Paul Root Wolpe: It's time to question bio-engineering

94,805 views ใƒป 2011-03-24

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Today I want to talk about design,
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
00:17
but not design as we usually think about it.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:20
I want to talk about what is happening now
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื
00:22
in our scientific, biotechnological culture,
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ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
00:25
where, for really the first time in history,
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ืฉื‘ื”, ื‘ืืžืช ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:28
we have the power to design bodies,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœืขืฆื‘ ื’ื•ืคื™ื,
00:30
to design animal bodies,
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื,
00:32
to design human bodies.
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
00:35
In the history of our planet,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
00:39
there have been three great waves of evolution.
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ื”ื™ื• 3 ื’ืœื™ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:42
The first wave of evolution
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ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
00:44
is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
00:47
So, as you all know,
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ืื– ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
00:49
species lived in particular ecological niches
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ื—ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ืžื—ื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืฉืœื•
00:51
and particular environments,
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ื•ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืฉืœื•,
00:53
and the pressures of those environments
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ื•ื”ืœื—ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช
00:55
selected which changes,
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ื‘ืจืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื,
00:57
through random mutation in species,
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ืฉื“ืจืš ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืŸ,
00:59
were going to be preserved.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืจื•.
01:01
Then human beings stepped out
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ืจื’ื•
01:04
of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history
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ืžื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
01:07
and created the second great wave of evolution,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:11
which was we changed the environment
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ืฉื”ื•ื: ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
01:14
in which we evolved.
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื ื• ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื.
01:16
We altered our ecological niche
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ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•
01:19
by creating civilization.
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
01:21
And that has been the second great --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ --
01:23
couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-100,000, 150,000 ืฉื ื” --
01:26
flow of our evolution.
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ืฉืœ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:28
By changing our environment,
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ืข"ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
01:30
we put new pressures
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ื”ื˜ืœื ื• ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
01:32
on our bodies to evolve.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
01:34
Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช,
01:37
all the way through modern medicine,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ืœืจืคื•ืื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
01:40
we have changed our own evolution.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
01:43
Now we're entering a third great wave
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื’ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™
01:46
of evolutionary history,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”,
01:48
which has been called many things:
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ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื:
01:50
"intentional evolution,"
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"ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช",
01:52
"evolution by design" --
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"ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘"--
01:54
very different than intelligent design --
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ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ--
01:56
whereby we are actually now
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ
01:59
intentionally designing and altering
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ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ
02:03
the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.
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ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืื›ืœืกื•ืช ืืช ืขื•ืœืžื ื•.
02:06
So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืกื™ื•ืจ ืžืกื—ืจืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”
02:09
and then at the end talk a little bit
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜
02:11
about what some of the implications are for us
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ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื•
02:14
and for our species, as well as our cultures,
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ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื ื•,
02:17
because of this change.
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
02:19
Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
02:24
We started selectively breeding animals
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื˜ืคื— ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืจื ื™
02:27
many, many thousands of years ago.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื.
02:30
And if you think of dogs for example,
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ื•ืื ืชืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื,
02:32
dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.
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ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
02:36
There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
02:39
Dogs are the result
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ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”
02:41
of selectively breeding traits that we like.
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ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ืจืจื ื™ ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื•.
02:44
But we had to do it the hard way in the old days
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ืืš ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืงืฉื”
02:47
by choosing offspring that looked a particular way
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ืข"ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืจืื” ืžืกื•ื™ื
02:49
and then breeding them.
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ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื—ื.
02:51
We don't have to do it that way anymore.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš.
02:53
This is a beefalo.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชืื•ื‘ืฉืจ.
02:56
A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.
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ื”ืชืื•ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืชืื• ืฉื”ื•ื›ืœื ืขื ื‘ืงืจ.
03:00
And they are now making them,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
03:02
and someday, perhaps pretty soon,
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘,
03:04
you will have beefalo patties
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืคืฉื˜ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชืื•ื‘ืฉืจ
03:06
in your local supermarket.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื•ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื•ื ืชื™.
03:09
This is a geep,
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ื–ื• ืขื–ื›ื‘ืฉ,
03:11
a goat-sheep hybrid.
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ืขื– ืฉื”ื•ื›ืœืื” ืขื ื›ื‘ืฉื”.
03:14
The scientists that made this cute little creature
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”
03:17
ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.
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ืฉื—ื˜ื• ื•ืื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:20
I think they said it tasted like chicken.
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฃ.
03:23
This is a cama.
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ื–ืืช ื’ืืžื”.
03:25
A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,
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ื’ืืžื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืžืœ ืฉื”ื•ื›ืœื ืขื ืœืืžื”,
03:29
created to try to get the hardiness of a camel
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ืฉื ื‘ืจื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืžืœ
03:32
with some of the personality traits
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
03:34
of a llama.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืœืืžื”.
03:36
And they are now using these in certain cultures.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
03:40
Then there's the liger.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืืจื™ื ืžืจ.
03:42
This is the largest cat in the world --
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื--
03:45
the lion-tiger hybrid.
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ืืจื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ืœื ืขื ื ืžืจ.
03:47
It's bigger than a tiger.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืžืจ.
03:49
And in the case of the liger,
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื™ื ืžืจ,
03:51
there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.
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ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:54
But these were created by scientists
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื
03:57
using both selective breeding and genetic technology.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ืจืจื ื™ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
04:00
And then finally, everybody's favorite,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืœื,
04:03
the zorse.
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ื”ื–ื‘ืจื•ืก.
04:05
None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืฉื•ืค. ืืœื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
04:08
And so one of the things we've been doing
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ืื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•
04:10
is using genetic enhancement,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™,
04:13
or genetic manipulation,
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ืื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™,
04:15
of normal selective breeding
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ืขืœ ื–ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคื—ื• ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจืจื ื™,
04:18
pushed a little bit through genetics.
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื“ื—ื™ืคื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืงืœื”.
04:20
And if that were all this was about,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ื–ื”,
04:23
then it would be an interesting thing.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกืชื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:25
But something much, much more powerful
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
04:28
is happening now.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืขืช.
04:31
These are normal mammalian cells
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ืืœื• ืชืื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
04:34
genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืกื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•-ื–ืจื—ื ื™
04:37
taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.
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ืฉื ืœืงื— ืžืžื“ื•ื–ืช ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื.
04:39
We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื–ืจื—ื ื™ื™ื.
04:43
Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื–ืจื—ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
04:46
and put it into mammal cells.
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ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืื™ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
04:48
These are normal cells.
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ืืœื• ืชืื™ื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ื™ื.
04:50
And what you see here
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื
04:52
is these cells glowing in the dark
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ืฉืชืื™ื ืืœื” ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”
04:54
under certain wavelengths of light.
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ื‘ืชืื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
04:57
Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.
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ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืชืื™ื, ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
05:00
So they did it with mouse pups,
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ืื– ื”ื ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืขื ื’ื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื,
05:04
kittens.
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ื—ืชืœืชื•ืœื™ื.
05:06
And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื—ืชืœืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ืืœื” ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื
05:10
is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•-ื–ืจื—ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืืœืžื•ื’,
05:13
while this is from jellyfish.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื•ื–ื”.
05:16
They did it with pigs.
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ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื,
05:19
They did it with puppies.
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ื•ืขื ื›ืœื‘ืœื‘ื™ื,
05:21
And, in fact,
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ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช,
05:23
they did it with monkeys.
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ื’ื ืขื ืงื•ืคื™ื.
05:25
And if you can do it with monkeys --
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ื•ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ืงื•ืคื™ื--
05:27
though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื˜ื™
05:30
is actually between monkeys and apes --
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœืงื•ืคื™-ืื“ื--
05:32
if they can do it in monkeys,
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ืื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ืงื•ืคื™ื,
05:34
they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืงื•ืคื™-ืื“ื,
05:36
which means they can do it in human beings.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื.
05:40
In other words, it is theoretically possible
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื”ืœื›ื” ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ
05:43
that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable
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ืฉืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
05:46
of creating human beings
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื
05:49
that glow in the dark.
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ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”.
05:54
Be easier to find us at night.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
05:56
And in fact, right now in many states,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื,
05:59
you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช-ืžื—ืžื“ ื‘ื™ื•-ื–ืจื—ื ื™ื•ืช.
06:02
These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.
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ืืœื• ื“ื’ื™ ื–ื‘ืจื”. ืฆื‘ืขื™ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื•ื›ืกืฃ.
06:05
These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered
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ืืœื” ื“ื’ื™ ื–ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืกื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
06:08
to be yellow, green, red,
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ื›ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ืื“ื•ืžื™ื,
06:10
and they are actually available now in certain states.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
06:13
Other states have banned them.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืืกืจื• ื–ืืช.
06:15
Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.
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ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
06:18
There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืžืฉืœืชื™, ืœื ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
06:21
that controls genetically-engineered pets.
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ืฉืžืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“.
06:25
And so some states have decided to allow them,
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื–ืืช,
06:28
some states have decided to ban them.
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ื›ืš.
06:32
Some of you may have read
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ืื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืงืจืื•
06:34
about the FDA's consideration right now
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ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
06:36
of genetically-engineered salmon.
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
06:39
The salmon on top
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ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืœื”
06:41
is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,
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ื”ื•ื ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ื ื•ืง ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืก ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
06:43
using a gene from these salmon
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ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœ ื‘ื’ืŸ ืฉื ืœืงื— ืžื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
06:45
and from one other fish that we eat,
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ื•ืžื“ื’ ืžืื›ืœ ืื—ืจ,
06:47
to make it grow much faster
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
06:49
using a lot less feed.
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ืขืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
06:51
And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืœ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช
06:54
on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --
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ื”ืื ืชื•ืš ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื–ื”
06:57
it'll be sold in the stores.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:59
And before you get too worried about it,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™,
07:01
here in the United States,
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
07:03
the majority of food you buy in the supermarket
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื•ืœ
07:05
already has genetically-modified components to it.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
07:09
So even as we worry about it,
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ืื– ื’ื ืื ืื ื• ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžื›ืš,
07:11
we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชืจื ื• ืœื›ืš ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš ื›ืืŸ-- ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื“ ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”--
07:14
without any regulation,
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ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื—,
07:16
and even without any identification on the package.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืจื™ื–ื”.
07:20
These are all the first cloned animals
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ื•ืช
07:23
of their type.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืŸ.
07:25
So in the lower right here,
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ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”
07:27
you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --
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ื–ืืช ื“ื•ืœื™, ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”--
07:29
now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;
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ื”ืžืคื•ื—ืœืฆืช ื›ื™ื•ื ืœืฉืžื—ืชื” ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•,
07:32
Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;
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ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืจืืœืฃ, ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ;
07:35
CC the cat, for cloned cat;
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืกื™-ืกื™, ืจ"ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ 'ื—ืชื•ืœ ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜';
07:38
Snuppy, the first cloned dog --
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ืกื ืืค"ื™, ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื
07:40
Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --
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ืจ"ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืื•ืœ'--
07:43
created in South Korea
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ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
07:45
by the very same man that some of you may remember
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ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืฉื—ืœืงื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื
07:47
had to end up resigning in disgrace
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ืฉื ืืœืฅ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืชืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืฉืช-ืคื ื™ื
07:49
because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.
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ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืงืจ ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
07:53
He actually was the first person
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
07:55
to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,
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ืฉืฉื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ืœื‘, ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข,
07:58
because dog genomes are very plastic.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืžืื“ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืช.
08:01
This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.
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ื–ืืช ืคืจื•ืžื˜ื™ืื”, ื”ืกื•ืกื” ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
08:04
It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,
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ื–ื• ืกื•ืกืช ื”ืคืœื™ื ื’ืจ ืฉืฉื•ื‘ื˜ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
08:06
a real "gold ring" of cloning,
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ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื,
08:08
because there are many horses that win important races
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืกื•ืกื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื ืฆื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
08:11
who are geldings.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ืจืกื™ื.
08:13
In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ืจื‘ืขืชื
08:16
has been removed.
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ื”ื•ืกืจ ืžื”ื.
08:18
But if you can clone that horse,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ืกื•ืก ื›ื–ื”,
08:20
you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืก ืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ืžืกื•ืจืก
08:23
and his identical genetic duplicate
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ื•ื’ื ืืช ืชืื•ืžื• ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™
08:26
can then be put out to stud.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืืฆืื™ื.
08:29
These were the first cloned calves,
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื,
08:31
the first cloned grey wolves,
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ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื.
08:33
and then, finally,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
08:35
the first cloned piglets:
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ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจื–ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื:
08:37
Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.
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ืืœืงืกื™ื”, ื›ืจื™ืกื™, ืฆ'ื™ืกื˜ื”, ืงืืจืœ, ื’'ื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ื“ื•ื˜ืงื•ื.
08:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:45
In addition, we've started to use cloning technology
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื˜
08:48
to try to save endangered species.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
08:51
This is the use of animals now
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ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
08:53
to create drugs and other things in their bodies
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื
08:56
that we want to create.
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ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ.
08:58
So with antithrombin in that goat --
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ืื– ื›ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื ื˜ื™-ืชืจื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขื– ื”ื–ืืช--
09:00
that goat has been genetically modified
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ื”ืขื– ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
09:02
so that the molecules of its milk
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื”
09:05
actually include the molecule of antithrombin
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ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืชืจื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ
09:08
that GTC Genetics wants to create.
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ืฉื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืกื—ืจ ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ.
09:11
And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื˜ืจื ืกื’ื ื™ื™ื, ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื™ื,
09:14
from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,
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ืžื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™"ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืงื•ืจื™ืื”,
09:18
are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,
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ื”ื ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ื ื•ืฆืœื•
09:21
to try to create all kinds of drugs
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
09:25
and other industrial types of chemicals
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ื•ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื
09:29
that they want the blood and the milk
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ืฉื”ื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื‘
09:31
of these animals
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ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
09:33
to produce for them,
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ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
09:35
instead of producing them in an industrial way.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™.
09:39
These are two creatures
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ืืœื• ืฉื ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
09:41
that were created
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ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•
09:44
in order to save endangered species.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื ื›ื—ื“ื™ื.
09:46
The guar
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ื”ื’ื•ืืจ ื”ื•ื
09:48
is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.
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ืžืคืจื™ืก-ืคืจืกื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”.
09:52
A somatic cell, a body cell,
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ืชื ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื•ื“ื“
09:54
was taken from its body,
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ื ืœืงื— ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•,
09:56
gestated in the ovum of a cow,
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ื”ืชืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคืจื”,
09:58
and then that cow gave birth to a guar.
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ื•ืื– ื”ืคืจื” ื”ืžืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ื•ืืจ.
10:02
Same thing happened with the mouflon,
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ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืคืœื•ืŸ,
10:04
where it's an endangered species of sheep.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
10:07
It was gestated in a regular sheep body,
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ืฉื”ืชืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืจื’ื™ืœื”,
10:13
which actually raises an interesting biological problem.
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
10:16
We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.
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ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™.
10:18
We have our nucleic DNA
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ
10:20
that everybody thinks of as our DNA,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
10:22
but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™,
10:24
which are the energy packets of the cell.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืืจื–ื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื.
10:27
That DNA is passed down through our mothers.
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ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
10:30
So really, what you end up having here
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ
10:33
is not a guar and not a mouflon,
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ืœื ื’ื•ืืจ ื•ืœื ืžื•ืคืœื•ืŸ,
10:35
but a guar
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ืืœื ื’ื•ืืจ
10:37
with cow mitochondria,
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ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื”,
10:39
and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ ืฉืœ ืคืจื”,
10:41
and a mouflon with another species of sheep's
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ื•ืžื•ืคืœื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™
10:44
mitochondrial DNA.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืฉื”.
10:46
These are really hybrids, not pure animals.
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ืืœื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื™-ื›ืœืื™ื™ื ื•ืœื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื”ื•ืจื™-ื’ื–ืข.
10:49
And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืื™ืš ื ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
10:52
in the age of biotechnology --
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ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” --
10:54
a question that we're not really sure yet
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ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ
10:57
how to solve.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”.
10:59
This lovely creature
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื ื—ืžื“ ื”ื–ื”
11:01
is an Asian cockroach.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืงืง ืืกื™ืืชื™.
11:04
And what they've done here
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื• ื›ืืŸ:
11:06
is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain
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ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื•
11:10
and then a transmitter on top,
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ื•ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื™ืงืžื• ืžืฉื“ืจ,
11:12
and it's on a big computer tracking ball.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืขืงื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘.
11:14
And now, using a joystick,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื’'ื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง,
11:16
they can send this creature
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
11:18
around the lab
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
11:20
and control whether it goes left or right,
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ื•ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืฉืžืืœื” ืื• ื™ืžื™ื ื”,
11:22
forwards or backwards.
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ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืื• ืื—ื•ืจื”.
11:24
They've created a kind of insect bot,
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ืจืง ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™,
11:26
or bugbot.
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ืื• ื—ืจืงื•ื‘ื•ื˜.
11:28
It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื’ืจื•ืข-- ื•ืฉืžื ืžืฉืชืคืจ.
11:31
This actually is one of DARPA's very important --
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื–ืžื™ "ื“ืืจืคื”"--
11:34
DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --
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"ื“ืืจืคื”": ืจ"ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื”ื’ื ื”--
11:36
one of their projects.
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ื–ื” ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:38
These goliath beetles
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ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ืช ืืœื”
11:40
are wired in their wings.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ื ืคื™ื™ื.
11:42
They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,
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ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘,
11:44
and they can fly these creatures around the lab.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
11:48
They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.
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ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉืžืืœื”, ื™ืžื™ื ื”, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืžืจื™ื.
11:50
They can't actually make them land.
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืช.
11:52
They put them about one inch above the ground,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืžืจื—ืง ื›ืžื” ืก"ืž ืžื”ืงืจืงืข,
11:54
and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.
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ื•ืื– ืœื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช.
11:56
But it's the closest they can get to a landing.
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื—ื™ืชื” ืฉื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข.
12:00
And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed
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ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš
12:03
that this creature --
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ืฉื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”--
12:05
this is a moth --
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ื–ื”ื• ืขืฉ.
12:07
this is the moth in its pupa stage,
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ื–ื”ื• ืขืฉ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื’ื•ืœื,
12:09
and that's when they put the wires in
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ืฉืื– ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
12:11
and they put in the computer technology,
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ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘ืช,
12:14
so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืฉ ื‘ื•ืงืข ืžื”ื’ื•ืœื,
12:17
it is already prewired.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ื•ื˜ ืžืจืืฉ.
12:20
The wires are already in its body,
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•,
12:23
and they can just hook it up to their technology,
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ื•ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ืจืง ืœืงืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
12:26
and now they've got these bugbots
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืจืงื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืืœื”
12:28
that they can send out for surveillance.
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ืฉื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืœืกื™ื•ืจื™ื.
12:30
They can put little cameras on them
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื ืžืฆืœืžื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช
12:32
and perhaps someday deliver
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ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉื’ืจ
12:34
other kinds of ordinance
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ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉื•ื ื™ื
12:36
to warzones.
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ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืœื—ื™ืžื”.
12:39
It's not just insects.
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ืืœื” ืœื ื—ืจืงื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
12:41
This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™, ืื• ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจื‘ื•ื˜
12:43
by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.
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ืฉืœ ืกื ื’'ื™ื‘ ื˜ืœื•ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
12:46
Again, it's got technology --
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ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
12:48
it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช,
12:51
it's got a camera on top of its head.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžืฆืœืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืืฉ.
12:54
The scientists can make this creature
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”
12:56
go left, right.
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ืœืœื›ืช ืฉืžืืœื” ืื• ื™ืžื™ื ื”.
12:58
They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.
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ืœืจื•ืฅ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
13:01
They've now created an organic robot.
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ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ื›ืขืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
13:05
The graduate students
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื
13:07
in Sanjiv Talwar's lab
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกื ื’'ื™ื‘ ื˜ืœื•ื•ืจ
13:09
said, "Is this ethical?
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ืฉืืœื•, "ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืชื™?
13:11
We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."
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ืฉืœืœื ื• ืžื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœื”."
13:14
I'll get back to that in a minute.
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ืžื™ื“ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื”.
13:16
There's also been work done with monkeys.
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ืขื‘ื“ื• ื’ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืคื™ื.
13:19
This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื™ื’ื•ืืœ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืœื™ืก ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ื™ื•ืง.
13:22
He took owl monkeys,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ืคื™-ื™ื ืฉื•ืฃ,
13:24
wired them up
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ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื
13:26
so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื ื˜ืจ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื ืขื™ื,
13:28
especially looking at the movement of their right arm.
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ื•ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช.
13:30
The computer learned what the monkey brain did
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื“ ืžื” ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื” ืขื•ืฉื”
13:32
to move its arm in various ways.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
13:34
They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืชื•ืชื‘ืช,
13:37
which you see here in the picture,
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ืฉืื•ืชื” ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”,
13:39
put the arm in another room.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืื—ืจ.
13:41
Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,
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ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžื“ ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ, ืข"ื™ ืงืจื™ืืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื”,
13:44
to make that arm in the other room
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ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ืจื•ืข ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™
13:46
do whatever the monkey's arm did.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื”.
13:49
Then he put a video monitor
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืกืš ื•ื™ื“ืื•
13:51
in the monkey's cage
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ื‘ื›ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืคื”
13:53
that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœืงื•ืคื” ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช,
13:55
and the monkey got fascinated.
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืงืกืžืช.
13:57
The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉืชื” ื‘ื–ืจื•ืขื”,
13:59
this prosthetic arm would do.
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ืขื•ืฉื” ื’ื ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช.
14:01
And eventually she was moving it and moving it,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
14:04
and eventually stopped moving her right arm
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื–ืจื•ืขื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช
14:06
and, staring at the screen,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืžืกืš,
14:08
could move the prosthetic arm in the other room
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ื™ื›ืœื” ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื•ืชื‘ืช ืฉื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™
14:11
only with her brainwaves --
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“ --
14:13
which means that monkey
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื•ืคื”
14:15
became the first primate in the history of the world
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืคืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
14:18
to have three independent functional arms.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” 3 ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืžืชืคืงื“ื•ืช ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช.
14:22
And it's not just technology
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
14:24
that we're putting into animals.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื.
14:26
This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.
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ื–ื”ื• ืชื•ืžืก ื“ื”-ืžืจืก ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืœื•ืจื™ื“ื”.
14:29
He took 20,000 and then 60,000
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— 20,000 ื•ืขื•ื“ 60,000
14:31
disaggregated rat neurons --
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ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื--
14:34
so these are just individual neurons from rats --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื›ื‘ืจื™ื--
14:37
put them on a chip.
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ืฉื ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื‘.
14:39
They self-aggregated into a network,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืžืขืฆืžื ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืจืฉืช,
14:42
became an integrated chip.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘.
14:45
And he used that
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื•
14:47
as the IT piece
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ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
14:49
of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.
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ื‘ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืžื“ืžื”-ื˜ื™ืก.
14:52
So now we have organic computer chips
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื
14:55
made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืชืื™-ืขืฆื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
15:00
Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžื•ืกื-ืื™ื•ื•ืœื“ื™ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื ื•ืจืช'ื•ื•ืกื˜ืจืŸ
15:03
took a completely intact,
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ืœืงื— ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™
15:05
independent lamprey eel brain.
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ื•ืขืฆืžืื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื’-ืฆืœื•ืคื—.
15:08
This is a brain from a lamprey eel.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื“ื’-ืฆืœื•ืคื—.
15:10
It is living --
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื— ื—ื™
15:12
fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium
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ื•ืฉืœื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžื–ื™ืŸ
15:15
with these electrodes going off to the sides,
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ืขื ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืœืฆื“ื“ื™ื,
15:18
attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืœืžื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ืชื–ื”,
15:21
put it into a cart --
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ื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื’ืœื”--
15:23
here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื’ืœื”, ื”ืžื•ื— ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืืžืฆืข--
15:26
and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ืขื’ืœื”,
15:29
when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,
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ื›ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืื•ืจ ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื”ืขื’ืœื”,
15:31
the cart moves toward the light;
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ื”ืขื’ืœื” ื ืขื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจ.
15:33
when you turn it off, it moves away.
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงืช.
15:35
It's photophilic.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœืื•ืจ.
15:37
So now we have a complete
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ
15:40
living lamprey eel brain.
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ืžื•ื— ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื“ื’-ืฆืœื•ืคื—.
15:42
Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื’-ืฆืœื•ืคื—,
15:44
sitting there in its nutrient medium?
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื— ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื–ื™ืŸ?
15:46
I don't know,
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข.
15:48
but in fact it is a fully living brain
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ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื— ื—ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
15:52
that we have managed to keep alive
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ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
15:55
to do our bidding.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื ื•.
15:58
So, we are now at the stage
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื‘
16:01
where we are creating creatures
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื‘ื•ืจืื™ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
16:03
for our own purposes.
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ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•.
16:05
This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti
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ื–ื”ื• ืขื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฆืจ ืฆืืจืœืก ื•ื•ืงืื ื˜ื™
16:08
of the University of Massachusetts.
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ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืžืกืฆ'ื•ืกื˜ืก.
16:11
He altered this mouse
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
16:14
so that it was genetically engineered
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื“ืก ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
16:16
to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ืจื• ื™ื’ื™ื‘ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืจ-ืื“ื.
16:19
put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it
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ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืงื ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ืคื™ื’ื•ื ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ื–ืŸ
16:23
and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ื–ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจื” ืžื”ืขื›ื‘ืจ
16:26
and transplanted onto a human being.
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ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
16:28
Genetic engineering
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ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
16:30
coupled with polymer physiotechnology
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื
16:32
coupled with xenotransplantation.
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ื•ื”ืฉืชืœืช ืื™ื‘ืจื™ ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื™ื”.
16:34
This is where we are in this process.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”.
16:37
Finally, not that long ago,
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืœื ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘,
16:40
Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,
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ืงืจื™ื™ื’ ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจ ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
16:43
where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื— ืชื, ืœืงื— ืžืกืชื ื– ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™,
16:45
which is a machine,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
16:47
created an artificial genome,
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ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื ื•ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™,
16:49
put it in a different cell --
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ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœืชื ืื—ืจ --
16:52
the genome was not of the cell he put it in --
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ื”ื’ื ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ืืœื™ื• ื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• --
16:55
and that cell then reproduced
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืชื• ืชื ื”ืฉืชื›ืคืœ
16:57
as the other cell.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ื”ืื—ืจ.
16:59
In other words,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
17:01
that was the first creature in the history of the world
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
17:03
that had a computer as its parent --
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ืฉื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ --
17:05
it did not have an organic parent.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื”ื•ืจื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™.
17:08
And so, asks The Economist:
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ืื– "ื”ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™ืกื˜" ืฉื•ืืœ:
17:11
"The first artificial organism and its consequences."
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"ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืชื™ื•."
17:14
So you may have thought
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื
17:16
that the creation of life
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ืฉื‘ืจื™ืื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื
17:18
was going to happen in something that looked like that.
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ืชืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืš.
17:21
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
17:23
But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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ืืš ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ืš.
17:26
This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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ื›ืš ื ืจืื™ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื ืงื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
17:28
This is a DNA synthesizer,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืชื ื– ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™,
17:30
and here at the bottom
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื”
17:32
are just bottles of A, T, C and G --
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ืืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™, ื˜ื™, ืกื™ ื•ื’'ื™--
17:34
the four chemicals
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ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื
17:36
that make up our DNA chain.
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ืžื”ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื“ื™-ืืŸ-ืื™ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
17:38
And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช.
17:41
For the first time in the history of this planet,
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”
17:44
we are able to directly design organisms.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
17:47
We can manipulate the plasmas of life
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ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื–ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
17:49
with unprecedented power,
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ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื—ืกืจืช-ืชืงื“ื™ื.
17:52
and it confers on us a responsibility.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช.
17:54
Is everything okay?
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ื”ืื ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ?
17:56
Is it okay to manipulate and create
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืจื•ื
17:58
whatever creatures we want?
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ื›ืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื ืจืฆื”?
18:00
Do we have free reign
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช
18:02
to design animals?
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื?
18:04
Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us
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ื”ืื ื ืœืš ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืœ"ืคื˜ืก-ืืจ-ืืก"
18:07
and say, "Look, I want a dog.
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ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื›ืœื‘.
18:09
I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืจืืฉ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืฉ,
18:12
the body of a retriever,
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ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืจ,
18:14
maybe some pink fur,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืคืจื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืจื•ื“,
18:16
and let's make it glow in the dark"?
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ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”."
18:18
Does industry get to create creatures
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ื”ืื ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืชื‘ืจื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
18:20
who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva
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ืฉื‘ื—ืœื‘ื, ื‘ื“ืžื, ื‘ืจื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื
18:23
and other bodily fluids,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœื™-ื’ื•ืฃ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
18:25
create the drugs and industrial molecules we want
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ื”ื™ื ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•
18:28
and then warehouse them
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ื•ืชื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื—ืกื ื”
18:30
as organic manufacturing machines?
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ื›ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช?
18:33
Do we get to create organic robots,
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ื”ืื ื ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš ืฉื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื
18:36
where we remove the autonomy from these animals
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช
18:39
and turn them just into our playthings?
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ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“?
18:42
And then the final step of this,
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื,
18:45
once we perfect these technologies in animals
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ื›ืฉื ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ืขืœื™-ื—ื™ื™ื
18:47
and we start using them in human beings,
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ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื,
18:49
what are the ethical guidelines
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ืžื”ื ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžื ื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืืชื™ืช
18:51
that we will use then?
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ืœืคื™ื”ื ื ืคืขืœ?
18:54
It's already happening. It's not science fiction.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”. ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™.
18:57
We are not only already using these things in animals,
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช,
19:00
some of them we're already beginning to use
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ืืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื
19:03
on our own bodies.
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ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืื ื•.
19:05
We are now taking control of our own evolution.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
19:08
We are directly designing
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ืื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
19:10
the future of the species of this planet.
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ืืช ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื”.
19:13
It confers upon us an enormous responsibility
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ื–ื” ืžื˜ื™ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”
19:16
that is not just the responsibility
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื” ืจืง ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
19:18
of the scientists and the ethicists
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ืืชื™ืงื ื™ื
19:20
who are thinking about it and writing about it now.
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืš.
19:22
It is the responsibility of everybody
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ื–ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
19:25
because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืงื‘ืข ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ
19:28
we will have in the future.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
19:30
Thanks.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
19:32
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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