Ilona Szabó de Carvalho: 4 lessons I learned from taking a stand against drugs and gun violence

36,943 views ・ 2015-03-06

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

00:12
About 12 years ago,
0
12817
2176
00:14
I gave up my career in banking
1
14993
2252
00:17
to try to make the world a safer place.
2
17245
3111
00:20
This involved a journey into national and global advocacy
3
20356
4209
00:24
and meeting some of the most extraordinary people in the world.
4
24565
4823
00:29
In the process, I became a civil society diplomat.
5
29388
5178
00:34
Civil society diplomats do three things:
6
34566
3506
00:38
They voice the concerns of the people,
7
38072
2531
00:40
are not pinned down by national interests,
8
40603
3088
00:43
and influence change through citizen networks,
9
43691
2837
00:46
not only state ones.
10
46528
2556
00:49
And if you want to change the world, we need more of them.
11
49084
4599
00:53
But many people still ask,
12
53683
2507
00:56
"Can civil society really make a big difference?
13
56190
4551
01:00
Can citizens influence and shape national and global policy?"
14
60741
5271
01:06
I never thought I would ask myself these questions,
15
66012
2949
01:08
but here I am to share some lessons
16
68961
3250
01:12
about two powerful civil society movements that I've been involved in.
17
72211
5016
01:17
They are in issues that I'm passionate about:
18
77227
3808
01:21
gun control and drug policy.
19
81035
4179
01:25
And these are issues that matter here.
20
85214
3645
01:28
Latin America is ground zero for both of them.
21
88859
5394
01:34
For example, Brazil --
22
94253
2043
01:36
this beautiful country hosting TEDGlobal has the world's ugliest record.
23
96296
6254
01:42
We are the number one champion in homicidal violence.
24
102550
5898
01:48
One in every 10 people killed around the world is a Brazilian.
25
108448
6116
01:54
This translates into over 56,000 people
26
114569
5109
01:59
dying violently each year.
27
119678
3483
02:03
Most of them are young, black boys dying by guns.
28
123161
5921
02:09
Brazil is also one of the world's largest consumers of drugs,
29
129082
5131
02:14
and the War on Drugs has been especially painful here.
30
134213
4853
02:19
Around 50 percent of the homicides in the streets in Brazil
31
139066
3273
02:22
are related to the War on Drugs.
32
142339
3437
02:25
The same is true for about 25 percent of people in jail.
33
145776
5688
02:31
And it's not just Brazil that is affected by the twin problems of guns and drugs.
34
151464
5132
02:36
Virtually every country and city across Central and South America is in trouble.
35
156596
7024
02:43
Latin America has nine percent of the world's population,
36
163620
4249
02:47
but 25 percent of its global violent deaths.
37
167869
5061
02:52
These are not problems we can run away from.
38
172930
3042
02:55
I certainly could not.
39
175972
2299
02:58
So the first campaign I got involved with started here in 2003
40
178271
4876
03:03
to change Brazil's gun law
41
183147
2043
03:05
and to create a program to buy back weapons.
42
185190
3088
03:08
In just a few years,
43
188278
1579
03:09
we not only changed national legislation
44
189857
2438
03:12
that made it much more difficult for civilians to buy a gun,
45
192295
3738
03:16
but we collected and destroyed almost half a million weapons.
46
196033
5650
03:21
This was one of the biggest buyback programs in history --
47
201683
4579
03:26
(Applause) --
48
206262
2659
03:28
but we also suffered some setbacks.
49
208921
3621
03:32
We lost a referendum to ban gun sales to civilians in 2005.
50
212542
5782
03:38
The second initiative was also home-grown,
51
218324
3273
03:41
but is today a global movement to reform the international drug control regime.
52
221597
5550
03:47
I am the executive coordinator
53
227147
1791
03:48
of something called the Global Commission on Drug Policy.
54
228938
4478
03:53
The commission is a high-level group
55
233416
2438
03:55
of global leaders brought together to identify more humane
56
235854
3901
03:59
and effective approaches to the issue of drugs.
57
239755
4156
04:03
Since we started in 2008, the taboo on drugs is broken.
58
243911
4568
04:08
Across the Americas, from the US and Mexico to Colombia and Uruguay,
59
248479
4952
04:13
change is in the air.
60
253431
2148
04:15
But rather than tell you the whole story about these two movements,
61
255579
3802
04:19
I just want to share with you four key insights.
62
259381
3808
04:23
I call them lessons to change the world.
63
263189
3599
04:26
There are certainly many more,
64
266788
2229
04:29
but these are the ones that stand out to me.
65
269017
3297
04:32
So the first lesson is:
66
272314
2182
04:34
Change and control the narrative.
67
274496
3274
04:37
It may seem obvious,
68
277770
1834
04:39
but a key ingredient to civil society diplomacy
69
279604
3042
04:42
is first changing and then controlling the narrative.
70
282646
4087
04:46
This is something that veteran politicians understand,
71
286733
3157
04:49
but that civil society groups generally do not do very well.
72
289890
4923
04:54
In the case of drug policy,
73
294813
2345
04:57
our biggest success has been to change the discussion
74
297158
3460
05:00
away from prosecuting a War on Drugs
75
300618
2809
05:03
to putting people's health and safety first.
76
303427
3971
05:07
In a cutting-edge report we just launched in New York,
77
307398
3436
05:10
we also showed that the groups benefiting most from this $320 billion market
78
310834
7569
05:18
are criminal gangs and cartels.
79
318403
3321
05:21
So in order to undermine the power and profit of these groups,
80
321724
3738
05:25
we need to change the conversation.
81
325462
2972
05:28
We need to make illegal drugs legal.
82
328434
6292
05:34
But before I get you too excited,
83
334726
2833
05:37
I don't mean drugs should be a free-for-all.
84
337559
3135
05:40
What I'm talking about, and what the Global Commission advocates for
85
340702
4125
05:44
is creating a highly regulated market,
86
344827
4527
05:49
where different drugs would have different degrees of regulation.
87
349354
5225
05:54
As for gun control, we were successful in changing,
88
354579
4040
05:58
but not so much in controlling, the narrative.
89
358619
2925
06:01
And this brings me to my next lesson:
90
361544
2856
06:04
Never underestimate your opponents.
91
364400
3924
06:08
If you want to succeed in changing the world,
92
368324
2229
06:10
you need to know who you're up against.
93
370553
2369
06:12
You need to learn their motivations and points of view.
94
372922
3668
06:16
In the case of gun control,
95
376590
2206
06:18
we really underestimated our opponents.
96
378796
3553
06:22
After a very successful gun-collection program,
97
382349
2925
06:25
we were elated.
98
385274
1344
06:26
We had support from 80 percent of Brazilians,
99
386618
2836
06:29
and thought that this could help us win the referendum
100
389454
2881
06:32
to ban gun sales to civilians.
101
392335
2412
06:34
But we were dead wrong.
102
394747
3181
06:37
During a televised 20-day public debate,
103
397928
3321
06:41
our opponent used our own arguments against us.
104
401249
3854
06:45
We ended up losing the popular vote.
105
405103
2229
06:47
It was really terrible.
106
407332
2345
06:49
The National Rifle Association -- yes, the American NRA --
107
409677
6159
06:55
came to Brazil.
108
415836
1759
06:57
They inundated our campaign with their propaganda,
109
417595
3100
07:00
that as you know,
110
420695
1543
07:02
links the right to own guns to ideas of freedom and democracy.
111
422238
4343
07:06
They simply threw everything at us.
112
426581
3877
07:10
They used our national flag,
113
430458
1927
07:12
our independence anthem.
114
432385
1695
07:14
They invoked women's rights
115
434080
1835
07:15
and misused images of Mandela, Tiananmen Square, and even Hitler.
116
435915
5387
07:21
They won by playing with people's fears.
117
441302
3970
07:25
In fact, guns were almost completely ignored in their campaign.
118
445272
4644
07:29
Their focus was on individual rights.
119
449916
3297
07:33
But I ask you,
120
453213
1579
07:34
which right is more important,
121
454792
2229
07:37
the right to life
122
457021
1811
07:38
or the right to have a gun that takes life away?
123
458832
3065
07:41
(Applause)
124
461897
4253
07:46
We thought people would vote in defense of life,
125
466150
3822
07:49
but in a country with a recent past of military dictatorship,
126
469972
4784
07:54
the anti-government message of our opponents resonated,
127
474756
4271
07:59
and we were not prepared to respond.
128
479027
3599
08:02
Lesson learned.
129
482626
2089
08:04
We've been more successful in the case of drug policy.
130
484715
3290
08:08
If you asked most people 10 years ago if an end to the War on Drugs was possible,
131
488005
4714
08:12
they would have laughed.
132
492719
2012
08:14
After all, there are huge military police prisons
133
494731
3498
08:18
and financial establishments benefiting from this war.
134
498229
4096
08:22
But today, the international drug control regime is starting to crumble.
135
502325
5772
08:28
Governments and civil societies are experimenting with new approaches.
136
508097
4829
08:32
The Global Commission on Drug Policy
137
512926
2322
08:35
really knew its opposition,
138
515248
2067
08:37
and rather than fighting them,
139
517315
1834
08:39
our chair -- former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso --
140
519149
4644
08:43
reached out to leaders from across the political spectrum,
141
523793
4272
08:48
from liberals to conservatives.
142
528065
2810
08:50
This high level group agreed to honestly discuss
143
530875
4876
08:55
the merits and flaws of drug policies.
144
535751
1950
08:57
It was this reasoned, informed and strategic discussion
145
537701
4760
09:02
that revealed the sad truth about the War on Drugs.
146
542461
3761
09:06
The War on Drugs has simply failed across every metric.
147
546222
6316
09:12
Drugs are cheaper and more available than ever,
148
552538
2902
09:15
and consumption has risen globally.
149
555440
2787
09:18
But even worse,
150
558227
2182
09:20
it also generated massive negative unintended consequences.
151
560409
6571
09:26
It is true that some people have made these arguments before,
152
566980
3646
09:30
but we've made a difference
153
570626
1740
09:32
by anticipating the arguments of our opponents
154
572366
3012
09:35
and by leveraging powerful voices
155
575378
2106
09:37
that a few years ago would probably have resisted change.
156
577484
4890
09:42
Third lesson: Use data to drive your argument.
157
582374
4087
09:46
Guns and drugs are emotive issues,
158
586461
2995
09:49
and as we've painfully learned in the gun referendum campaign in Brazil,
159
589456
3901
09:53
sometimes it's impossible to cut through the emotions
160
593357
3065
09:56
and get to the facts.
161
596422
2090
09:58
But this doesn't mean that we shouldn't try.
162
598512
3088
10:01
Until quite recently,
163
601600
1651
10:03
we simply didn't know how many Brazilians were killed by guns.
164
603251
4014
10:07
Amazingly, it was a local soap opera called "Mulheres Apaixonadas" --
165
607265
5515
10:12
or "Women in Love" --
166
612780
1718
10:14
that kicked off Brazil's national gun control campaign.
167
614498
3912
10:18
In one highly viewed episode,
168
618410
2462
10:20
a soap opera lead actress was killed by a stray bullet.
169
620872
4202
10:25
Brazilian grannies and housewives were outraged,
170
625074
4296
10:29
and in a case of art imitating life,
171
629370
3274
10:32
this episode also included footage of a real gun control march
172
632644
5294
10:37
that we had organized right here,
173
637938
2484
10:40
outside in Copacabana Beach.
174
640422
2833
10:43
The televised death and march had a huge impact on public opinion.
175
643255
5444
10:48
Within weeks, our national congress approved the disarmament bill
176
648699
4784
10:53
that had been languishing for years.
177
653483
3088
10:56
We were then able to mobilize data
178
656571
3015
10:59
to show the successful outcomes of the change in the law
179
659586
3300
11:02
and gun collection program.
180
662886
2121
11:05
Here is what I mean:
181
665007
1762
11:06
We could prove that in just one year,
182
666769
3524
11:10
we saved more than 5,000 lives.
183
670293
4806
11:15
(Applause)
184
675099
3763
11:18
And in the case of drugs,
185
678862
2414
11:21
in order to undermine this fear and prejudice that surrounds the issue,
186
681276
5294
11:26
we managed to gather and present data that shows that today's drug policies
187
686570
5108
11:31
cause much more harm than drug use per se,
188
691678
3871
11:35
and people are starting to get it.
189
695549
4133
11:39
My fourth insight is:
190
699682
2136
11:41
Don't be afraid to bring together odd bedfellows.
191
701818
4226
11:46
What we've learned in Brazil --
192
706044
1974
11:48
and this doesn't only apply to my country --
193
708018
2345
11:50
is the importance of bringing diverse and eclectic folks together.
194
710363
4632
11:54
If you want to change the world,
195
714995
2136
11:57
it helps to have a good cross-section of society on your side.
196
717131
4296
12:01
In both the case of guns and drugs,
197
721427
2600
12:04
we brought together a wonderful mix of people.
198
724027
3436
12:07
We mobilized the elite and got huge support from the media.
199
727463
4204
12:11
We gathered the victims, human rights champions, cultural icons.
200
731667
4457
12:16
We also assembled the professional classes --
201
736124
2577
12:18
doctors, lawyers, academia and more.
202
738701
2996
12:21
What I've learned over the last years
203
741697
2740
12:24
is that you need coalitions of the willing and of the unwilling to make change.
204
744437
5900
12:30
In the case of drugs,
205
750337
1867
12:32
we needed libertarians, anti-prohibitionists, legalizers,
206
752204
3587
12:35
and liberal politicians.
207
755791
2345
12:38
They may not agree on everything;
208
758136
2461
12:40
in fact, they disagree on almost everything.
209
760597
4249
12:44
But the legitimacy of the campaign is based on their diverse points of view.
210
764846
5769
12:51
Over a decade ago,
211
771521
2241
12:53
I had a comfortable future working for an investment bank.
212
773762
4458
12:58
I was as far removed from the world of civil society diplomacy
213
778220
4272
13:02
as you can imagine.
214
782492
2276
13:04
But I took a chance.
215
784768
2159
13:06
I changed course,
216
786927
1997
13:08
and on the way, I helped to create social movements
217
788924
3360
13:12
that I believe have made some parts of the world safer.
218
792284
4720
13:17
Each and every one of us has the power to change the world.
219
797004
5174
13:22
No matter what the issue, and no matter how hard the fight,
220
802178
4612
13:26
civil society is central to the blueprint for change.
221
806790
4714
13:31
Thank you.
222
811504
2311
13:33
(Applause)
223
813815
4017
About this website

This site will introduce you to YouTube videos that are useful for learning English. You will see English lessons taught by top-notch teachers from around the world. Double-click on the English subtitles displayed on each video page to play the video from there. The subtitles scroll in sync with the video playback. If you have any comments or requests, please contact us using this contact form.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7