Paul Root Wolpe: It's time to question bio-engineering

Prevodilac: Jelena Nedjic Lektor: Ana Zivanovic-Nenadovic

Today I want to talk about design,

Ja danas želim da pričam o dizajnu,

but not design as we usually think about it.

ali ne o dizajnu na način kako ga uobičajeno doživljavamo.

I want to talk about what is happening now

Želim da pričam o tome šta se danas dešava

in our scientific, biotechnological culture,

u našoj naučnoj, biotehnološkoj kulturi,

where, for really the first time in history,

kada, zaista po prvi put u istoriji,

we have the power to design bodies,

mi imamo tu moć da dizajniramo tela,

to design animal bodies,

da dizajniramo tela životinja,

to design human bodies.

da dizajniramo tela ljudi.

In the history of our planet,

U celokupnoj istoriji naše planete,

there have been three great waves of evolution.

postojala su tri velika talasa evolucije.

The first wave of evolution

Prvi talas evolucije je ono

is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.

što mi smatramo Darvinovom evolucijom.

So, as you all know,

Pa, kao što vi svi znate,

species lived in particular ecological niches

biološke vrste su živele u određenim ekološkim nišama,

and particular environments,

a određena prirodna okruženja

and the pressures of those environments

i pritisak tih okruženja je prosto

selected which changes,

selektovao koje će promene,

through random mutation in species,

koje su nastale kao rezultat slučajnih

were going to be preserved.

mutacije kod neke vrste, biti sačuvane.

Then human beings stepped out

Tada su ljudska bića istupila

of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history

iz Darvinovog toka evolucijske istorije

and created the second great wave of evolution,

i stvorila drugi veliki talas evolucije,

which was we changed the environment

gde smo promenili sredinu u kojoj

in which we evolved.

mi evoluiramo.

We altered our ecological niche

Mi smo promenili našu ekološku nišu

by creating civilization.

stvarajući civilizaciju.

And that has been the second great --

I taj tok naše evolucije,

couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --

koji traje nekoliko stotina hiljada godina, 150,000 godina,

flow of our evolution.

je bio drugi po značajnosti.

By changing our environment,

Menjajući našu životnu sredinu

we put new pressures

mi smo uspostavili nove pritiske

on our bodies to evolve.

na evoluciju naših tela.

Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,

Bez obzira da li je to bilo usled uspostavljanja poljoprivrednih zajednica,

all the way through modern medicine,

pa sve do današnje moderne medicine,

we have changed our own evolution.

mi smo promenili našu sopstvenu evoluciju.

Now we're entering a third great wave

A sada ulazimo u treći veliki talas

of evolutionary history,

u istoriji evolucije,

which has been called many things:

koji je poznat po mnogim imenima:

"intentional evolution,"

usmerena, namerena evolucija,

"evolution by design" --

evolucija po šablonu--

very different than intelligent design --

što je mnogo drugačije od inteligentnog dizajna--

whereby we are actually now

gde mi sada u principu

intentionally designing and altering

namerno dizajniramo i menjamo

the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.

fiziološke forme koje nastanjuju našu planetu.

So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that

Želim sada da vam dočaram pomoću jedne slikovite ture taj proces

and then at the end talk a little bit

i potom na kraju mog predavanja bih pričao malo

about what some of the implications are for us

o nekim od posledica ili implikacija koje taj proces ima na sve nas

and for our species, as well as our cultures,

i na našu vrstu, kao i na našu kulturu,

because of this change.

a što je uslovljeno ovim promenama.

Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.

Mi to u stvari radimo već jako dugo.

We started selectively breeding animals

Mi smo počeli da selektivno ukrštamo životinje

many, many thousands of years ago.

mnogo,mnogo hiljada godina u nazad.

And if you think of dogs for example,

Ukoliko razmislite o psima na primer,

dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.

psi su namerno kreirana stvorenja.

There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.

Ne postoji ni jedan jedini pas na ovoj planeti koji je prirodno stvorenje.

Dogs are the result

Psi su rezulat selektivnog

of selectively breeding traits that we like.

ukrštanja osobina koje se nama sviđaju.

But we had to do it the hard way in the old days

Ali to smo morali da radimo na teži način u stara vremena

by choosing offspring that looked a particular way

birajući potomstvo koje je izgledalo na tačno određen način

and then breeding them.

i ukrštajući to potomstvo.

We don't have to do it that way anymore.

Danas to više ne moramo da radimo.

This is a beefalo.

Ovo je "bizoka".

A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.

"Bizoka" je hibrid bizona i stoke.

And they are now making them,

I danas ih proizvode,

and someday, perhaps pretty soon,

i jednog dana, verovatno u skorijoj budućnosti,

you will have beefalo patties

imaćete na ponudi bizoka pljeskavice

in your local supermarket.

u vašem lokalnom supermarketu.

This is a geep,

Ovo je "kovca",

a goat-sheep hybrid.

hibrid koze i ovce.

The scientists that made this cute little creature

Naučnici koji su napravili ovo malo slatko stvorenje

ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.

su ga na kraju zaklali i pojeli.

I think they said it tasted like chicken.

Mislim da su rekli da ima ukus piletine.

This is a cama.

Ovo je "kama".

A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,

Hibrid kamile i lame,

created to try to get the hardiness of a camel

napravljena kako bi se došlo do izdržljivosti kamile

with some of the personality traits

i nekih određenih osobina

of a llama.

lame u jednoj životinji.

And they are now using these in certain cultures.

U nekim zajednicama danas i koriste ove životinje.

Then there's the liger.

A postoji i "lavgar".

This is the largest cat in the world --

Ovo je najveća mačka na svetu.

the lion-tiger hybrid.

hibrid lava i tigra.

It's bigger than a tiger.

Veći je od tigra.

And in the case of the liger,

A što se tiče lavgara,

there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.

važno je to što su neki primerci već viđeni u divljini.

But these were created by scientists

Ali njih su stvorili naučnici

using both selective breeding and genetic technology.

koristeći i selektivno ukrštanje i genetičku tehnologiju.

And then finally, everybody's favorite,

I na kraju, omiljeni primer svih ljudi,

the zorse.

"zebronj".

None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.

Ove slike nisu obrađene u fotošopu,ovo su živa stvorenja.

And so one of the things we've been doing

Tako da je to jedna od stvari koju smo radili,

is using genetic enhancement,

koristeći unapređivanje genetikom,

or genetic manipulation,

ili genetičku manipulaciju,

of normal selective breeding

normalno selektivno ukrštanje

pushed a little bit through genetics.

pomalo potpomognuto genetikom.

And if that were all this was about,

I ukoliko bi to bilo sve što smo uradili,

then it would be an interesting thing.

bio bi to možda i interesantan fenomen.

But something much, much more powerful

Ali danas se dešava i nešto što ima

is happening now.

mnogo, mnogo veći uticaj.

These are normal mammalian cells

Ovo su normalne ćelije sisara

genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene

ali im je genetičkim inženjeringom ubačen gen bioluminiscencije

taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.

koji je izolovan iz meduza.

We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.

Svi mi znamo da neka stvorenja koja žive u velikim dubinama svetle.

Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,

Pa, oni su sada izolovali taj gen, gen bioluminiscencije,

and put it into mammal cells.

i stavili ga u sisarske ćelije.

These are normal cells.

Ovo su normalne ćelije.

And what you see here

A ono što vidite ovde

is these cells glowing in the dark

su te ćelije koje svetle u mraku

under certain wavelengths of light.

pod svetlošću određene talasne dužine.

Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.

Jednom kada su uspeli da urade to sa ćelijama, mogli su to da urade i sa živim organizmima.

So they did it with mouse pups,

Tako da su to uradili sa bebama miševa,

kittens.

mačićima.

And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green

I uzgred budi rečeno, mačići su narandžasti, a ovi su zeleni

is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,

jer je ovaj gen biolomuniscencije izolovan iz korala,

while this is from jellyfish.

dok je ovaj izolovan iz meduze.

They did it with pigs.

Uradili su to sa svinjama,

They did it with puppies.

uradili su to sa kučićima,

And, in fact,

i činjenica je da su

they did it with monkeys.

uradili to i sa majmunima.

And if you can do it with monkeys --

I ukoliko možete to da uradite sa majmunima

though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate

iako postoji velika razlika u pokušaju da genetički manipulišete

is actually between monkeys and apes --

majmune i šimpanze--

if they can do it in monkeys,

ukoliko mogu to da urade sa majmunima,

they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,

verovatno mogu i da savladaju problem manipulacije šimpanzi,

which means they can do it in human beings.

što znači da oni to mogu da urade i sa ljudima.

In other words, it is theoretically possible

Drugim rečima, teoretski je moguće

that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable

da ćemo u bliskoj budućnosti biti u biotehnološkoj mogućnosti

of creating human beings

da kreiramo ljudska bića

that glow in the dark.

koja bi sijala u mraku.

Be easier to find us at night.

Bilo bi lakše da nas tako pronađu u mraku.

And in fact, right now in many states,

Činjenica je, da baš sada u mnogim državama,

you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.

vi možete da odete i kupite bioluminiscentne kućne ljubimce.

These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.

Ovo su ribe-zebre. One su prirodno crne i srebrne boje.

These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered

Ovo su ribe-zebre izmenjene genetičkim inžinjerstvom kako bi bile

to be yellow, green, red,

žute, zelene, crvene,

and they are actually available now in certain states.

i sada su dostupne u radnjama u nekim državama SAD-a.

Other states have banned them.

U nekim državama je zabranjena njihova prodaja.

Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.

Niko ne zna šta da radi sa ovim tipom stvorenja.

There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --

Ne postoji nijedna vladina administracija, ni za zaštitu prirode, ni za hranu i lekove,

that controls genetically-engineered pets.

koja kontroliše genetički modifikovane kućne ljubimce.

And so some states have decided to allow them,

Tako da su neke od država odlučile da ih odobre,

some states have decided to ban them.

a druge su odlučile da ih zabrane.

Some of you may have read

Neki od vas su možda već pročitali

about the FDA's consideration right now

nešto o trenutnom razmatranju Agencije za hranu i lekove SAD-a

of genetically-engineered salmon.

o genetički modifikovanom lososu.

The salmon on top

Losos na vrhu je

is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,

genetički modifikovan "Chinook" losos,

using a gene from these salmon

dobijen korišćenjem jednog gena iz lososa,

and from one other fish that we eat,

i gena iz druge ribe koju jedemo

to make it grow much faster

ne bi li rastao mnogo brže

using a lot less feed.

koristeći mnogo manje hrane.

And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision

I upravo u ovom trenutku Agencija za hranu i lekove donosi krajnju odluku o tome

on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --

da li ćete, u skorijoj budućnosti, biti u mogućnosti da jedete ovu ribu--

it'll be sold in the stores.

biće prodavana u prodavnicama.

And before you get too worried about it,

A, pre nego što se zabrinete oko toga,

here in the United States,

ovde u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama,

the majority of food you buy in the supermarket

većina hrane koju kupujete u supermarketima

already has genetically-modified components to it.

već sadrži genetički modifikovane sastojke.

So even as we worry about it,

Tako da čak dok mi brinemo o tome,

we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --

mi smo već dozvolili slobodni ulaz na tržište u ovoj zemlji -- u Evropi je to drugačije --

without any regulation,

bez ikakvih regulacija, pravila,

and even without any identification on the package.

pa čak i bez ikakvih oznaka na pakovanjima hrane.

These are all the first cloned animals

Ovo su prve klonirane životinje

of their type.

predstavnici svoje vrste.

So in the lower right here,

U donjem desnom uglu vidite

you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --

Doli, prvu kloniranu ovcu--

now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;

sada srećno prepariranu u muzeju u Edinburgu

Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;

Ralf-pacov, prvi klonirani pacov;

CC the cat, for cloned cat;

CC-mačka, prva klonirana mačka,

Snuppy, the first cloned dog --

Snupi, prvi klonirani pas

Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --

Snupi- kuče iz Nacionalnog Univerziteta u Seulu--

created in South Korea

koje je stvoreno u Južnoj Koreji,

by the very same man that some of you may remember

a stvorio ga je isti čovek, kojeg se možda neki od vas sećaju,

had to end up resigning in disgrace

koji je usled velike sramote dao ostavku,

because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.

jer je tvrdio da je klonirao ljudski embrion, a to nije uradio.

He actually was the first person

On je u stvari prva osoba koja je uspela

to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,

da klonira psa, a to je veoma teško učiniti,

because dog genomes are very plastic.

jer je genom psa veoma plastičan.

This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.

Ovo je Prometeja, prvi klonirani konj.

It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,

to je Halfinger konj koji je kloniran u Italiji,

a real "gold ring" of cloning,

a to je pravi zlatni pehar u kloniranju,

because there are many horses that win important races

jer su mnogi konji koji pobeđuju na značajnim trkama

who are geldings.

uštrojeni.

In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud

Drugim rečima, njihovo oruđe za razmnožavanje

has been removed.

je uklonjeno.

But if you can clone that horse,

Ali ukoliko klonirate tog konja,

you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race

imate tu prednost da imate uštrojenog konja u trci

and his identical genetic duplicate

a njegov identični genetički duplikat

can then be put out to stud.

može da se koristi za ukrštanje.

These were the first cloned calves,

Ovo su prva klonirana telad,

the first cloned grey wolves,

prvi klonirani sivi vukovi.

and then, finally,

I na kraju

the first cloned piglets:

prvi klonirani prasići:

Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.

Aleksis, Krista,Karel, Dženi i Dotcom.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

In addition, we've started to use cloning technology

Pored toga, počeli smo sa upotrebom tehnologije kloniranja

to try to save endangered species.

u cilju spašavanja ugroženih vrsta.

This is the use of animals now

Ovo ovde predstavlja upotrebu životinja

to create drugs and other things in their bodies

za proizvodnju lekova i drugih supstanci u njihovim telima

that we want to create.

koje mi želimo da kreiramo.

So with antithrombin in that goat --

Ovo je koza koja proizovdi anti-trombin--

that goat has been genetically modified

koza je genetički modifikovana na takav način

so that the molecules of its milk

da su sastavni deo njenog mleka

actually include the molecule of antithrombin

u principu i molekuli anti-trombina

that GTC Genetics wants to create.

koje kompanija "GTC Genetika" želi da proizvede.

And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,

Pored toga postoje transgene svinje, svinje bez određenih gena,

from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,

na Nacionalnom institutu za istraživanje životinja u Južnoj Koreji,

are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,

a to su svinje koje će oni u principu koristiti

to try to create all kinds of drugs

za proizvodnju različitih vrsta lekova

and other industrial types of chemicals

i drugih vrsta industrijskih hemikalija

that they want the blood and the milk

za čiju proizvodnju oni žele da krv i mleko

of these animals

ovih životinja

to produce for them,

umesto načina

instead of producing them in an industrial way.

klasične industrijske proizvodnje.

These are two creatures

Ovo su dva stvorenja

that were created

koje smo stvorili

in order to save endangered species.

ne bismo li spasili ugrožene vrste.

The guar

Guar

is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.

je ugrožena vrsta kopitara u Jugoistočnoj Aziji.

A somatic cell, a body cell,

Somatska ćelija, ćelija iz tela,

was taken from its body,

je izolovana iz njegovog tela,

gestated in the ovum of a cow,

a period gestacije je odvijen u jajnoj ćeliji krave,

and then that cow gave birth to a guar.

a potom je krava donela ne svet malog guara.

Same thing happened with the mouflon,

Ista stvar se desila i sa muflonom,

where it's an endangered species of sheep.

to je ugrožena vrsta ovce.

It was gestated in a regular sheep body,

Proces gestacije se odvijao u telu druge vrste ovce,

which actually raises an interesting biological problem.

a to dovodi do interesantnog problema u biologiji.

We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.

Mi imamo dva tipa DNK u našem telu.

We have our nucleic DNA

Imamo nukleinsku DNK

that everybody thinks of as our DNA,

na koju svi pomislimo kada pomenemo DNK,

but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,

ali isto tako imamo i DNK koja se nalazi u mitohondrijama,

which are the energy packets of the cell.

a to su energetske mašine naših ćelija.

That DNA is passed down through our mothers.

Ta DNK se prenosi na potomstvo preko majke.

So really, what you end up having here

Tako da ono što vidimo ovde

is not a guar and not a mouflon,

nije ni guar i nije muflon,

but a guar

već guar

with cow mitochondria,

koji nosi mithondrije krave,

and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,

i usled toga ima mitohondrijalnu DNK krave,

and a mouflon with another species of sheep's

i muflon sa mitohondrijalnom DNK

mitochondrial DNA.

druge vrste ovce.

These are really hybrids, not pure animals.

Tako da su ovo pravi hibridi, a ne čistokrvne životinje.

And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species

Tako da se postavlja pitanje kako ćemo definisati životinjske vrste

in the age of biotechnology --

u eri biotehnologije--

a question that we're not really sure yet

a to je problem koji zaista ne znamo

how to solve.

kako da rešimo.

This lovely creature

Ovo preslatko stvorenje

is an Asian cockroach.

je azijska buba-švaba.

And what they've done here

Ono što su naučnici ovde uradili

is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain

oni su stavili elekrode u ganglije i mozak životinje

and then a transmitter on top,

a potom postavili odašiljač na vrh svega toga,

and it's on a big computer tracking ball.

a to je postavljeno na velikoj elektronskoj lopti koja to prati.

And now, using a joystick,

I sada, koristeći upravljač,

they can send this creature

mogu da kontrolišu kretanje ovog stvorenja

around the lab

po čitavoj laboratoriji

and control whether it goes left or right,

i tako kontrolišu da li ide levo ili desno,

forwards or backwards.

napred ili nazad.

They've created a kind of insect bot,

Stvorili su neku vrstu insekt-robota,

or bugbot.

ili bube robota.

It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.

Ali postaje još gore od toga--ili možda još bolje.

This actually is one of DARPA's very important --

Ovo je jedan od DARPA-inih veoma značajnih--

DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --

DARPA je Agencija za istraživanje odbrane--

one of their projects.

njihovih projekata.

These goliath beetles

Ove bube golijati

are wired in their wings.

imaju uspostavljene provodnike u svojim krilima.

They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,

Takođe imaju računarske čipove privezane na leđima,

and they can fly these creatures around the lab.

i oni mogu da upravljaju letenjem ovih stvorenja po laboratoriji.

They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.

Mogu da kontrolišu njihovo kretanje u levo, u desno. Mogu da kontrolišu njihovo poletanje.

They can't actually make them land.

Ali ne mogu da reše problem sletanja.

They put them about one inch above the ground,

Oni ih postave na 2.5 cm iznad nivoa zemlje,

and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.

i onda isključe sistem i insekti samo padnu.

But it's the closest they can get to a landing.

To je najbliže sletanju što su smislili do sada.

And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed

Činjenica je da je ovaj tip tehnologije toliko napredovao

that this creature --

da ovo stvorenje--

this is a moth --

ovo je moljac.

this is the moth in its pupa stage,

Ovo je moljac u stadijumu lutke,

and that's when they put the wires in

i oni tada postavljaju provodnike u njegov organizam

and they put in the computer technology,

i postavljaju računarsku tehnologiju.

so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,

Tako da kada se moljac razvije u moljca

it is already prewired.

on je već pod komandom.

The wires are already in its body,

Provodnici su već u njegovom telu,

and they can just hook it up to their technology,

tako da oni samo treba da povežu svoju tehnologiju,

and now they've got these bugbots

i jednostavno dobiju buba-robote

that they can send out for surveillance.

koje mogu da pošalju u osmatranje.

They can put little cameras on them

Mogu da postave male kamere na njih

and perhaps someday deliver

i možda će jednog dana isporučivati

other kinds of ordinance

druge tipove borbenih tehnika

to warzones.

u zonama rata.

It's not just insects.

Ali ne radi se to samo na insektima.

This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat

Ovo je pacobot, ili pacov-robot, kojeg je kreirao

by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.

Sandživ Talvar sa "SUNY Downstate" Univerziteta.

Again, it's got technology --

Ponovo, govorimo o tehnologiji postavljenja

it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;

elektroda u levu i desnu hemisferu mozga

it's got a camera on top of its head.

i pacov ima kameru na vrhu svoje glave.

The scientists can make this creature

Naučnici mogu kontrolisati ovo biće

go left, right.

da ide levo, desno.

They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.

Mogu da upravljaju njime da kreće kroz lavirint, kontorlišući gde se kreće.

They've now created an organic robot.

Oni sada prave organski robot.

The graduate students

Student postdiplomac

in Sanjiv Talwar's lab

u laboratoriji Sandživa Talvara

said, "Is this ethical?

se zapitao, "Da li je to etički?

We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."

Oduzeli smo autonomiju ovoj životinji."

I'll get back to that in a minute.

Vratiću se ovom problemu uskoro.

There's also been work done with monkeys.

Takođe dosta eksperimenata je urađeno i na majmunima.

This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.

Ovo je Migel Nikolelis sa Djuk Univerziteta.

He took owl monkeys,

On radi sa majmun-sovama,

wired them up

i on uspostavi provodnike u njih

so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,

tako da računar posmatra njihove mozgove dok se kreću,

especially looking at the movement of their right arm.

a naročito obraćajući pažnju na pokrete njihove desne ruke.

The computer learned what the monkey brain did

Računar je potom naučio šta je to što mozak

to move its arm in various ways.

majmuna radi kako bi pomerao ruku na različite načine.

They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,

A potom su prikačili veštačku ruku,

which you see here in the picture,

koju možete videti na ovoj slici,

put the arm in another room.

i stavili tu ruku u drugu sobu.

Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,

Ubrzo je računar naučio čitajući moždane talase mozga majmuna

to make that arm in the other room

da kontroliše ruku u drugoj sobi tako da ona čini

do whatever the monkey's arm did.

sve što radi i ruka majmuna.

Then he put a video monitor

A onda je postavio monitor

in the monkey's cage

u kavez majmuna

that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,

koji je majmunu pokazivao ovu veštačku ruku,

and the monkey got fascinated.

a to je fasciniralo majmuna.

The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,

Majmunica je shvatila da šta god ona uradila sa svojom rukom,

this prosthetic arm would do.

veštačka ruka učini isto.

And eventually she was moving it and moving it,

Tako da je majmunica pokretala i pokretala ruku,

and eventually stopped moving her right arm

a potom je prestala da pomera svoju desnu ruku

and, staring at the screen,

i samo zureći u ekran je mogla

could move the prosthetic arm in the other room

da pokrene veštačku ruku u drugoj sobi

only with her brainwaves --

koristeći samo svoje moždane talase--

which means that monkey

a to znači da je ovaj majmun

became the first primate in the history of the world

prvi primat u istoriju našeg sveta

to have three independent functional arms.

koji ima tri nezavisne funkcionalne ruke.

And it's not just technology

Ali nije to samo tehnologija koju

that we're putting into animals.

implantiramo u životinje.

This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.

Ovo je Tomas DeMars koji radi na Univerzitetu u Floridi.

He took 20,000 and then 60,000

On je uzeo 20,000 a potom 60,000

disaggregated rat neurons --

izolovanih neurona pacova--

so these are just individual neurons from rats --

tako da su ovo samo indvidualni neuroni pacova--

put them on a chip.

i postavio ih je na čip.

They self-aggregated into a network,

Neuroni su se sami po sebi organizovali u mrežu,

became an integrated chip.

postali integrisani čip.

And he used that

On je to iskoristio

as the IT piece

kao deo opreme informacione tehnologije

of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.

mehanizma koji funkcioniše kao simulator letenja.

So now we have organic computer chips

Tako da mi sada imamo organske računarske čipove

made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.

koji su napravljeni od živih neurona sa sposobnošću samo-agregacije.

Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern

I na kraju, Musa-Ivaldi sa Univerziteta Nortvestern

took a completely intact,

je izolovao potpuno neoštećeni

independent lamprey eel brain.

nezavisan mozak zmijuljice jegulje.

This is a brain from a lamprey eel.

Ovo je mozak zmijuljice jegulje.

It is living --

Mozak je živ,

fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium

potpuno neoštećeni mozak u hranljivom medijumu

with these electrodes going off to the sides,

sa ovim elektrodama postavljenim sa svih strana

attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,

i senzorima osetljivim na svetlost koji su pridodati mozgu,

put it into a cart --

postavio je sve to u kutiju--

here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --

ovo je kutija, mozak je baš ovde negde u sredini---

and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,

i koristeći mozak kao jedini procesor ove kutije,

when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,

kada uključite svetlo i usmerite ga na kutiju,

the cart moves toward the light;

kutija se kreće ka svetlosti;

when you turn it off, it moves away.

kada isključite svetlosti, pomera se od izvora.

It's photophilic.

Privlači je svetlost.

So now we have a complete

Ovo ovde je kompletno funkcionalan

living lamprey eel brain.

i živ mozak zmijuljice jegulje.

Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,

Da li razmišlja kao zmijuljica,

sitting there in its nutrient medium?

dok sedi u tom hranljivom medijumu?

I don't know,

Ne znam,

but in fact it is a fully living brain

ali to jeste potpuno funkcionalan mozak

that we have managed to keep alive

koji smo uspeli da održimo u životu

to do our bidding.

da uradi ono što želimo.

So, we are now at the stage

Tako da smo mi danas na stupnju

where we are creating creatures

gde možemo da dizajniramo druga stvorenja

for our own purposes.

za naše sopstvene potrebe.

This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti

Ovaj miš je delo Čarlsa Vakantija

of the University of Massachusetts.

koji radi na Univerzitetu Masačusets.

He altered this mouse

On je izmenio ovog miša tako što je

so that it was genetically engineered

genetički modifikovao njegovu kožu

to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,

kako bi se inhibirala imunološka reakcija na ljudsku kožu,

put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it

a onda postavio osnovu za uvo od polimera ispod kože

and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse

i napravio uvo koje se potom može izolovati sa miša

and transplanted onto a human being.

i transplantirati na čoveka.

Genetic engineering

Genetički inženjering

coupled with polymer physiotechnology

u sintezi sa fiziotehnologijom polimera

coupled with xenotransplantation.

i ksenotransplantacijom.

This is where we are in this process.

Ovde se mi nalazimo u tom procesu.

Finally, not that long ago,

Na kraju, ne tako davno,

Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,

Kreg Venter je stvorio prvu veštačku ćeliju,

where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,

on je uzeo ćeliju i spravu za sintezu DNK,

which is a machine,

a to je mašina,

created an artificial genome,

stvorio je veštački genom,

put it in a different cell --

implantirao to u drugu ćeliju--

the genome was not of the cell he put it in --

a genom nije bio genom ćelije u koju je isti stavio--

and that cell then reproduced

i ta ćelija se potom razmnožavala

as the other cell.

kao druga ćelija.

In other words,

Drugim rečima,

that was the first creature in the history of the world

to je bilo prvo stvorenje u istoriji sveta

that had a computer as its parent --

čiji je roditelj računar--

it did not have an organic parent.

a ne živi roditelj.

And so, asks The Economist:

Tako da "Ekonomist" pita:

"The first artificial organism and its consequences."

"Prvi veštački organizam i posledice toga."

So you may have thought

Možda ste mislili

that the creation of life

da će se stvaranje života desiti

was going to happen in something that looked like that.

na mestu koje izgleda nekako ovako.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.

Činjenica je da laboratorija Frankenštajna ne izgleda ovako.

This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.

Ovako izgleda laboratorija Frankenštajna.

This is a DNA synthesizer,

Ovo je mašina za proizvodnju DNK,

and here at the bottom

a ovde na dnu

are just bottles of A, T, C and G --

su flašice sa A, T, C i G--

the four chemicals

četiri hemikalije

that make up our DNA chain.

koje su dovoljne za sintezu DNK lanca.

And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.

Tako da je neophodno da postavimo sebi neka pitanja.

For the first time in the history of this planet,

Po prvi put u istoriji naše planete,

we are able to directly design organisms.

mi smo u mogućnosti da direktno kreiramo žive organizme.

We can manipulate the plasmas of life

Možemo manipuliasti esenciju života

with unprecedented power,

moćima koje do sada nisu postojale.

and it confers on us a responsibility.

A to nam nameće odgovornost.

Is everything okay?

Da li je sve to u redu?

Is it okay to manipulate and create

Da li je u redu da mi manipulišemo i dizajniramo

whatever creatures we want?

bilo koje stvorenje koje želimo?

Do we have free reign

Da li mi imamo tu slobodu

to design animals?

da kreiramo životinje?

Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us

Da li je zaista u redu da jednog dana dođemo u prodavnicu kućnih ljubimaca

and say, "Look, I want a dog.

i kažemo, "Slušaj, želim jednog psa.

I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,

Ja bih voleo da ima glavu jazavičara,

the body of a retriever,

telo retrivera,

maybe some pink fur,

možda roze boju dlake,

and let's make it glow in the dark"?

i želim da svetli u mraku."

Does industry get to create creatures

Da li je industriji dozvoljeno da stvara životinje

who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva

koje će u mleku, krvi, pljuvačci

and other bodily fluids,

i drugim telesnim tečnostima

create the drugs and industrial molecules we want

proizvoditi lekove i druge industrijske supstance koje želimo

and then warehouse them

i da ih potom skladište

as organic manufacturing machines?

kao mašine za organsku proizvodnju?

Do we get to create organic robots,

Da li nam je zaista dozvoljeno da proizvodimo organske robote

where we remove the autonomy from these animals

pri čemu oduzimamo autonomnost ovim životinjama

and turn them just into our playthings?

i pretvaramo ih u naše igračke?

And then the final step of this,

A završni korak u svemu ovome je taj,

once we perfect these technologies in animals

da kada jednom dovedemo do savršenosti te tehnologije na životinjama

and we start using them in human beings,

i počnemo da ih koristimo i na ljudskim bićima

what are the ethical guidelines

koji su to etički principi

that we will use then?

kojima ćemo se tada upravljati?

It's already happening. It's not science fiction.

To se već dešava, to nije naučna fantastika.

We are not only already using these things in animals,

Mi ne samo da već upotrebljavamo ove izume na životinjama,

some of them we're already beginning to use

neke od tih izuma mi već počinjemo da koristimo

on our own bodies.

i na našim telima.

We are now taking control of our own evolution.

Mi sada preuzimamo kontrolu nad našom sopstvenom evolucijom.

We are directly designing

Mi neposredno kreiramo budućnost

the future of the species of this planet.

vrsta na našoj planeti.

It confers upon us an enormous responsibility

A to nam nameće nesagledivu odgovornost

that is not just the responsibility

koja nije samo odgovornost

of the scientists and the ethicists

naučnika i etičara

who are thinking about it and writing about it now.

koji razmišljaju i pišu o tome.

It is the responsibility of everybody

Ova odgovornost leži na svima nama

because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies

obzirom da će to odrediti kakvu ćemo planetu

we will have in the future.

i kakva tela imati u budućnosti.

Thanks.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)