You have to send signals to manage your image in their mind.

Morate poslati signale kako biste upravljali svojom slikom u njihovim umovima.

Like a job interview. You sit across the desk from somebody,

Poput razgovora za posao. Sjedite za stolom preko puta nekog,

they have some prior image of you,

oni imaju neku prvu sliku o vama,

you send signals across the desk to move their image

a vi šaljete signale preko stola kako biste pomaknuli njihovu sliku

of you from one place to a place where you want it to be.

vas s jednog mjesta na mjesto gdje želite da bude.

We're so good at this we don't really even notice it.

Toliko smo dobri u tome da čak ni ne primjećujemo da je tako.

These kinds of probes exploit it. Okay?

Ovakve vrste ispitivanja to iskorištavaju. U redu?

In doing this, what we've discovered is that humans

Radeći ovo, otkrili smo da su ljudi

are literal canaries in social exchanges.

doslovce kanarinci u socijalnim izmjenama.

Canaries used to be used as kind of biosensors in mines.

Kanarinci su bili poznati kao vrsta biosenzora u rudnicima.

When methane built up, or carbon dioxide built up,

Kada bi se metan nakupio ili ugljik dioksid

or oxygen was diminished, the birds would swoon

ili je ponestalo kisika, ptice bi se onesvijestile prije ljudi

before people would -- so it acted as an early warning system:

-- to je bio rani znak sustava:

Hey, get out of the mine. Things aren't going so well.

Hej, bježite iz rudnika. Stvari ne idu baš dobro.

People come to the table, and even these very blunt,

Ljudi dolaze do stola i čak i te veoma tupe,

staged social interactions, and they, and there's just

dogovorene socijalne interakcije, i oni, i tu su samo

numbers going back and forth between the people,

brojevi koji idu naprijed i natrag među ljudima,

and they bring enormous sensitivities to it.

a oni daju ogromnu osjetljivost tome.

So we realized we could exploit this, and in fact,

Shvatili smo da to možemo iskorištavati i zapravo,

as we've done that, and we've done this now in

kako smo to učinili, a učinili smo to sada mnogim

many thousands of people, I think on the order of

tisućama ljudi, mislim da govorimo

five or six thousand. We actually, to make this

o pet ili šest tisuća. Mi zapravo, kako bismo napravili

a biological probe, need bigger numbers than that,

ovo biološko ispitivanje trebamo veći broj od ovog,

remarkably so. But anyway,

baš neobično. Kako god,

patterns have emerged, and we've been able to take

modeli su izronili i bili smo u mogućnosti

those patterns, convert them into mathematical models,

uzeti sve modele

and use those mathematical models to gain new insights

kako bismo dobili nov uvid

into these exchanges. Okay, so what?

u ove razmjene. U redu, pa što onda?

Well, the so what is, that's a really nice behavioral measure,

Poanta je da je to veoma lijepo bihevioralno mjerenje,

the economic games bring to us notions of optimal play.

ekonomske igrice nam donose pojam optimalne igre.

We can compute that during the game.

Možemo to procijeniti tijekom igre.

And we can use that to sort of carve up the behavior.

To možemo upotrijebiti kako bismo na neki način isklesali ponašanje.

Here's the cool thing. Six or seven years ago,

Evo što je super stvar. Prije šest ili sedam godina

we developed a team. It was at the time in Houston, Texas.

stvorili smo ekipu. U to vrijeme nalazila se u Houstonu

It's now in Virginia and London. And we built software

u Teksasu. Sada je u Virginiji i Londonu. Napravili smo software

that'll link functional magnetic resonance imaging devices

koji će povezivati aparate za funkcionalnu magnetnu rezonancu

up over the Internet. I guess we've done up to six machines

širom interneta. Pretpostavljam da smo napravili nekih šest

at a time, but let's just focus on two.

uređaja u to vrijeme, ali usredotočimo se na samo dva.

So it synchronizes machines anywhere in the world.

Dakle, sinkronizira uređaje bilo gdje u svijetu.

We synchronize the machines, set them into these

Mi sinkroniziramo uređaje, postavljamo ih u te

staged social interactions, and we eavesdrop on both

predstavljene socijalne interakcije i prisluškujemo oba mozga

of the interacting brains. So for the first time,

koji vrše interakciju. Po prvi puta

we don't have to look at just averages over single individuals,

ne moramo gledati samo prosjek pojedinih individua

or have individuals playing computers, or try to make

ili imati individue koje igraju igrice na računalu ili pokušati

inferences that way. We can study individual dyads.

doći do zajedničkih zaključaka na taj način. Možemo proučavati individualne parove.

We can study the way that one person interacts with another person,

Možemo proučavati način na koji jedna osoba komunicira s drugom osobom,

turn the numbers up, and start to gain new insights

okrenuti brojeve i početi dobivati nove poglede

into the boundaries of normal cognition,

u granice normalne spoznaje,

but more importantly, we can put people with

no što je još važnije možemo uključiti ljude s

classically defined mental illnesses, or brain damage,

određenim mentalnim bolestima ili oštećenjima mozga

into these social interactions, and use these as probes of that.

u ove socijalne interakcije i upotrijebiti to kao ispitivanja navedenog.

So we've started this effort. We've made a few hits,

Stoga smo krenuli s ovim pokušajem. Dobili smo nekoliko pogodaka,

a few, I think, embryonic discoveries.

nekoliko, smatram ključnih otkrića.

We think there's a future to this. But it's our way

Smatramo kako to ima budućnost. No to je naš način

of going in and redefining, with a new lexicon,

ulaska unutar toga i redefiniranja s novim rječnikom,

a mathematical one actually, as opposed to the standard

zapravo s matematičkim rječnikom, nasuprot standardnim

ways that we think about mental illness,

načinima na koje razmišljamo o mentalnim bolestima,

characterizing these diseases, by using the people

karakterizirajući ih uz pomoć ljudi

as birds in the exchanges. That is, we exploit the fact

umjesto ptica, tj. izrabljujemo činjenicu

that the healthy partner, playing somebody with major depression,

da zdrav partner, igrajući se s nekim tko boluje od depresije

or playing somebody with autism spectrum disorder,

ili igrajući se s nekim tko je autističan

or playing somebody with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,

ili igrajući se s nekim tko ima poremećaj pažnje,

we use that as a kind of biosensor, and then we use

koristimo kao neku vrstu biosenzora, a zatim

computer programs to model that person, and it gives us

koristimo računalne programe da bismo modelirali tu osobu i to nam daje

a kind of assay of this.

neku vrstu ovakve analize.

Early days, and we're just beginning, we're setting up sites

Ranije smo samo počinjali, postavljali smo web stranice

around the world. Here are a few of our collaborating sites.

širom svijeta. Ovdje je nekoliko naših suradničkih stranica.

The hub, ironically enough,

Središte je, dovoljno ironično,

is centered in little Roanoke, Virginia.

smješteno u malom gradu Roanoke u Virginiji.

There's another hub in London, now, and the rest

Postoji još jedno središte u Londonu, trenutno,

are getting set up. We hope to give the data away

a na ostalima se još radi. Nadamo se da ćemo u nekoj fazi moći dati podatke.

at some stage. That's a complicated issue

Komplicirana je stvar

about making it available to the rest of the world.

učiniti to dostupnim ostatku svijeta,

But we're also studying just a small part

no također proučavamo samo mali dio

of what makes us interesting as human beings, and so

onoga što nas čini zanimljivima kao ljudskim bićima

I would invite other people who are interested in this

pa bih želio pozvati druge ljude koji su zainteresirani

to ask us for the software, or even for guidance

za to da pitaju za software ili čak i za navođenje

on how to move forward with that.

u svezi toga kako krenuti dalje s time.

Let me leave you with one thought in closing.

Dopustite da vas za kraj ostavim s jednom mišlju.

The interesting thing about studying cognition

Zanimljiva stvar u vezi proučavanja spoznaje

has been that we've been limited, in a way.

je to da smo na neki način ograničeni.

We just haven't had the tools to look at interacting brains

Nismo imali oružje kako bismo simultano

simultaneously.

mogli gledati mozgove koji komuniciraju.

The fact is, though, that even when we're alone,

Činjenica je da čak i kada smo sami,

we're a profoundly social creature. We're not a solitary mind

potpuno smo društvena bića. Nismo usamljen um

built out of properties that kept it alive in the world

izgrađen od svojstava koji bi ga održali živim u svijetu

independent of other people. In fact, our minds

odvojenom od ostalih ljudi. Zapravo, naši umovi

depend on other people. They depend on other people,

ovise o drugim ljudima.

and they're expressed in other people,

Ovise o drugim ljudima i izraženi su kroz druge

so the notion of who you are, you often don't know

kao i pojam toga tko ste, često ne znate tko ste

who you are until you see yourself in interaction with people

dok se ne vidite kako komunicirate s bliskim ljudima,

that are close to you, people that are enemies of you,

s ljudima koji su vam neprijatelji

people that are agnostic to you.

i s ljudima koji su vam nepoznati.

So this is the first sort of step into using that insight

Ovo je prvi korak korištenja uvida

into what makes us human beings, turning it into a tool,

u to što nas čini ljudskim bićima, pretvarajući to u oruđe

and trying to gain new insights into mental illness.

i pokušavajući stvoriti nove uvide u mentalne bolesti.

Thanks for having me. (Applause)

Hvala što ste bili ovdje. (Pljesak)

(Applause)

(Pljesak)