Ilona Szabó de Carvalho: 4 lessons I learned from taking a stand against drugs and gun violence

翻译人员: Min WANG 校对人员: Tingting Zhao

About 12 years ago,

大约是在12年前

I gave up my career in banking

我放弃了在银行的职业，

to try to make the world a safer place.

致力于世界安全事业。

This involved a journey into national and global advocacy

于是我踏上了万国游踪， 全球倡议的征程，

and meeting some of the most extraordinary people in the world.

与一些世界顶尖人物会面。

In the process, I became a civil society diplomat.

这个过程中， 我成为了一名公民社会的外交官。

Civil society diplomats do three things:

公民社会外交官有三个职能：

They voice the concerns of the people,

发出民众的声音，

are not pinned down by national interests,

不被国家利益牵制，

and influence change through citizen networks,

通过民众网络引导变革，

not only state ones.

而不局限于国家网络。

And if you want to change the world, we need more of them.

如果你想要改变世界， 那么需要做的（工作）就更多。

But many people still ask,

也许很多人还会问：

"Can civil society really make a big difference?

“公民社会真的可以起这么大的作用？

Can citizens influence and shape national and global policy?"

公民真的可以影响并改变 国家和全球政策吗？”

我曾经以为我从不会自问这些个问题，

I never thought I would ask myself these questions,

but here I am to share some lessons

而现在我想与你们分享几点经验，

about two powerful civil society movements that I've been involved in.

是我在参与两起有力的 公民社会运动中学到的。

They are in issues that I'm passionate about:

他们分别是让我激情满怀的

gun control and drug policy.

枪支管控以及毒品政策。

And these are issues that matter here.

这些正是这里存在的重大问题。

Latin America is ground zero for both of them.

拉丁美洲是这两个问题的着地点。

For example, Brazil --

比如，巴西——

this beautiful country hosting TEDGlobal has the world's ugliest record.

这个主持”TED全球“的美丽国家 却是世界上最劣迹斑斑的地方。

We are the number one champion in homicidal violence.

凶杀案数目位居榜首。

One in every 10 people killed around the world is a Brazilian.

全世界每十个被害者中 就有一个是巴西人。

This translates into over 56,000 people

也就是说：每年有超过56000人

dying violently each year.

死于暴力事件。

Most of them are young, black boys dying by guns.

其中绝大多数是被枪杀的 年轻黑人男孩。

Brazil is also one of the world's largest consumers of drugs,

巴西也是世界上最大的毒品消费国，

and the War on Drugs has been especially painful here.

毒品战争在这里尤为惨痛。

Around 50 percent of the homicides in the streets in Brazil

巴西街头大约50%的杀人事件

are related to the War on Drugs.

都与毒品战争相关。

The same is true for about 25 percent of people in jail.

25%的在押犯人也与此有关。

And it's not just Brazil that is affected by the twin problems of guns and drugs.

其实并非只有巴西 受枪支与毒品这对孪生问题的影响。

Virtually every country and city across Central and South America is in trouble.

事实上中美、南美的 每个国家和城市都在遭受这种困扰。

Latin America has nine percent of the world's population,

拉丁美洲拥有世界9%的人口，

but 25 percent of its global violent deaths.

而暴力死亡比例却高达全球的25%。

These are not problems we can run away from.

这些问题是我们无法逃避的，

I certainly could not.

我当然也不能。

So the first campaign I got involved with started here in 2003

我参加的第一次运动是在这儿发起的， 那是2003年，

to change Brazil's gun law

为了改变巴西的枪支管理法律，

以及发起一个回购枪支的运动。

and to create a program to buy back weapons.

In just a few years,

短短几年，

we not only changed national legislation

我们不仅改变了国家的法律，

that made it much more difficult for civilians to buy a gun,

大大提高了民众购买枪支的难度，

but we collected and destroyed almost half a million weapons.

而且还收集并销毁了近50万的枪支。

This was one of the biggest buyback programs in history --

这是历史上最大规模的 回购枪支运动——

(Applause) --

(掌声)

but we also suffered some setbacks.

但后来我们也经历了一些阻碍——

We lost a referendum to ban gun sales to civilians in 2005.

2005年，我们丧失了向民众 禁售枪支的投票权。

The second initiative was also home-grown,

第二次倡议也是在国内，

but is today a global movement to reform the international drug control regime.

但今天，对国际毒品管控体制的改革 已经成为一项全球运动。

I am the executive coordinator

我本人是

of something called the Global Commission on Drug Policy.

全球毒品政策委员会的行政协理。

The commission is a high-level group

这个委员会是一个高级别工作组，

of global leaders brought together to identify more humane

这里聚集了全球领导者，共同制定

and effective approaches to the issue of drugs.

更人道、更有效的毒品问题解决方案。

Since we started in 2008, the taboo on drugs is broken.

从2008年开始到现在， 毒品禁忌已经打破。

Across the Americas, from the US and Mexico to Colombia and Uruguay,

整个美洲，从美国到 墨西哥、古巴、乌拉圭，

change is in the air.

变革随处可见。

But rather than tell you the whole story about these two movements,

但在这里我不讲有关 这两次运动的整个故事，

I just want to share with you four key insights.

我只想与你们分享四个关键的见解。

I call them lessons to change the world.

我称它们是“改变世界的必修课”。

There are certainly many more,

当然还有其它别的，

but these are the ones that stand out to me.

但这几个是让我最为印象深刻的。

So the first lesson is:

第一课是：

Change and control the narrative.

改变和控制话语权。

It may seem obvious,

这也许是显而易见的，

but a key ingredient to civil society diplomacy

但公民社会外交的要素

is first changing and then controlling the narrative.

就是首先改变，并随后控制话语权。

This is something that veteran politicians understand,

政坛老手对之有着深刻的理解，

but that civil society groups generally do not do very well.

而公民社会团体通常 在这方面做的并不好。

In the case of drug policy,

在毒品政策的运动中，

our biggest success has been to change the discussion

我们最大的成功在于引导讨论，

away from prosecuting a War on Drugs

从进行毒品战争到

to putting people's health and safety first.

首先强调公民的健康和安全。

In a cutting-edge report we just launched in New York,

刚刚在纽约发行的一份前沿报告中，

we also showed that the groups benefiting most from this $320 billion market

我们也指出：在这个3200亿的市场中，

are criminal gangs and cartels.

受益最多的群体是犯罪团伙与黑帮。

So in order to undermine the power and profit of these groups,

所以说，为了逐渐削弱 这些群体的势力和利益，

we need to change the conversation.

我们需要改变对话方式，

We need to make illegal drugs legal.

需要改变毒品的非法性，使其合法化。

But before I get you too excited,

不过，大家别激动，

I don't mean drugs should be a free-for-all.

我并不是说应该让毒品市场自由化，

What I'm talking about, and what the Global Commission advocates for

而是说，就像 全球毒品政策委员会倡导的那样：

is creating a highly regulated market,

创建一个高度管制的毒品市场，

where different drugs would have different degrees of regulation.

不同毒品在这里受到不同程度的管制。

As for gun control, we were successful in changing,

就像枪支管制中那样， 我们实现了一些改变，

but not so much in controlling, the narrative.

但并没有成功控制话语权。

And this brings me to my next lesson:

这就给了我接下来的一课：

Never underestimate your opponents.

永远不要低估对手。

If you want to succeed in changing the world,

如果你想要成功改变世界，

you need to know who you're up against.

你需要知道你的对手是谁,

You need to learn their motivations and points of view.

了解他们的动机和观点。

In the case of gun control,

在枪支管制的案例中，

we really underestimated our opponents.

我们的确是低估了对手。

After a very successful gun-collection program,

成功回购枪支的运动之后，

we were elated.

我们兴高采烈。

We had support from 80 percent of Brazilians,

我们拥有80%的巴西人民支持，

and thought that this could help us win the referendum

以为这个就可以使得我们

to ban gun sales to civilians.

在向公民禁售枪支的 投票中稳操胜券。

But we were dead wrong.

但我们大错特错了。

During a televised 20-day public debate,

在为期20天的媒体公开辩论中，

our opponent used our own arguments against us.

对手用我们的观点反驳我们，

We ended up losing the popular vote.

使我们以输掉公众投票而告终。

It was really terrible.

这真的是极其惨重的失败。

The National Rifle Association -- yes, the American NRA --

全国步枪协会—— 是的，就是美国的NRA，

came to Brazil.

来到巴西。

They inundated our campaign with their propaganda,

他们的宣传几乎覆灭了我们的运动，

that as you know,

你知道，

links the right to own guns to ideas of freedom and democracy.

他们让持枪权与 自由和民主搭上了关系。

They simply threw everything at us.

他们轻而易举地把所有问题砸向我们。

They used our national flag,

他们使用我们的国旗，

our independence anthem.

我们的独立之歌。

They invoked women's rights

他们借助女权，

and misused images of Mandela, Tiananmen Square, and even Hitler.

滥用曼德拉，天安门广场， 甚至希特勒的图片。

They won by playing with people's fears.

他们借助操弄人们的 恐惧取得了胜利。

In fact, guns were almost completely ignored in their campaign.

事实上，在他们的运动中 几乎完全绕开枪支，

Their focus was on individual rights.

而是把火力集中在个人权利上。

But I ask you,

可是，我想问大家：

which right is more important,

那种权力更重要呢？

the right to life

是生命的权力？

or the right to have a gun that takes life away?

还是夺取生命的持枪权？

(Applause)

（掌声）

We thought people would vote in defense of life,

我以为人们会为保护生命而投票，

but in a country with a recent past of military dictatorship,

但在一个不久前还受到 军事独裁统治的国家，

the anti-government message of our opponents resonated,

对手反政府的言辞得到了共鸣，

and we were not prepared to respond.

而我们完全没有准备好回应。

Lesson learned.

我们收获了教训。

We've been more successful in the case of drug policy.

我们在毒品政策的运动中 更成功一些。

If you asked most people 10 years ago if an end to the War on Drugs was possible,

如果你要问十年前的人们， 要结束毒品战争是否有可能，

they would have laughed.

大多数人都会大笑的。

After all, there are huge military police prisons

毕竟，那个时候有 大量的军队、警察、监狱，

and financial establishments benefiting from this war.

以及金融机构，在这场战争中获利。

But today, the international drug control regime is starting to crumble.

而今天，全球毒品的管理体制正在崩溃，

Governments and civil societies are experimenting with new approaches.

政府与公民社会团体正在试验新的策略。

The Global Commission on Drug Policy

全球毒品政策委员会

really knew its opposition,

对对手再清楚不过了，

and rather than fighting them,

与其直接对抗，不如——

our chair -- former Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso --

像我们的前巴西总统 费尔南多·恩里克·卡多佐，

reached out to leaders from across the political spectrum,

找到政界领袖们，

from liberals to conservatives.

不论是自由派还是保守党。

This high level group agreed to honestly discuss

这个高层团体同意真诚探讨

the merits and flaws of drug policies.

毒品政策的优点和弊端。

It was this reasoned, informed and strategic discussion

正是这次严谨、据实、 具有战略性的讨论，

that revealed the sad truth about the War on Drugs.

揭露了毒品战争的悲哀现实。

The War on Drugs has simply failed across every metric.

毒品战争的确在方方面面都失败了，

Drugs are cheaper and more available than ever,

毒品比从前更廉价、更易获取，

and consumption has risen globally.

消费量也在全球性的增长。

But even worse,

还有更糟糕的，

it also generated massive negative unintended consequences.

它还带来了一系列预料之外的巨大恶果。

It is true that some people have made these arguments before,

之前的确有人提过这些论点，

but we've made a difference

但我们不一样：

by anticipating the arguments of our opponents

我们通过对对手论点的预测、

and by leveraging powerful voices

通过放大有力的声音，

that a few years ago would probably have resisted change.

来自那些数年前也许还在拒绝改变的人。

Third lesson: Use data to drive your argument.

我们学到的第三课是：让数据驱动你的论点。

Guns and drugs are emotive issues,

枪支和毒品是会激发情绪的，

and as we've painfully learned in the gun referendum campaign in Brazil,

我们在巴西针对枪支的公民投票运动中 就得到过惨重的教训。

sometimes it's impossible to cut through the emotions

有的时候，想要破开情绪切入真相，

and get to the facts.

真的不可能。

But this doesn't mean that we shouldn't try.

但这并不意味着我们就应该无所作为。

Until quite recently,

直到不久前，

we simply didn't know how many Brazilians were killed by guns.

我们才知道有多少巴西人死在枪口上。

Amazingly, it was a local soap opera called "Mulheres Apaixonadas" --

让人震惊的是，有一个当地的肥皂剧 叫做“Mulheres Apaixonadas”——

or "Women in Love" --

或者是“恋爱中的女人”——

that kicked off Brazil's national gun control campaign.

它拉开了巴西国内枪支管制运动的序幕。

In one highly viewed episode,

在收视率很高的一集中，

a soap opera lead actress was killed by a stray bullet.

这个肥皂剧的女主角被一颗子弹误杀，

Brazilian grannies and housewives were outraged,

巴西奶奶们和家庭主妇们都被激怒了。

and in a case of art imitating life,

作为艺术刻画真实生活的例子，

this episode also included footage of a real gun control march

这一集也有一些真实 枪支管制游行的镜头，

that we had organized right here,

正是我们在这儿组织的那次，

outside in Copacabana Beach.

在外面的科帕卡瓦納海滩。

The televised death and march had a huge impact on public opinion.

影视中的死亡和游行 对公众看法产生了巨大影响。

Within weeks, our national congress approved the disarmament bill

几周内，国家议会通过了

that had been languishing for years.

那个折腾了好多年的缴械法案。

We were then able to mobilize data

之后我们也能利用数据，

to show the successful outcomes of the change in the law

证实这项法令的修改和枪支回购运动

and gun collection program.

所带来的成功效果。

Here is what I mean:

我想说的是——

We could prove that in just one year,

我们能够用事实证明在短短一年内，

we saved more than 5,000 lives.

我们就挽救了超过5000的生命。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And in the case of drugs,

在毒品案例中，

in order to undermine this fear and prejudice that surrounds the issue,

为了打破围绕这一问题的 一切恐惧和偏见，

we managed to gather and present data that shows that today's drug policies

我们通过收集并呈现数据，

cause much more harm than drug use per se,

展现毒品政策如何造成 比毒品本身更严重的伤害，

and people are starting to get it.

而人们也已经开始慢慢理解。

My fourth insight is:

我学到的第四课是：

Don't be afraid to bring together odd bedfellows.

不要害怕聚集意见不同的伙伴。

What we've learned in Brazil --

我们在巴西学到的——

这个不只适用于我们的国家：

and this doesn't only apply to my country --

is the importance of bringing diverse and eclectic folks together.

就是不拘一格聚集 各界民众的重要性。

If you want to change the world,

如果你想要改变世界，

it helps to have a good cross-section of society on your side.

拥有一个围绕你的跨领域团体， 会很有帮助。

In both the case of guns and drugs,

在枪支和毒品的案例中，

we brought together a wonderful mix of people.

我们有非常棒的人才聚集。

We mobilized the elite and got huge support from the media.

我们动员社会精英， 争取到了媒体的有力支持。

We gathered the victims, human rights champions, cultural icons.

我们聚集受害者、人权决胜者 以及文化偶像。

We also assembled the professional classes --

我们还召集了各种职业群体——

doctors, lawyers, academia and more.

医生、律师、学者等等。

What I've learned over the last years

那些年我学到的就是：

is that you need coalitions of the willing and of the unwilling to make change.

你需要那些意见相左的人们组成联盟， 从而实现改变。

In the case of drugs,

在毒品案例中，

we needed libertarians, anti-prohibitionists, legalizers,

我们需要自由主义者、 反禁者、立法人员

and liberal politicians.

以及开明的政治家。

They may not agree on everything;

他们也许不会在每件事情上达成一致，

in fact, they disagree on almost everything.

事实上，他们在几乎 所有事情上都有分歧。

But the legitimacy of the campaign is based on their diverse points of view.

但这项运动的合理性正是基于 他们多样化的观点。

Over a decade ago,

十多年之前，

I had a comfortable future working for an investment bank.

我为投资银行工作、 拥有一个舒适的未来。

I was as far removed from the world of civil society diplomacy

我距离公民社会外交官是如此之远，

as you can imagine.

你们可以想象。

But I took a chance.

但是，我把握了一个机会，

I changed course,

改变了行进方向，

and on the way, I helped to create social movements

并且这一路上， 我为发起社会运动做贡献，

that I believe have made some parts of the world safer.

而我相信一些地方已经 变得更为安全了。

Each and every one of us has the power to change the world.

我们每个人都拥有改变世界的力量。

No matter what the issue, and no matter how hard the fight,

无论目标是什么， 无论这场奋斗如何艰难，

civil society is central to the blueprint for change.

公民社会是变革蓝图的重心。

Thank you.

谢谢大家。

(Applause)

(掌声)