Ilona Szabó de Carvalho: 4 lessons I learned from taking a stand against drugs and gun violence

Prevoditelj: Ana Komljenović Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

About 12 years ago,

Prije dvanaestak godina

I gave up my career in banking

odustala sam od svoje karijere u bankarstvu

to try to make the world a safer place.

kako bih pokušala učiniti svijet sigurnijim mjestom.

This involved a journey into national and global advocacy

Kroz taj nacionalni i globalni pokret

and meeting some of the most extraordinary people in the world.

upoznala sam izvanredne ljude.

In the process, I became a civil society diplomat.

U tom procesu, postala sam diplomatkinja za civilno društvo.

Civil society diplomats do three things:

Diplomati za civilno društvo čine tri stvari:

They voice the concerns of the people,

zalažu se za dobro društva,

are not pinned down by national interests,

ne staju samo na nacionalnim interesima

and influence change through citizen networks,

i pokreću promjene kroz umrežavanje građana,

not only state ones.

i to ne samo u državi.

And if you want to change the world, we need more of them.

Ukoliko želimo promijeniti svijet, trebamo više takvih ljudi.

But many people still ask,

Ali mnogi se i dalje pitaju

"Can civil society really make a big difference?

"Može li civilno društvo zaista učiniti veliku promjenu?

Can citizens influence and shape national and global policy?"

Mogu li građani mijenjati i oblikovati nacionalnu i globalnu politiku?"

I never thought I would ask myself these questions,

Nikad nisam mislila da ću se to pitati,

but here I am to share some lessons

ali evo me ovdje da podijelim što sam naučila

about two powerful civil society movements that I've been involved in.

o dva snažna pokreta civilnog društva u kojima sam sudjelovala.

They are in issues that I'm passionate about:

Vezani su uz probleme koji me pokreću na akciju:

gun control and drug policy.

kontrola oružja i propisi o drogama.

And these are issues that matter here.

I to su problemi koji su ovdje važni.

Latin America is ground zero for both of them.

Latinska Amerika vrvi tim problemima.

For example, Brazil --

Primjerice, Brazil --

this beautiful country hosting TEDGlobal has the world's ugliest record.

ta prekrasna zemlja, domaćin TEDGlobal-u, drži najružniji svjetski rekord.

We are the number one champion in homicidal violence.

Mi smo prvi u svijetu po nasilnim ubojstvima.

One in every 10 people killed around the world is a Brazilian.

Jedna od 10 osoba ubijena u svijetu je iz Brazila.

This translates into over 56,000 people

To znači da više od 56 000 ljudi

dying violently each year.

umire nasilnom smrću svake godine.

Most of them are young, black boys dying by guns.

Većinom su to mladi dečki, crnci, ubijeni oružjem.

Brazil is also one of the world's largest consumers of drugs,

Također, Brazil je jedan od najvećih potrošača droga na svijetu

and the War on Drugs has been especially painful here.

i Rat protiv droge je posebno bolan ovdje.

Around 50 percent of the homicides in the streets in Brazil

Oko 50% ubojstava na ulicama Brazila

are related to the War on Drugs.

povezano je s Ratom protiv droga.

The same is true for about 25 percent of people in jail.

Isto vrijedi i za oko 25% ljudi u zatvoru.

And it's not just Brazil that is affected by the twin problems of guns and drugs.

I nije samo Brazil zahvaćen zajedničkim problemom droge i oružja.

Virtually every country and city across Central and South America is in trouble.

Skoro svaka zemlja i grad u Srednjoj i Južnoj Americi je u problemima.

Latin America has nine percent of the world's population,

Latinska Amerika obuhvaća 9% svjetske populacije,

but 25 percent of its global violent deaths.

ali 25% nasilnih smrti u svijetu.

These are not problems we can run away from.

Ovo nisu problemi od kojih možemo pobjeći.

I certainly could not.

Ja sigurno nisam mogla.

So the first campaign I got involved with started here in 2003

Prva kampanja u koju sam se ja uključila započela je ovdje u 2003. godini

to change Brazil's gun law

s ciljem mijenjanja zakona o oružju u Brazilu

and to create a program to buy back weapons.

i stvaranja programa koji bi otkupio oružja.

In just a few years,

U samo nekoliko godina,

we not only changed national legislation

ne samo da smo promijenili zakon u državi,

that made it much more difficult for civilians to buy a gun,

koji je građanima znatno otežao kupovanje pištolja

but we collected and destroyed almost half a million weapons.

već smo skupili i uništili skoro pola milijuna oružja.

This was one of the biggest buyback programs in history --

To je bio jedan od najvećih programa otkupa oružja u svijetu --

(Applause) --

(Pljesak) --

but we also suffered some setbacks.

ali pritom smo naišli na neke prepreke.

We lost a referendum to ban gun sales to civilians in 2005.

Izgubili smo referendum o zabrani prodaje oružja građanima 2005. godine.

The second initiative was also home-grown,

Druga inicijativa se također odvila u našoj zemlji,

but is today a global movement to reform the international drug control regime.

ali ona je danas globalni pokret za promjenu međunarodnog režima kontrole oružja.

I am the executive coordinator

Ja sam izvršna koordinatorica

of something called the Global Commission on Drug Policy.

Svjetske komisije kaznene politike o drogama.

The commission is a high-level group

Komisija je visoka udruga

of global leaders brought together to identify more humane

svjetskih vođa koji su ujedinjeni s ciljem definiranja humanijih

and effective approaches to the issue of drugs.

i učinkovitijih pristupa problemu droge.

Since we started in 2008, the taboo on drugs is broken.

Odkad smo počeli s radom u 2008.god., drogiranje više nije tabu tema.

Across the Americas, from the US and Mexico to Colombia and Uruguay,

Kroz cijelu Ameriku, od SAD-a, preko Meksika, Kolumbije, do Urugvaja,

change is in the air.

promjene su vidljive.

But rather than tell you the whole story about these two movements,

Više nego podijeliti s vama cijelu priču o ta dva pokreta,

I just want to share with you four key insights.

željela bih vam ispričati četiri ključna zaključka.

I call them lessons to change the world.

Ja ih nazivam "lekcijama koje će promijeniti svijet".

There are certainly many more,

Dakako da postoji više njih,

but these are the ones that stand out to me.

ali ove su one koje se meni čine važnima.

So the first lesson is:

Dakle, prva lekcija je:

Change and control the narrative.

Promijeniti i kontrolirati priču.

It may seem obvious,

Možda je to očito,

but a key ingredient to civil society diplomacy

ali ključni sastojak diplomacije civilnog društva

is first changing and then controlling the narrative.

jest da se najprije promijeni, a zatim kontrolira priča.

This is something that veteran politicians understand,

To je nešto što političari veretani razumiju,

but that civil society groups generally do not do very well.

ali što grupe civilnih društava inače ne rade baš najbolje.

In the case of drug policy,

U slučaju politike o drogama,

our biggest success has been to change the discussion

naš najveći uspjeh je u tome što smo preusmjerili rasprave

away from prosecuting a War on Drugs

s vođenja Rata protiv droge

to putting people's health and safety first.

na to da su ljudsko zdravlje i sigurnost najvažniji.

In a cutting-edge report we just launched in New York,

U najnovijem izvještaju kojeg smo upravo poslali u New York,

we also showed that the groups benefiting most from this $320 billion market

pokazali smo da najviše koristi od ovog tržišta od 320 milijardi

are criminal gangs and cartels.

imaju upravo bande kriminalaca i karteli.

So in order to undermine the power and profit of these groups,

Stoga, kako bi umanjili moć i profit tih grupa,

we need to change the conversation.

moramo promijeniti razgovor.

We need to make illegal drugs legal.

Moramo ilegalne droge učiniti leganima.

But before I get you too excited,

Ali prije nego vas uznemirim,

I don't mean drugs should be a free-for-all.

mislim da tržište droga ne bi trebalo biti u kaosu.

What I'm talking about, and what the Global Commission advocates for

Ono o čemu ja govorim, i što Svjetska komisija zagovara

is creating a highly regulated market,

jest stvaranje visoko kontroliranog tržišta,

where different drugs would have different degrees of regulation.

gdje bi za različite droge postojale različite razine kontrole.

As for gun control, we were successful in changing,

Kao i za kontrolu oružja, bili smo uspješni u mijenjanju,

but not so much in controlling, the narrative.

ali ne toliko i u kontroliranju priče.

And this brings me to my next lesson:

I to me dovodi do sljedeće lekcije:

Never underestimate your opponents.

Nikad ne podcjenjujte svoje protivnike.

If you want to succeed in changing the world,

Ako želite uspjeti u mijenjaju svijeta,

you need to know who you're up against.

morate poznavati svoje neprijatelje.

You need to learn their motivations and points of view.

Morate upoznati njihove motive i stajališta.

In the case of gun control,

U slučaju kontrole oružja,

we really underestimated our opponents.

zaista smo podcijenili svoje protivnike.

After a very successful gun-collection program,

Nakon prilično uspješnog programa sakupljanja oružja,

we were elated.

bili smo ushićeni.

We had support from 80 percent of Brazilians,

Imali smo potporu 80% stanovništva Brazila,

and thought that this could help us win the referendum

i mislili da nam to može pomoći da pobjedimo u referendumu

to ban gun sales to civilians.

za zabranu prodaje oružja građanima.

But we were dead wrong.

Ali nismo mogli biti više u krivu.

During a televised 20-day public debate,

Tijekom 20-dnevne javne debate, koja se prenosila na televiziji,

our opponent used our own arguments against us.

naš protivnik je iskoristio naše argumente protiv nas.

We ended up losing the popular vote.

I tako smo izgubili većinu glasova.

It was really terrible.

Bilo je zaista grozno.

The National Rifle Association -- yes, the American NRA --

Nacionalna organizacija za oružje - da, američka NRA

came to Brazil.

došla je u Brazil.

They inundated our campaign with their propaganda,

Oni su svojom propagandom potopili našu kampanju,

that as you know,

i to, kao što znate,

links the right to own guns to ideas of freedom and democracy.

povezuje pravo na posjedovanje oružja s slobodom i demokracijom.

They simply threw everything at us.

Jednostavno su sve to upotrijebili protiv nas.

They used our national flag,

Koristili su i našu nacionalnu zastavu,

our independence anthem.

našu himnu o nezavisnosti.

They invoked women's rights

Pozivali su se na prava žena

and misused images of Mandela, Tiananmen Square, and even Hitler.

i zlouporabili slike Mandele, Tiananmenskog trga, pa čak i Hitlera.

They won by playing with people's fears.

Pobijedili su tako što su u ljudima izazvali strah.

In fact, guns were almost completely ignored in their campaign.

Zapravo, oružje su potpuno ignorirali u svojoj kampanji.

Their focus was on individual rights.

Koncentrirali su se na prava svakog čovjeka.

But I ask you,

Ali, ja vas pitam,

which right is more important,

koje je pravo važnije -

the right to life

pravo na život

or the right to have a gun that takes life away?

ili pravo na posjedovanje oružja koje oduzima život?

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

We thought people would vote in defense of life,

Mislili smo da će ljudi glasati u obranu života,

but in a country with a recent past of military dictatorship,

ali u zemlji s nedavnom prošlošću vojne diktature,

the anti-government message of our opponents resonated,

naši su protivnici bili u prednosti govoreći protiv vlade,

and we were not prepared to respond.

a mi nismo bili pripremljeni za odgovore.

Lesson learned.

Lekcija naučena.

We've been more successful in the case of drug policy.

Bili smo uspješniji u mijenjanju politike o drogama.

If you asked most people 10 years ago if an end to the War on Drugs was possible,

Da ste prije 10 godina pitali ljude je li kraj Rata protiv droga moguć,

they would have laughed.

oni bi vam se samo nasmijali,

After all, there are huge military police prisons

jer ogromni zatvori vojne policije

and financial establishments benefiting from this war.

i financijske ustanove imaju velike koristi od tog rata.

But today, the international drug control regime is starting to crumble.

Ali danas se međunarodni režim kontrole droga počinje rušiti.

Governments and civil societies are experimenting with new approaches.

Vlade i civilna društva eksperimentiraju s novim pristupima.

The Global Commission on Drug Policy

Svjetska komisija kaznene politike o drogama

really knew its opposition,

je zaista upoznala svoje protivnike

and rather than fighting them,

i umjesto da se borila s njima,

our chair -- former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso --

naš je predsjednik - bivši predsjednik Brazila Fernando Henrique Cardoso

reached out to leaders from across the political spectrum,

uspio doprijeti do vođa kroz politički spektar,

from liberals to conservatives.

od liberala do konzervativaca.

This high level group agreed to honestly discuss

Ta visoko pozicionirana grupa se dogovorila da će iskreno raspraviti o

the merits and flaws of drug policies.

dobitima i gubicima propisa o drogama.

It was this reasoned, informed and strategic discussion

I upravo je ova razumna, informirana i strategijska rasprava

that revealed the sad truth about the War on Drugs.

razotkrila tužnu istinu Rata protiv droga.

The War on Drugs has simply failed across every metric.

Rat protiv droga je jednostavno podbacio u svakom smislu.

Drugs are cheaper and more available than ever,

Droge su jeftinije i dostupnije nego ikad prije,

and consumption has risen globally.

i potrošnja je globalno narasla.

But even worse,

Ali što je još gore,

it also generated massive negative unintended consequences.

izazvao je ogromne negativne neplanirane posljedice.

It is true that some people have made these arguments before,

Istina je da su neki koristili ova argumente i prije,

but we've made a difference

ali mi smo učinili razliku

by anticipating the arguments of our opponents

jer smo očekivali koje će argumente koristiti naši protivnici

and by leveraging powerful voices

i jer smo iskoristili moćne glasove

that a few years ago would probably have resisted change.

koji bi se prije nekoliko godina vjerojatno opirali promjeni.

Third lesson: Use data to drive your argument.

Treća lekcija: Koristi informacije kako bi pokrenuo svoje argumente.

Guns and drugs are emotive issues,

Oružje i droge su emotivni problemi,

and as we've painfully learned in the gun referendum campaign in Brazil,

i kao što smo na bolan način naučili kroz referendum o oružju u Brazilu,

sometimes it's impossible to cut through the emotions

ponekad je nemoguće prodrijeti kroz emocije

and get to the facts.

i doći do činjenica.

But this doesn't mean that we shouldn't try.

Ali to ne znači da ne bi trebali ni pokušati.

Until quite recently,

Sve do nedavno,

we simply didn't know how many Brazilians were killed by guns.

mi jednostavno nismo ni znali koliko je Brazilaca ubijeno oružjem.

Amazingly, it was a local soap opera called "Mulheres Apaixonadas" --

Iznenađujuće, zapravo je lokalna sapunica pod nazivom "Mulheres Apaixonadas" -

or "Women in Love" --

ili "Zaljubljene žene"

that kicked off Brazil's national gun control campaign.

pokrenula nacionalnu kampanju kontrole oružja u Brazilu.

In one highly viewed episode,

U jednoj od najgledanijih epizoda,

a soap opera lead actress was killed by a stray bullet.

glavnu glumicu u sapunici ubio je zalutali metak.

Brazilian grannies and housewives were outraged,

Brazilske bake i kućanice su bile bijesne,

and in a case of art imitating life,

i budući da je umjetnost imitirala stvaran život,

this episode also included footage of a real gun control march

ta epizoda je uključivala snimku stvarne povorke za kontrolu oružja

that we had organized right here,

koju smo organizirali baš ovdje,

outside in Copacabana Beach.

vani na Copacabana plaži.

The televised death and march had a huge impact on public opinion.

Smrt i povorka na televiziji su imali velik utjecaj na javno mišljenje.

Within weeks, our national congress approved the disarmament bill

Kroz par tjedana, nacionalni kongres je prihvatio prijedlog zakona o razoružanju,

that had been languishing for years.

koji je bio godinama na čekanju.

We were then able to mobilize data

Nakon toga smo mogli pokazati podatke

to show the successful outcomes of the change in the law

u kojima se vide uspješni ishodi promjene u zakonu

and gun collection program.

i programa sakupljanja oružja.

Here is what I mean:

Ovo želim reći:

We could prove that in just one year,

Mogli smo dokazati da smo samo u jednoj godini

we saved more than 5,000 lives.

spasili više od 5 000 života.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

And in the case of drugs,

A što se tiče droga,

in order to undermine this fear and prejudice that surrounds the issue,

kako bih smanjili strah i predrasude koje su vezane uz taj problem,

we managed to gather and present data that shows that today's drug policies

uspjeli smo pronaći i prezentirati podatke koji pokazuju da današnji propisi o

cause much more harm than drug use per se,

drogama uzrokuju više štete nego samo korištenje droge,

and people are starting to get it.

i ljudi to počinju shvaćati.

My fourth insight is:

Moja četvrta lekcija je:

Don't be afraid to bring together odd bedfellows.

Ne bojte se povezati različite ljude.

What we've learned in Brazil --

Ono što smo naučili u Brazilu,

and this doesn't only apply to my country --

a to se može primjeniti i na ostale zemlje,

is the importance of bringing diverse and eclectic folks together.

jest važnost povezivanja različitih i nepovezanih ljudi.

If you want to change the world,

Ukoliko želite pomijeniti svijet,

it helps to have a good cross-section of society on your side.

pomoći će vam da imate različite profile ljudi na svojoj strani.

In both the case of guns and drugs,

U oba slučaja - oružja i droga,

we brought together a wonderful mix of people.

uspješno smo povezali zaista različite ljude.

We mobilized the elite and got huge support from the media.

Pokrenuli smo elitu društva i dobili veliku podršku medija.

We gathered the victims, human rights champions, cultural icons.

Okupili smo žrtve, borce za ljudska prava, kulturne ikone.

We also assembled the professional classes --

Također smo okupili i profesionalce --

doctors, lawyers, academia and more.

doktore, odvjetnike, akademike i ostale.

What I've learned over the last years

Ono što sam ja naučila u proteklih nekoliko godina

is that you need coalitions of the willing and of the unwilling to make change.

jest da vam je potrebna koalicija voljnih i nevoljnih da bi promijenili stvari.

In the case of drugs,

U slučaju droga,

we needed libertarians, anti-prohibitionists, legalizers,

trebali su nam libertarijanci, anti-prohibicionisti, legalizeri

and liberal politicians.

i liberalni političari.

They may not agree on everything;

Oni se ne moraju slagati u svemu;

in fact, they disagree on almost everything.

zapravo, oni se ne slažu skoro ni u čemu.

But the legitimacy of the campaign is based on their diverse points of view.

Ali vjerodostojnost kampanje temelji se na njihovim različitim mišljenjima.

Over a decade ago,

Prije više od deset godina

I had a comfortable future working for an investment bank.

imala sam osiguranu budućnost radeći u investicijskoj banci.

I was as far removed from the world of civil society diplomacy

Bila sam toliko odvojena od svijeta diplomacije civilnog društva

as you can imagine.

koliko možete zamisliti.

But I took a chance.

Ali ipak sam riskirala.

I changed course,

Promijenila sam smjer u životu,

and on the way, I helped to create social movements

i usput, pomogla sam da se započnu društveni pokreti

that I believe have made some parts of the world safer.

koji su učinili neke dijelove svijeta sigurnijima.

Each and every one of us has the power to change the world.

Svatko, baš svatko od nas ima moć da promijeni svijet.

No matter what the issue, and no matter how hard the fight,

Bez obzira na vrstu problema i težinu borbe,

civil society is central to the blueprint for change.

civilno društvo je ključno za planiranje promjene.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)