Ilona Szabó de Carvalho: 4 lessons I learned from taking a stand against drugs and gun violence

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Mile Živković

About 12 years ago,

Pre oko 12 godina,

I gave up my career in banking

napustila sam svoju karijeru u bankarstvu

to try to make the world a safer place.

kako bih pokušala da učinim svet bezbednijim mestom.

This involved a journey into national and global advocacy

To je podrazumevalo put u nacionalnu i globalnu advokaturu

and meeting some of the most extraordinary people in the world.

i susretanje sa nekim od najizuzetnijih ljudi na svetu.

In the process, I became a civil society diplomat.

U tom procesu, postala sam diplomata građanskog društva.

Civil society diplomats do three things:

Diplomate građanskog društva obavljaju tri stvari:

They voice the concerns of the people,

izražavaju zabrinutost ljudi,

are not pinned down by national interests,

nisu prikovani nacionalnim interesima,

and influence change through citizen networks,

i utiču na promenu kroz građanske mreže,

not only state ones.

a ne samo državne.

And if you want to change the world, we need more of them.

Ako želite da menjate svet, treba nam više njih.

But many people still ask,

Ali mnogi još uvek postavljaju pitanje:

"Can civil society really make a big difference?

"Može li građansko društvo zaista doneti velike promene?

Can citizens influence and shape national and global policy?"

Mogu li građani uticati i oblikovati nacionalnu i globalnu politiku?"

I never thought I would ask myself these questions,

Nikada nisam pomislila da ću postavljati sebi ova pitanja,

but here I am to share some lessons

ali eto mene, došla sam da podelim neke lekcije

about two powerful civil society movements that I've been involved in.

o dva moćna pokreta građanskog društva u kojima sam bila uključena.

They are in issues that I'm passionate about:

Vezani su za probleme kojima se ja vatreno bavim:

gun control and drug policy.

kontroli oružja i propisima o drogama.

And these are issues that matter here.

To su problemi koji su značajni ovde.

Latin America is ground zero for both of them.

Latinska Amerika je mesto njihovog ukrštanja.

For example, Brazil --

Na primer, Brazil -

this beautiful country hosting TEDGlobal has the world's ugliest record.

ova prelepa zemlja, domaćin TEDGlobal-a, ima najružniji svetski rekord.

We are the number one champion in homicidal violence.

Prvi smo po broju ubistava.

One in every 10 people killed around the world is a Brazilian.

Jedan od desetoro ubijenih ljudi na svetu je Brazilac.

This translates into over 56,000 people

To znači 56 000 ljudi

dying violently each year.

koji umiru nasilnom smrću svake godine.

Most of them are young, black boys dying by guns.

Većina njih su mladi, crni dečaci koji ginu zbog oružja.

Brazil is also one of the world's largest consumers of drugs,

Brazil je takođe jedan od najvećih potrošača droge na svetu,

and the War on Drugs has been especially painful here.

i rat protiv droge je ovde bio naročito težak.

Around 50 percent of the homicides in the streets in Brazil

Oko 50 procenata ubistava na ulicama Brazila

are related to the War on Drugs.

u vezi su sa ratom protiv droga.

The same is true for about 25 percent of people in jail.

Isto važi i za oko 25 posto ljudi u zatvoru.

And it's not just Brazil that is affected by the twin problems of guns and drugs.

A nije samo Brazil pogođen kombinovanim problemom oružja i droga.

Virtually every country and city across Central and South America is in trouble.

Bukvalno svaka zemlja i grad u Centralnoj i Južnoj Americi je u problemu.

Latin America has nine percent of the world's population,

Latinska Amerika obuhvata devet posto svetske populacije,

but 25 percent of its global violent deaths.

ali 25 posto globalnih nasilnih smrti.

These are not problems we can run away from.

Ovo nisu problemi od kojih možemo da pobegnemo.

I certainly could not.

Ja svakako nisam mogla.

So the first campaign I got involved with started here in 2003

Prva kampanja kojoj sam se priključila započeta je ovde 2003. godine

to change Brazil's gun law

kako bi promenila brazilske zakone o oružju

and to create a program to buy back weapons.

i stvorila program za otkup oružja.

In just a few years,

Za samo nekoliko godina,

we not only changed national legislation

ne samo da smo promenili nacionalne zakone

that made it much more difficult for civilians to buy a gun,

koji su građanima učinili mnogo težim kupovinu oružja,

but we collected and destroyed almost half a million weapons.

već smo i sakupili i uništili skoro pola miliona oružja.

This was one of the biggest buyback programs in history --

Ovo je bio jedan od najvećih programa otkupa u istoriji -

(Applause) --

(Aplauz) -

but we also suffered some setbacks.

ali smo takođe pretrpeli i nekoliko neuspeha.

We lost a referendum to ban gun sales to civilians in 2005.

Izgubili smo na referendumu 2005. godine za zabranu prodaje oružja građanima.

The second initiative was also home-grown,

Druga inicijativa je bila takođe domaća,

but is today a global movement to reform the international drug control regime.

ali danas je globalni pokret reformisati međunarodni režim kontrole droga.

I am the executive coordinator

Ja sam izvršni koordinator

of something called the Global Commission on Drug Policy.

nečega što se zove Globalna komisija za politiku prema drogama.

The commission is a high-level group

Komisija je visoko zvanična grupa

of global leaders brought together to identify more humane

globalnih vođa okupljena radi identifikovanja humanijih

and effective approaches to the issue of drugs.

i efikasnijih pristupa problemu droga.

Since we started in 2008, the taboo on drugs is broken.

Otkada smo započeli 2008. godine, tabu vezan za drogu je srušen.

Across the Americas, from the US and Mexico to Colombia and Uruguay,

Kroz celu Ameriku, od SAD-a i Meksika do Kolumbije i Urugvaja,

change is in the air.

promena se oseća u vazduhu.

But rather than tell you the whole story about these two movements,

Ali umesto da vam ispričam celu priču o ova dva pokreta,

I just want to share with you four key insights.

želim samo da podelim sa vama četiri ključna uvida.

I call them lessons to change the world.

Zovem ih lekcijama za menjanje sveta.

There are certainly many more,

Svakako ih ima mnogo više,

but these are the ones that stand out to me.

ali ovo su one koje se ističu po meni.

So the first lesson is:

Prva lekcija je:

Change and control the narrative.

promenite i kontrolišite narativ.

It may seem obvious,

Možda deluje očigledno,

but a key ingredient to civil society diplomacy

ali ključni sastojak diplomatije građanskog društva

is first changing and then controlling the narrative.

je najpre menjanje, a zatim kontrolisanje narativa.

This is something that veteran politicians understand,

Ovo je nešto što političari veterani razumeju,

but that civil society groups generally do not do very well.

ali što grupe građanskog društva uglavnom ne rade dobro.

In the case of drug policy,

U slučaju politike prema drogama,

our biggest success has been to change the discussion

naš najveći uspeh je bio preinačenje diskusije

away from prosecuting a War on Drugs

od vođenja rata protiv droga

to putting people's health and safety first.

do postavljanja ljudskog zdravlja i bezbednosti na prvo mesto.

In a cutting-edge report we just launched in New York,

U izvanrednom izveštaju koji smo upravo objavili u Njujorku,

we also showed that the groups benefiting most from this $320 billion market

takođe smo pokazali da su grupe koje najviše imaju koristi

od ovog tržišta od 320 milijardi dolara kriminalne bande i karteli.

are criminal gangs and cartels.

So in order to undermine the power and profit of these groups,

Dakle, da bismo oslabili moć i dobit ovih grupa,

we need to change the conversation.

moramo da promenimo dijalog.

We need to make illegal drugs legal.

Moramo da učinimo ilegalne droge legalnim.

But before I get you too excited,

Ali pre nego što se previše uzbudite,

I don't mean drugs should be a free-for-all.

ne mislim da droge treba da budu dostupne svima.

What I'm talking about, and what the Global Commission advocates for

Ono o čemu govorim i za šta se Globalna komisija zalaže

is creating a highly regulated market,

je stvaranje visoko regulisanih tržišta,

where different drugs would have different degrees of regulation.

gde će različite droge imati različite stepene regulacije.

As for gun control, we were successful in changing,

Što se tiče kontrole oružja, bili smo uspešni u menjanju,

but not so much in controlling, the narrative.

ali ne naročito u kontrolisanju narativa.

And this brings me to my next lesson:

Ovo me dovodi do moje sledeće lekcije:

Never underestimate your opponents.

nikada ne potcenjujte svoje protivnike.

If you want to succeed in changing the world,

Ako želite da uspete u menjanju sveta,

you need to know who you're up against.

morate da znate sa kime se nadmećete.

You need to learn their motivations and points of view.

Morate da saznate kakva je njihova motivacija i sagledavanje stvari.

In the case of gun control,

U slučaju kontrole oružja,

we really underestimated our opponents.

zaista smo potcenili naše protivnike.

After a very successful gun-collection program,

Nakon veoma uspešnog programa sakupljanja oružja,

we were elated.

bili smo ushićeni.

We had support from 80 percent of Brazilians,

Imali smo podršku 80 posto Brazilaca,

and thought that this could help us win the referendum

i mislili smo da bi nam to moglo pomoći da pobedimo na referendumu

to ban gun sales to civilians.

da zabranimo prodaju oružja civilima.

But we were dead wrong.

Ali potpuno smo pogrešili.

During a televised 20-day public debate,

Tokom 20-odnevne televizijske javne debate,

our opponent used our own arguments against us.

protivnik je upotrebio naš sopstveni argument protiv nas.

We ended up losing the popular vote.

Na kraju smo izgubili većinu glasova.

It was really terrible.

Bilo je stvarno užasno.

The National Rifle Association -- yes, the American NRA --

Nacionalna asocijacija za puške - da, američka NRA -

came to Brazil.

došla je u Brazil.

They inundated our campaign with their propaganda,

Utopili su našu kampanju svojom propagandom,

that as you know,

koja kao što znate,

links the right to own guns to ideas of freedom and democracy.

povezuje pravo na sopstveno oružje sa idejama slobode i demokratije.

They simply threw everything at us.

Prosto su sve prosuli po nama.

They used our national flag,

Iskoristili su našu nacionalnu zastavu,

our independence anthem.

našu himnu nezavisnosti.

They invoked women's rights

Pozivali su se na prava žena

and misused images of Mandela, Tiananmen Square, and even Hitler.

i zloupotrebili slike Mandele, Trga Tjenanmen, čak i Hitlera.

They won by playing with people's fears.

Pobedili su igrajući se sa ljudskim strahovima.

In fact, guns were almost completely ignored in their campaign.

U stvari, oružje je skoro potpuno ignorisano u njihovoj kampanji.

Their focus was on individual rights.

Njihov fokus je bio na pravima pojedinaca.

But I ask you,

Ali pitam vas,

which right is more important,

koje pravo je važnije,

the right to life

pravo na život

or the right to have a gun that takes life away?

ili pravo da imate oružje koje oduzima život?

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

We thought people would vote in defense of life,

Mislili smo da će ljudi glasati za odbranu života,

but in a country with a recent past of military dictatorship,

ali u zemlji sa bliskom prošlošću vojne diktature,

the anti-government message of our opponents resonated,

imale su odjeka poruke naših protivnika usmerene protiv vlade,

and we were not prepared to respond.

a mi nismo bili spremni da odgovorimo.

Lesson learned.

Lekcija naučena.

We've been more successful in the case of drug policy.

Bili smo uspešniji u slučaju politika prema drogama.

If you asked most people 10 years ago if an end to the War on Drugs was possible,

Da ste pre deset godina pitali većinu da li je moguć kraj rata protiv droga,

they would have laughed.

smejali bi se.

After all, there are huge military police prisons

Na kraju krajeva, tu su ogromni zatvori vojne policije

and financial establishments benefiting from this war.

i finansijske ustanove koje izvlače korist iz ovog rata.

But today, the international drug control regime is starting to crumble.

Ali danas, međunarodni režim kontrole droga počinje da propada.

Governments and civil societies are experimenting with new approaches.

Vlade i građanska društva eksperimentišu sa novim pristupima.

The Global Commission on Drug Policy

Globalna komisija za politiku prema drogama

really knew its opposition,

je zaista poznavala svoju opoziciju,

and rather than fighting them,

i umesto da se bori protiv nje,

our chair -- former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso --

naš predsednik - bivši predsednik Brazila Fernando Enrike Kardozo -

reached out to leaders from across the political spectrum,

prišao je liderima čitavog političkog spektruma,

from liberals to conservatives.

od liberala do konzervativaca.

This high level group agreed to honestly discuss

Ova grupa visokih zvaničnika složila se da otvoreno priča

o prednostima i nedostacima zakona o drogama.

the merits and flaws of drug policies.

It was this reasoned, informed and strategic discussion

Upravo je ova obrazložena, informativna i strateška diskusija

that revealed the sad truth about the War on Drugs.

otkrila tužnu istinu o ratu protiv droga.

The War on Drugs has simply failed across every metric.

Rat protiv droga je jednostavno bio neuspešan po svim merama.

Drugs are cheaper and more available than ever,

Droge su jeftinije i dostupnije nego ikada,

and consumption has risen globally.

a njihova potrošnja se globalno povećala.

But even worse,

Ali još gore,

it also generated massive negative unintended consequences.

takođe je proizveo i ogromne negativne nenamerne posledice.

It is true that some people have made these arguments before,

Istina je da su pojedini ljudi i ranije iznosili ove tvrdnje,

but we've made a difference

ali mi smo doneli promenu

by anticipating the arguments of our opponents

predvidevši argumente naših protivnika

and by leveraging powerful voices

i koristeći moćne glasove

that a few years ago would probably have resisted change.

koji bi se pre nekoliko godina verovatno opirali promeni.

Third lesson: Use data to drive your argument.

Treća lekcija: koristite činjenice kao argumente.

Guns and drugs are emotive issues,

Oružje i droga su emotivne teme,

and as we've painfully learned in the gun referendum campaign in Brazil,

i kao što smo na bolan način naučili

iz kampanje referenduma o oružju u Brazilu,

sometimes it's impossible to cut through the emotions

ponekad je nemoguće odbaciti emocije

and get to the facts.

i pristupiti činjenicama.

But this doesn't mean that we shouldn't try.

Ali to ne znači da ne treba da pokušamo.

Until quite recently,

Do nedavno,

we simply didn't know how many Brazilians were killed by guns.

prosto nismo znali koliko je Brazilaca ubijeno oružjem.

Amazingly, it was a local soap opera called "Mulheres Apaixonadas" --

Iznenađujuće, domaća sapunica po imenu "Muleres Apašionadas" -

or "Women in Love" --

ili "Zaljubljene žene" -

that kicked off Brazil's national gun control campaign.

je bila ta koja je otpočela brazilsku nacionalnu kampanju kontrole oružja.

In one highly viewed episode,

U jednoj visoko gledanoj epizodi,

a soap opera lead actress was killed by a stray bullet.

glavnu glumicu sapunice je ubio zalutali metak.

Brazilian grannies and housewives were outraged,

Brazilske bake i domaćice su bile besne,

and in a case of art imitating life,

i kao umetnost koja oponaša život,

this episode also included footage of a real gun control march

ova epizoda je sadržala i snimak stvarnog marša za kontrolu oružja

that we had organized right here,

koji smo organizovali ovde,

outside in Copacabana Beach.

na plaži Kopakabana.

The televised death and march had a huge impact on public opinion.

Smrt i marš prikazani na televiziji imali su veliki uticaj na javno mišljenje.

Within weeks, our national congress approved the disarmament bill

U roku od nekoliko nedelja,

naš nacionalni kongres je odobrio zakon o razoružanju

that had been languishing for years.

koji je čamio godinama.

We were then able to mobilize data

Zatim smo mogli da pripemimo dokaze

to show the successful outcomes of the change in the law

kako bismo pokazali uspešne rezultate promena u zakonu

and gun collection program.

i programa sakupljanja oružja.

Here is what I mean:

Evo na šta mislim:

We could prove that in just one year,

mogli smo da dokažemo da smo za samo godinu dana

we saved more than 5,000 lives.

spasili više od 5 000 života.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And in the case of drugs,

A u slučaju droga,

in order to undermine this fear and prejudice that surrounds the issue,

kako bismo oslabili strahove i predrasude koji okružuju ovu temu,

we managed to gather and present data that shows that today's drug policies

uspeli smo da prikupimo i prikažemo činjenice

koje pokazuju da današnji zakoni o drogama

cause much more harm than drug use per se,

stvaraju mnogo više štete nego korišćenje droga samo po sebi,

and people are starting to get it.

i ljudi počinju to da shvataju.

My fourth insight is:

Moj četvrti uvid je:

Don't be afraid to bring together odd bedfellows.

ne plašite se da spojite čudne saveznike.

What we've learned in Brazil --

Ono što sam naučila u Brazilu -

and this doesn't only apply to my country --

a to se ne odnosi samo na moju zemlju -

is the importance of bringing diverse and eclectic folks together.

jeste važnost okupljanja različitih i eklektičnih ljudi.

If you want to change the world,

Ako hoćete da promenite svet,

it helps to have a good cross-section of society on your side.

od pomoći je imati uz sebe dobar prikaz društva.

In both the case of guns and drugs,

I u slučaju oružja i droga,

we brought together a wonderful mix of people.

okupili smo sjajnu grupu ljudi.

We mobilized the elite and got huge support from the media.

Mobilisali smo elitu i dobili ogromnu podršku medija.

We gathered the victims, human rights champions, cultural icons.

Okupili smo žrtve, zaštitnike ljudskih prava, ikone kulture.

We also assembled the professional classes --

Takođe smo pozvali i klase stručnjaka -

doctors, lawyers, academia and more.

doktore, advokate, akademce i mnoge druge.

What I've learned over the last years

Naučila sam poslednjih godina

is that you need coalitions of the willing and of the unwilling to make change.

da vam je potrebna koalicija voljnih i nevoljnih za donošenje promena.

In the case of drugs,

U slučaju droga,

we needed libertarians, anti-prohibitionists, legalizers,

bili su nam potrebni libertarijanci, antiprohibicionisti, legalizatori

and liberal politicians.

i liberalni političari.

They may not agree on everything;

Možda se neće složiti oko svega,

in fact, they disagree on almost everything.

u stvari, neće se složiti gotovo ni oko čega.

But the legitimacy of the campaign is based on their diverse points of view.

Ali legitimitet kampanje se zasniva na njihovim različitim gledištima.

Over a decade ago,

Pre više od decenije,

I had a comfortable future working for an investment bank.

imala sam mirnu budućnost radeći za investicionu banku.

I was as far removed from the world of civil society diplomacy

Bila sam daleko od sveta diplomatije građanskog društva

as you can imagine.

koliko možete zamisliti.

But I took a chance.

Ali sam rizikovala.

I changed course,

Promenila sam pravac,

and on the way, I helped to create social movements

i na tom putu, pomogla sam u stvaranju društvenih pokreta

that I believe have made some parts of the world safer.

za koje smatram da su učinili neke delove sveta bezbednijim.

Each and every one of us has the power to change the world.

Svako od nas ima moć da promeni svet.

No matter what the issue, and no matter how hard the fight,

Bez obzira na to koji je problem u pitanju i koliko je teška ta borba,

civil society is central to the blueprint for change.

građansko društvo je suštinsko u projektu promene.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)