Ilona Szabó de Carvalho: 4 lessons I learned from taking a stand against drugs and gun violence

譯者: Harry Chen 審譯者: Coco Shen

About 12 years ago,

大約在12年前，

I gave up my career in banking

我從銀行離職，

to try to make the world a safer place.

想要努力讓這個世界變得更安全。

This involved a journey into national and global advocacy

我因此到國內外倡導我的理念，

and meeting some of the most extraordinary people in the world.

並與世界上一些最非凡的人碰面。

In the process, I became a civil society diplomat.

在這個過程中， 我成為了公民社會的外交官。

Civil society diplomats do three things:

公民社會的外交官要做三件事：

They voice the concerns of the people,

「他們會為人民的疑慮發聲、

are not pinned down by national interests,

不受制於國家利益、

and influence change through citizen networks,

並透過平民網絡來推動變革，

not only state ones.

而非只有透過國家的網絡。」

And if you want to change the world, we need more of them.

若想改變這個世界， 我們就需要更多這樣的人。

But many people still ask,

不過許多人仍舊會問：

"Can civil society really make a big difference?

「公民社會真的能做到 實質性的改變嗎、

Can citizens influence and shape national and global policy?"

公民真的能影響甚至決定 國家和全球性政策嗎?」

I never thought I would ask myself these questions,

我不曾想過會問自己這些問題。

but here I am to share some lessons

不過在這裡我要分享幾項教訓，

about two powerful civil society movements that I've been involved in.

來自於我參與過的 兩場重大公民社會運動，

They are in issues that I'm passionate about:

兩場運動都有我非常熱衷的議題：

gun control and drug policy.

槍枝管制以及毒品政策；

And these are issues that matter here.

這兩者就是這邊的重大問題，

Latin America is ground zero for both of them.

拉丁美洲是兩者皆俱的重災區。

For example, Brazil --

舉例來說：巴西 ─

this beautiful country hosting TEDGlobal has the world's ugliest record.

舉辦著 TEDGlobal 年會的美麗國家 有著世界上最不堪的紀錄，

We are the number one champion in homicidal violence.

我們是暴力謀殺排名的榜首：

One in every 10 people killed around the world is a Brazilian.

世界上每十個被殺害的人當中 就有一個就是巴西人，

This translates into over 56,000 people

這相當於每年有超過 56,000 人

dying violently each year.

死於暴力，

Most of them are young, black boys dying by guns.

受害者大多數是遭槍殺的 年輕黑人小子。

Brazil is also one of the world's largest consumers of drugs,

巴西也是這個世界上 毒品使用人口最多的地方，

and the War on Drugs has been especially painful here.

而「向毒品宣戰」在這裡 進行得異常艱難；

Around 50 percent of the homicides in the streets in Brazil

在巴西街頭，將近 50% 的兇殺案

are related to the War on Drugs.

是與「向毒品宣戰」有關的，

The same is true for about 25 percent of people in jail.

對監獄裡大約 25% 的人來說 也是如此。

And it's not just Brazil that is affected by the twin problems of guns and drugs.

受到槍械與毒品兩項麻煩 所困擾的不只有巴西，

Virtually every country and city across Central and South America is in trouble.

幾乎是整個中美和南美的 每一個國家和城市都深受其害。

Latin America has nine percent of the world's population,

拉丁美洲有著世界 9% 的人口，

but 25 percent of its global violent deaths.

但卻佔了全球暴力所造成之 死亡人數的 25%，

These are not problems we can run away from.

這些並不是我們可以逃避的問題，

I certainly could not.

我肯定不會逃避的！

So the first campaign I got involved with started here in 2003

所以在 2003 年我第一場參加的 政治運動就從這裡開始，

to change Brazil's gun law

我們想要改變巴西的槍械法令，

and to create a program to buy back weapons.

以及提出買回武器的計畫。

In just a few years,

只花了幾年，

we not only changed national legislation

我們不但改變了國家的法令，

that made it much more difficult for civilians to buy a gun,

讓民眾想要購買槍枝更困難了，

but we collected and destroyed almost half a million weapons.

我們還收回並銷毀掉 近 50 萬把槍枝，

This was one of the biggest buyback programs in history --

這是歷史上最大宗的槍械買回計畫。

(Applause) --

(掌聲)

but we also suffered some setbacks.

不過我們也遭受到一些挫折，

We lost a referendum to ban gun sales to civilians in 2005.

在 2005 年時，我們輸掉一場 禁止販賣槍械給民眾的公投。

The second initiative was also home-grown,

第二個提案也是我們的自家事，

but is today a global movement to reform the international drug control regime.

不過在今天卻是全球的行動 ： 改革國際毒品控管辦法。

I am the executive coordinator

我是「毒品政策全球委員會」的 執行統籌人，

of something called the Global Commission on Drug Policy.

The commission is a high-level group

該委員會是一個 全球領袖的高層級團體，

of global leaders brought together to identify more humane

攜手找出更人道和有效的辦法，

and effective approaches to the issue of drugs.

來應對與毒品相關的議題。

Since we started in 2008, the taboo on drugs is broken.

自從我們在 2008 年啟動， 對毒品的禁忌就被瓦解了，

Across the Americas, from the US and Mexico to Colombia and Uruguay,

整個美洲從美國、墨西哥 到哥倫比亞、烏拉圭，

change is in the air.

改變隨處可見。

But rather than tell you the whole story about these two movements,

但與其跟你們講這兩場運動的細節，

I just want to share with you four key insights.

不如只跟你們分享四個重要的見解，

I call them lessons to change the world.

我稱之為「從改變世界所獲得的教訓」，

There are certainly many more,

肯定還有很多其他的東西可以講，

but these are the ones that stand out to me.

不過這些讓我特別有感覺。

So the first lesson is:

第一個教訓是：

Change and control the narrative.

「改變並控制報導內容」。

It may seem obvious,

這看似再簡單不過，

but a key ingredient to civil society diplomacy

不過公民社會外交一個重要的環節，

is first changing and then controlling the narrative.

就是先改變然後控制報導內容；

This is something that veteran politicians understand,

這是老練的政治人物都懂的事情，

but that civil society groups generally do not do very well.

不過公民社會團體普遍做得不夠好。

In the case of drug policy,

就毒品政策而言，

our biggest success has been to change the discussion

我們最大的成功是改變了輿論走向，

away from prosecuting a War on Drugs

從持續向毒品宣戰，

to putting people's health and safety first.

轉變為將人民的健康和安全置於首位。

In a cutting-edge report we just launched in New York,

在一份我們剛在紐約 發表的最新報告裡，

we also showed that the groups benefiting most from this $320 billion market

我們也指出從 3200 億美金的 市場中獲利最多的人，

are criminal gangs and cartels.

是不法幫派和毒梟們。

So in order to undermine the power and profit of these groups,

所以為了來削弱 這些團體的力量和利潤，

we need to change the conversation.

我們需要改變輿論，

We need to make illegal drugs legal.

我們要讓非法的毒品成為合法。

But before I get you too excited,

不過在你太開心之前，

I don't mean drugs should be a free-for-all.

我並不是說所有人都能任意碰毒品，

What I'm talking about, and what the Global Commission advocates for

我想講的以及全球委員會所力倡的，

is creating a highly regulated market,

就是創造出高度受規範的市場，

where different drugs would have different degrees of regulation.

讓不同的毒品制訂不同程度的規範。

As for gun control, we were successful in changing,

就槍枝管制來說， 我們成功地改變報導內容，

but not so much in controlling, the narrative.

卻沒有控制報導內容，

And this brings me to my next lesson:

而這就讓我講到下一個教訓：

Never underestimate your opponents.

「永遠不要低估你的對手」。

If you want to succeed in changing the world,

如果你想要成功來改變世界，

you need to know who you're up against.

你得要瞭解你的對手，

You need to learn their motivations and points of view.

你得要瞭解他們的動機和觀點。

In the case of gun control,

就槍枝管制而言，

we really underestimated our opponents.

我們的確小看了我們的對手，

After a very successful gun-collection program,

在非常成功的槍枝收回計劃之後，

we were elated.

我們喜不勝收，

We had support from 80 percent of Brazilians,

獲得了巴西人民 80% 的支持，

and thought that this could help us win the referendum

而我們認為這可以幫我們贏得

to ban gun sales to civilians.

「禁止販賣槍枝給民眾」的公投，

But we were dead wrong.

不過我們徹頭徹尾搞錯了，

During a televised 20-day public debate,

在電視公開辯論的 20 天期間，

our opponent used our own arguments against us.

對手利用我們的論點來打擊我們，

We ended up losing the popular vote.

結果我們在投票上輸掉了，

It was really terrible.

這真是糟透了。

The National Rifle Association -- yes, the American NRA --

「全國槍枝協會」， 沒錯！就是美國的 NRA ，

came to Brazil.

來到了巴西，

They inundated our campaign with their propaganda,

並且用他們的宣傳文案 淹沒了我們的政治訴求。

that as you know,

正如你所知，

links the right to own guns to ideas of freedom and democracy.

將擁有槍枝的權力 牽連上自由與民主的理念。

They simply threw everything at us.

他們無所不用其極的來對付我們，

They used our national flag,

利用我們的國旗、獨立頌歌、

our independence anthem.

They invoked women's rights

他們借助女權、

and misused images of Mandela, Tiananmen Square, and even Hitler.

而且濫用曼達拉、天安門廣場、 甚至是希特勒的照片，

They won by playing with people's fears.

他們透過操弄人民的恐懼來獲取勝利。

In fact, guns were almost completely ignored in their campaign.

事實上槍枝在他們的選舉訴求中 幾乎是不存在的，

Their focus was on individual rights.

他們的重點是個人權力；

But I ask you,

但是我要問你們：

which right is more important,

哪一種權力比較重要？

the right to life

是活下去的權力？

or the right to have a gun that takes life away?

還是持有剝奪人命之槍枝的權力呢？

(Applause)

(掌聲)

We thought people would vote in defense of life,

我們認為大家會支持捍衛性命。

but in a country with a recent past of military dictatorship,

但是對於一個剛剛擺脫 軍事獨裁者的國家來說，

the anti-government message of our opponents resonated,

我們的對手的反政府訊息得到民眾響應，

and we were not prepared to respond.

而我們並沒有做好應對準備；

Lesson learned.

我們學到教訓了，

We've been more successful in the case of drug policy.

我們的毒品政策宣傳進步了不少。

If you asked most people 10 years ago if an end to the War on Drugs was possible,

10年前假如你問人 「向毒品宣戰」是否有可能終結，

they would have laughed.

大多數人會一笑置之，

After all, there are huge military police prisons

畢竟尚存有大量的軍事警察監獄，

and financial establishments benefiting from this war.

以及金融機構從這場戰爭中賺到錢。

But today, the international drug control regime is starting to crumble.

今天，控制毒品的國際組織逐日崩潰，

Governments and civil societies are experimenting with new approaches.

政府和公民社會 正在嘗試新的方法；

The Global Commission on Drug Policy

「毒品政策全球委員會」

really knew its opposition,

真的瞭解對手，

and rather than fighting them,

比起與它們當面搏鬥，

our chair -- former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso --

我們的主席、巴西前總統 ─ 費爾南多·恩里克·卡多佐，

reached out to leaders from across the political spectrum,

找來不同政治主張的各界領袖，

from liberals to conservatives.

從自由派到保守派都有，

This high level group agreed to honestly discuss

這個高峰團體願意以誠懇的態度來討論

既有毒品政策的優缺點。

the merits and flaws of drug policies.

It was this reasoned, informed and strategic discussion

正是這場經過縝密思考、 瞭解情況、和具有戰略性的討論，

that revealed the sad truth about the War on Drugs.

揭露出令人難過的真相：

The War on Drugs has simply failed across every metric.

「向毒品宣戰」在每一方面 都徹底失敗。

Drugs are cheaper and more available than ever,

毒品更加便宜了， 而且比從前更容易取得，

and consumption has risen globally.

毒品的全球使用量也在增加，

But even worse,

不過更糟的是

it also generated massive negative unintended consequences.

它還積聚了眾多意料之外的負面後果。

It is true that some people have made these arguments before,

誠然以前有人提出這些論點，

but we've made a difference

不過我們不一樣，

by anticipating the arguments of our opponents

我們透過預測對手的論點，

and by leveraging powerful voices

以及利用有影響力者的聲音，

that a few years ago would probably have resisted change.

那些前幾年還在拒絕改變的人。

Third lesson: Use data to drive your argument.

第三個教訓：應用資料來支持你的論點。

Guns and drugs are emotive issues,

槍枝和毒品是容易激發情緒的議題，

and as we've painfully learned in the gun referendum campaign in Brazil,

而當我們在巴西槍械公投的 宣導活動中就痛苦地領悟到，

sometimes it's impossible to cut through the emotions

要完全不帶情緒

and get to the facts.

直接提供證據，是不可能的。

But this doesn't mean that we shouldn't try.

不過這並不代表我們不該去做，

Until quite recently,

直到不久前，

we simply didn't know how many Brazilians were killed by guns.

我們還不知道究竟有多少巴西人 死於槍下；

Amazingly, it was a local soap opera called "Mulheres Apaixonadas" --

意外的是一齣地方肥皂劇 ─ "Mulheres Apaixonadas"，

or "Women in Love" --

或者叫「戀愛中的女人」，

that kicked off Brazil's national gun control campaign.

這齣戲開啟了巴西國內 對槍枝管制的政治訴求，

In one highly viewed episode,

在非常高收視的某一集中，

a soap opera lead actress was killed by a stray bullet.

肥皂劇的女主角被一顆 射偏了的子彈所殺害，

Brazilian grannies and housewives were outraged,

巴西的祖母輩和主婦們都被激怒了。

and in a case of art imitating life,

而在戲劇仿效生活的例子裡，

this episode also included footage of a real gun control march

這一集也包含了一段真實的 槍枝管制遊行短片，

that we had organized right here,

那正是我們在這邊所籌畫的，

outside in Copacabana Beach.

就在外面的科帕卡瓦納海灘，

The televised death and march had a huge impact on public opinion.

電視演出中的死亡和遊行 對公眾意見起了很大的作用，

Within weeks, our national congress approved the disarmament bill

幾週不到我們的國家議會 通過了繳械法案，

that had been languishing for years.

那已經折騰好幾年了。

We were then able to mobilize data

之後我們才能夠準備好資料，

to show the successful outcomes of the change in the law

來證明修改法令和槍枝收回計畫 的確奏效；

and gun collection program.

Here is what I mean:

我指的是─

We could prove that in just one year,

我們可以證明僅僅在一年內，

we saved more than 5,000 lives.

我們保住了超過 5,000 條性命。

(Applause)

(掌聲)

And in the case of drugs,

在毒品管制的問題上，

in order to undermine this fear and prejudice that surrounds the issue,

為了要瓦解外縛於 這些議題的恐懼和偏見，

we managed to gather and present data that shows that today's drug policies

我們順利蒐集並呈現資料 來證明當下的毒品政策

cause much more harm than drug use per se,

比使用毒品這件事造成更多的傷害，

and people are starting to get it.

而大家也漸漸開始接受了。

My fourth insight is:

我的第四個洞見：

Don't be afraid to bring together odd bedfellows.

不要怕與意見不同的夥伴合作。

What we've learned in Brazil --

我們在巴西所學到的，

and this doesn't only apply to my country --

這一點不只是適用於我的國家，

is the importance of bringing diverse and eclectic folks together.

是將多樣、兼容並蓄之輩 帶到一塊來的重要性，

If you want to change the world,

如果你想改變這個世界，

it helps to have a good cross-section of society on your side.

身邊有群跨領域的夥伴會讓你事半功倍。

In both the case of guns and drugs,

在槍枝和毒品兩個案例上，

we brought together a wonderful mix of people.

我們聚集了非常棒的人才組合，

We mobilized the elite and got huge support from the media.

我們組織了傑出人才 並從媒體得到大量的援助，

We gathered the victims, human rights champions, cultural icons.

我們聚合了受難者、人權奨得主 、精神領導者，

We also assembled the professional classes --

我們也聚集了各專業階級，

doctors, lawyers, academia and more.

有醫生、律師、學者以及其他很多人。

What I've learned over the last years

過去這些年我所學到的事，

is that you need coalitions of the willing and of the unwilling to make change.

就是你需要有同意者和反對者 組成的聯盟才能實現改變。

In the case of drugs,

在毒品控制的問題上，

we needed libertarians, anti-prohibitionists, legalizers,

我們需要自由主義者、 反禁者、立法者們，

and liberal politicians.

以及開明的政治人物。

They may not agree on everything;

他們也許不會在每件事上都一致同意，

in fact, they disagree on almost everything.

事實上他們幾乎在每件事上 都是意見不一的，

But the legitimacy of the campaign is based on their diverse points of view.

但是這場政治運動的合理性 正是立基於他們多樣化的觀點。

Over a decade ago,

十多年前，

I had a comfortable future working for an investment bank.

我在投資銀行工作， 有著衣食無憂的未來，

I was as far removed from the world of civil society diplomacy

那時候的我與公民社會的外交官 是八竿子打不著關係的，

as you can imagine.

正如你能想像到的那樣。

But I took a chance.

但是我冒了一次險，

I changed course,

我改變了人生的軌跡，

and on the way, I helped to create social movements

在這條路上我幫忙發動社會運動，

that I believe have made some parts of the world safer.

我相信自己所做的已經使得 世界上某些地區更安全了。

Each and every one of us has the power to change the world.

我們每個人都有改變世界的力量，

No matter what the issue, and no matter how hard the fight,

不論議題是什麼， 不論這場戰役有多艱難，

civil society is central to the blueprint for change.

公民社會是尋求改變的關鍵。

Thank you.

謝謝大家！

(Applause)

(掌聲)