Paul Root Wolpe: It's time to question bio-engineering

94,884 views ใƒป 2011-03-24

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Dae-Ki Kang ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jeongyob Park
00:15
Today I want to talk about design,
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์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:17
but not design as we usually think about it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ์„ค๊ณ„๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ”ํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
I want to talk about what is happening now
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์ €๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€ ๋ฌธํ™” ๋‚ด์—์„œ
00:22
in our scientific, biotechnological culture,
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์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
where, for really the first time in history,
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์ด๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ผ๋กœ,
00:28
we have the power to design bodies,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
to design animal bodies,
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๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ,
00:32
to design human bodies.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
In the history of our planet,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
00:39
there have been three great waves of evolution.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:42
The first wave of evolution
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์€
00:44
is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์œˆ(Darwin)์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ™”๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
So, as you all know,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
00:49
species lived in particular ecological niches
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์ข…๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ์™€
00:51
and particular environments,
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ํŠน์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๊ณ ,
00:53
and the pressures of those environments
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ์••๋ ฅ์€
00:55
selected which changes,
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๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ
00:57
through random mutation in species,
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์กด๋  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€
00:59
were going to be preserved.
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๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:01
Then human beings stepped out
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ธ๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ
01:04
of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history
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๋‹ค์œˆ์  ํ๋ฆ„์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜
01:07
and created the second great wave of evolution,
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๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:11
which was we changed the environment
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์†์—์„œ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”
01:14
in which we evolved.
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์ง„ํ™”์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
We altered our ecological niche
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํƒœํ•™์  ํ‹ˆ์ƒˆ๋ฅผ
01:19
by creating civilization.
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๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:21
And that has been the second great --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ --
01:23
couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --
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20๋งŒ๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜, ๋˜๋Š” 15๋งŒ๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ --
01:26
flow of our evolution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:28
By changing our environment,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ์œผ๋กœ์จ,
01:30
we put new pressures
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก
01:32
on our bodies to evolve.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์••๋ฐ•์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:34
Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋†๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋“ ,
01:37
all the way through modern medicine,
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์˜ํ•™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋“ ,
01:40
we have changed our own evolution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:43
Now we're entering a third great wave
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ๋กœ
01:46
of evolutionary history,
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๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
which has been called many things:
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์ด ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
"intentional evolution,"
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์˜๋„์ ์ธ ์ง„ํ™”,
01:52
"evolution by design" --
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์„ค๊ณ„์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง„ํ™” --
01:54
very different than intelligent design --
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์ง€์  ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š” --
01:56
whereby we are actually now
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์žฌ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”
01:59
intentionally designing and altering
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์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ ์ธ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š”
02:03
the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.
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๋ฐ”์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์—†์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์— ๋ฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:09
and then at the end talk a little bit
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์— ๊ทธ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋“ค์ด
02:11
about what some of the implications are for us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…(็จฎ)๋“ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:14
and for our species, as well as our cultures,
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์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋žตํžˆ
02:17
because of this change.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.
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์ž, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ์ผ์„ ์˜ค๋žœ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:24
We started selectively breeding animals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๋…„ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ์„
02:27
many, many thousands of years ago.
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๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
And if you think of dogs for example,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ฐœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
02:32
dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.
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๊ฐœ๋“ค์€ ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.
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์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
Dogs are the result
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๊ฐœ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š”
02:41
of selectively breeding traits that we like.
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ํ˜•์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ธธ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
But we had to do it the hard way in the old days
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์˜›๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์ž์†๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
02:47
by choosing offspring that looked a particular way
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๊ณจ๋ผ๋‚ด์„œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š”, ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
02:49
and then breeding them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:51
We don't have to do it that way anymore.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋”์ด์ƒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
This is a beefalo.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„ํŒ”๋กœ(beefalo) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.
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๋น„ํŒ”๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฒ„ํŒ”๋กœ์™€ ์†Œ์˜ ์žก์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
And they are now making them,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ ๋น„ํŒ”๋กœ๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ,
03:02
and someday, perhaps pretty soon,
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š”, ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ์ผ ๋‚ด์—,
03:04
you will have beefalo patties
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆ˜ํผ๋งˆ์ผ“์—์„œ
03:06
in your local supermarket.
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๋ฒ„ํŒ”๋กœ ํŒจํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
This is a geep,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ธฐํ”„(geep) ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:11
a goat-sheep hybrid.
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์—ผ์†Œ์™€ ์–‘์˜ ์žก์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
The scientists that made this cute little creature
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์ด ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
03:17
ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์‚ดํ•ด์„œ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:20
I think they said it tasted like chicken.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ญ๊ณ ๊ธฐ ๋ง›๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
This is a cama.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์นด๋งˆ(cama)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,
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์นด๋งˆ๋Š” ๋‚™ํƒ€์™€ ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์žก์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:29
created to try to get the hardiness of a camel
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๋‚™ํƒ€์˜ ์ธ๋‚ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ํ˜•์งˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ
03:32
with some of the personality traits
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์–ป์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ
03:34
of a llama.
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๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:36
And they are now using these in certain cultures.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ๋ฌธํ™” ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
Then there's the liger.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ผ์ด๊ฑฐ(liger)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:42
This is the largest cat in the world --
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
the lion-tiger hybrid.
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์‚ฌ์ž์™€ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด์˜ ์žก์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
It's bigger than a tiger.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ํฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:49
And in the case of the liger,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ผ์ด๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
03:51
there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.
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์•ผ์ƒ์—์„œ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‚˜ ๋‘˜ ์ •๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:54
But these were created by scientists
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
03:57
using both selective breeding and genetic technology.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ์–‘์œก๊ณผ ์œ ์ „ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
And then finally, everybody's favorite,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”,
04:03
the zorse.
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์กฐ์˜ค์Šค(zorse)์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:05
None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋„ ํฌํ† ์ƒต ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:08
And so one of the things we've been doing
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
04:10
is using genetic enhancement,
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์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ์„ ๋ณ„์  ์–‘์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ
04:13
or genetic manipulation,
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์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ธ ํ–ฅ์ƒ
04:15
of normal selective breeding
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๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ž‘์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
04:18
pushed a little bit through genetics.
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์œ ์ „ํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ€๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:20
And if that were all this was about,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ์ €๊ฒŒ ์ด ์„ธ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ง„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋ถ€๋ผ๋ฉด
04:23
then it would be an interesting thing.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
But something much, much more powerful
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ, ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด
04:28
is happening now.
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ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:31
These are normal mammalian cells
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„
04:34
genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene
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์‹ฌํ•ด ๋ฐ”๋‹ค ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ
04:37
taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.
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์œ ์ „ ๊ณตํ•™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋น›์„ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,
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์ž, ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„์„œ
04:46
and put it into mammal cells.
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ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธํฌ์— ์‹ฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
These are normal cells.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
And what you see here
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
04:52
is these cells glowing in the dark
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ํŠน์ • ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ด‘์› ํ•˜์—์„œ
04:54
under certain wavelengths of light.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋‘ ์—์„œ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.
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์ผ๋‹จ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉด, ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:00
So they did it with mouse pups,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ์ฅ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:04
kittens.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:06
And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ƒˆ๋ผ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋“ค์€ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์ƒ‰์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋…น์ƒ‰์ธ ์ด์œ ๋Š”
05:10
is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฐํ˜ธ์ดˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ์œ ์ „์ž์ด๊ณ ,
05:13
while this is from jellyfish.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ดํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
They did it with pigs.
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ผ์ง€์—๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
05:19
They did it with puppies.
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๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์—๋„ ํ•ด๋ดค์ฃ ,
05:21
And, in fact,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
05:23
they did it with monkeys.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์›์ˆญ์ด์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
And if you can do it with monkeys --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์ผ ์›์ˆญ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด --
05:27
though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate
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๋น„๋ก ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์›์ˆญ์ด(monkey)์™€ ์œ ์ธ์›(ape) ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š”
05:30
is actually between monkeys and apes --
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์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋„์•ฝ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ --
05:32
if they can do it in monkeys,
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๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›์ˆญ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:34
they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์œ ์ธ์›์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:36
which means they can do it in human beings.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:40
In other words, it is theoretically possible
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋จธ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
05:43
that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable
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๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋‘ ์†์—์„œ ๋น›์„ ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
05:46
of creating human beings
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์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
05:49
that glow in the dark.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:54
Be easier to find us at night.
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๋ฐค์— ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋” ์‰ฌ์šธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
And in fact, right now in many states,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฃผ์—์„œ
05:59
you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‰ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์€์ƒ‰์„ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์œ ์ „ ๊ณตํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‰ฌ๋กœ
06:08
to be yellow, green, red,
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๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ๋…น์ƒ‰, ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์„ ๋•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:10
and they are actually available now in certain states.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
Other states have banned them.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:15
Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:18
There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --
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์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์• ์™„๋™๋ฌผ์„๋“ค ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
that controls genetically-engineered pets.
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EPA๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  FDA๋„ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:25
And so some states have decided to allow them,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:28
some states have decided to ban them.
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์–ด๋–ค ์ฃผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Some of you may have read
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ
06:34
about the FDA's consideration right now
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์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์—ฐ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
06:36
of genetically-engineered salmon.
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ํ˜„์žฌ FDA๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
The salmon on top
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์œ„์˜ ์—ฐ์–ด๋Š”
06:41
is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,
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์œ ์ „๊ณตํ•™ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ์น˜๋ˆ„ํฌ ์—ฐ์–ด์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
06:43
using a gene from these salmon
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์–ด๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์™€
06:45
and from one other fish that we eat,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
06:47
to make it grow much faster
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ ์€ ๋จน์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๊ณ 
06:49
using a lot less feed.
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๋งค์šฐ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:51
And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ FDA๋Š” ์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --
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๋จธ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์–ด๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
it'll be sold in the stores.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ƒ์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์–ด๋“ค์ด ํŒ”๋ฆด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:59
And before you get too worried about it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์‹œ๊ธฐ ์ „์—,
07:01
here in the United States,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š”,
07:03
the majority of food you buy in the supermarket
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ˆ˜ํผ๋งˆ์ผ“์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์Œ์‹์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด
07:05
already has genetically-modified components to it.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜• ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
So even as we worry about it,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ผ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์—๋„,
07:11
we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” -- ์œ ๋Ÿฝ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ๋„ -- ์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ๊ทœ์ œ ์—†์ด
07:14
without any regulation,
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์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:16
and even without any identification on the package.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํฌ์žฅ์— ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์‹๋ณ„ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด๋„ ๋˜๋„๋ก ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
These are all the first cloned animals
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ข…์—์„œ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ
07:23
of their type.
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:25
So in the lower right here,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ฐ‘์— ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—
07:27
you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋ณต์ œ์–‘์ธ ๋Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:29
now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์—๋“ ๋ฒ„๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ๋ฐ•์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ์ฃ .
07:32
Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;
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๋ณต์ œ์ฅ ๋ž„ํ”„, ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ์ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:35
CC the cat, for cloned cat;
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๋ณต์ œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด CC, ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:38
Snuppy, the first cloned dog --
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ๊ฐœ, ์Šค๋„ˆํ”ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:40
Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --
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์Šค๋„ˆํ”ผ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๋œป์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
created in South Korea
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:45
by the very same man that some of you may remember
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๋งŒ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ
07:47
had to end up resigning in disgrace
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ถˆ๋ช…์˜ˆ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.
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๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ–ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:53
He actually was the first person
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•œ
07:55
to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋Š” ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:58
because dog genomes are very plastic.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:01
This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ๋ง๋กœ ํ”„๋กœ๋ฉ”ํ…Œ์•„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:04
It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„์—์„œ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ํ•˜ํ”„๋ง๊ฑฐ ํ’ˆ์ข…์˜ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
a real "gold ring" of cloning,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณต์ œ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ํ™ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ˜์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:08
because there are many horses that win important races
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์—์„œ ์šฐ์Šนํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ง๋“ค์ด
08:11
who are geldings.
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๊ฑฐ์„ธ๋œ ๋ง๋“ค์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ง๋“ค์ด ์ข…๋งˆ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์žฅ๋น„๊ฐ€
08:16
has been removed.
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์ œ๊ฑฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:18
But if you can clone that horse,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋ณต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
08:20
you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ฑฐ์„ธํ•œ ๋ง์„ ๊ฒฝ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ์ ๊ณผ
08:23
and his identical genetic duplicate
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๊ทธ ๋ง์˜ ์œ ์ „์ ์ธ ๋ณต์ œ๋ฌผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ข…๋งˆ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์„
08:26
can then be put out to stud.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:29
These were the first cloned calves,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ์†ก์•„์ง€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
the first cloned grey wolves,
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ํšŒ์ƒ‰ ๋Š‘๋Œ€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
and then, finally,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด,
08:35
the first cloned piglets:
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์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ณต์ œ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ผ์ง€๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:37
Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.
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์•Œ๋ ‰์‚ฌ, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํ‹ฐ, ์บ๋Ÿด, ์ œ์ด๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ท์ปด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:41
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:45
In addition, we've started to use cloning technology
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:48
to try to save endangered species.
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๋ณต์ œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:51
This is the use of animals now
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ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
08:53
to create drugs and other things in their bodies
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๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์—์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:56
that we want to create.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:58
So with antithrombin in that goat --
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์ฆ‰, ํ•ญํŠธ๋กฌ๋นˆ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ € ์—ผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด --
09:00
that goat has been genetically modified
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์ € ์—ผ์†Œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์‹œ์ผœ
09:02
so that the molecules of its milk
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์—ผ์†Œ์˜ ์ –์ด
09:05
actually include the molecule of antithrombin
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ํ•ญํŠธ๋กฌ๋นˆ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:08
that GTC Genetics wants to create.
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GTC Genetics ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:11
And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,
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๋˜ํ•œ, ์œ ์ „์ž ์ด์‹ ๋ผ์ง€,ํ‘œ์ ์œ ์ „์ž์ œ๊ฑฐ ๋ผ์ง€๋ฅผ
09:14
from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,
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ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ์ถ•์‚ฐ๊ณผํ•™์›์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:18
are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,
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์ด ๋ผ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
09:21
to try to create all kinds of drugs
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์•ฝํ’ˆ๊ณผ
09:25
and other industrial types of chemicals
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ํ™”ํ•™์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:29
that they want the blood and the milk
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ณผ
09:31
of these animals
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์šฐ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
09:33
to produce for them,
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๋งŒ๋“ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
09:35
instead of producing them in an industrial way.
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๊ธฐ์กด ๊ณต์—…์  ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:39
These are two creatures
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์„
09:41
that were created
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๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
09:44
in order to save endangered species.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
The guar
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๊ตฌ์•„๋Š”
09:48
is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.
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๋ฉธ์ข… ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์œ ์ œ๋ฅ˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
A somatic cell, a body cell,
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์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ชธ์—์„œ
09:54
was taken from its body,
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์ฒด์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•ด์„œ
09:56
gestated in the ovum of a cow,
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์†Œ์˜ ๋‚œ์ž์— ์ž‰ํƒœ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
09:58
and then that cow gave birth to a guar.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜์ฃ .
10:02
Same thing happened with the mouflon,
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ
10:04
where it's an endangered species of sheep.
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๋ฌดํ”Œ๋ก ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:07
It was gestated in a regular sheep body,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์–‘์˜ ์ฒด๋‚ด์— ์ž‰ํƒœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ,
10:13
which actually raises an interesting biological problem.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์—๋Š” ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ DNA๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:18
We have our nucleic DNA
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ต DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ,
10:20
that everybody thinks of as our DNA,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ DNA๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
10:22
but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‹ด์€ ๊พธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏธ์ธ
10:24
which are the energy packets of the cell.
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๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋‚ด์—๋„ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
That DNA is passed down through our mothers.
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์ด DNA๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์ „๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
So really, what you end up having here
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
10:33
is not a guar and not a mouflon,
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๊ตฌ์•„๋‚˜ ๋ฌดํ”Œ๋ก ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
10:35
but a guar
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์†Œ์˜ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„
10:37
with cow mitochondria,
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๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ตฌ์•„๋กœ์„œ
10:39
and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์†Œ์˜ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ตฌ์•„์™€
10:41
and a mouflon with another species of sheep's
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–‘์˜ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ DNA๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
10:44
mitochondrial DNA.
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๋ฌดํ”Œ๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
These are really hybrids, not pure animals.
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ง„์งœ๋กœ๋Š” ์ˆœ์ข…์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์žก์ข…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:49
And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜คํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ข…์„
10:52
in the age of biotechnology --
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์ •์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:54
a question that we're not really sure yet
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ’€์–ด์•ผ ํ• ์ง€ ์•„์ง ํ™•์‹ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”
10:57
how to solve.
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๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
This lovely creature
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ์€
11:01
is an Asian cockroach.
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์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
And what they've done here
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
11:06
is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain
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์ „๊ทน์„ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋‡Œ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ 
11:10
and then a transmitter on top,
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๊ทธ ์œ„์— ์†ก์‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:12
and it's on a big computer tracking ball.
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์ด ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํŠธ๋ž™ํ‚น ๋ณผ ์œ„์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
And now, using a joystick,
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์ด์ œ, ์กฐ์ด์Šคํ‹ฑ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
11:16
they can send this creature
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ
11:18
around the lab
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์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
and control whether it goes left or right,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์™ผ์ชฝ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ,
11:22
forwards or backwards.
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์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ๋’ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:24
They've created a kind of insect bot,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ณค์ถฉ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„
11:26
or bugbot.
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์ฐฝ์กฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:28
It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋” ๋‚˜๋น ์กŒ๋Š” ๋ฐ์š” -- ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋” ์ข‹์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
11:31
This actually is one of DARPA's very important --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” DARPA์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ --
11:34
DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ DARPA๋Š” ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ธ ๋ฐฉ์œ„๊ณ ๋“ฑ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณ„ํš๊ตญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. --
11:36
one of their projects.
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DARPA์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
These goliath beetles
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์ด ํฐ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์€
11:40
are wired in their wings.
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:42
They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,
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์ด ๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์˜ ๋“ฑ์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์นฉ์ด ๋งค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
and they can fly these creatures around the lab.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์—์„œ ๋‚ ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:48
They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์„ ์™ผ์ชฝ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅ™์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:50
They can't actually make them land.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์„ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
They put them about one inch above the ground,
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๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ๋•… ์œ„์—์„œ ์•ฝ 2.5์„ผํ‹ฐ ๋†’์ด์— ๋†“๊ณ 
11:54
and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ๊บผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด, ๋ฐ”ํ€ด๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์€ ์ฟตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋–จ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
But it's the closest they can get to a landing.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:00
And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ค์€ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”
12:03
that this creature --
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์ด ์ƒ๋ฌผ์€ --
12:05
this is a moth --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
this is the moth in its pupa stage,
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์ด ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์€ ๋ฒˆ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:09
and that's when they put the wires in
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ „์„ ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ 
12:11
and they put in the computer technology,
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‹ฌ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:14
so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
12:17
it is already prewired.
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์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
The wires are already in its body,
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์ „์„ ์ด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ชธ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:23
and they can just hook it up to their technology,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฐฉ์„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
and now they've got these bugbots
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„
12:28
that they can send out for surveillance.
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ •์ฐฐ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
They can put little cameras on them
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๊ทธ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:32
and perhaps someday deliver
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€ํฌ ์žฅ๋น„๋ฅผ
12:34
other kinds of ordinance
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๊ทธ ๋กœ๋ด‡๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ
12:36
to warzones.
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์ „์Ÿํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:39
It's not just insects.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฅ ๋กœ๋ด‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋‹ˆ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.
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๋‰ด์š• ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ ๋‹ค์šด์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ(SUNY Downstate)์˜ ์‚ฐ์ง€๋ธŒ ํƒˆ์›Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
Again, it's got technology --
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ฅ์—๋Š” ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:48
it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;
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์ด ์ฅ๋Š” ์ขŒ์ธก๊ณผ ์šฐ์ธก ๋Œ€๋‡Œ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์— ์ „๊ทน์ด ์‹ฌ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
it's got a camera on top of its head.
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๋จธ๋ฆฌ ์œ„์—๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
The scientists can make this creature
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์ด
12:56
go left, right.
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์™ผ์ชฝ, ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ์–ด๋”œ ๊ฐ€์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์ œ์–ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:01
They've now created an organic robot.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:05
The graduate students
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์‚ฐ์ง€๋ธŒ ํƒˆ์›Œ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ๋“ค์€
13:07
in Sanjiv Talwar's lab
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
said, "Is this ethical?
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"์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ณ์€๊ฐ€?"
13:11
We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์—†์• ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ?"
13:14
I'll get back to that in a minute.
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์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:16
There's also been work done with monkeys.
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์›์ˆญ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์˜ˆ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:19
This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋“€ํฌ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตฌ์—˜ ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
He took owl monkeys,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์˜ฌ๋นผ๋ฏธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค
13:24
wired them up
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์ „์„ ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ด์„œ
13:26
so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์›€์ง์ผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ž‘๋™์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:28
especially looking at the movement of their right arm.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธํŒ”์„ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:30
The computer learned what the monkey brain did
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํŒ”์„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
13:32
to move its arm in various ways.
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์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ•™์Šตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
13:37
which you see here in the picture,
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์›์ˆญ์ด์™€ ์ธ๊ณต ํŒ”์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
13:39
put the arm in another room.
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์ธ๊ณต ํŒ”์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:41
Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,
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์–ผ๋งˆ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์–ด์„œ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
13:44
to make that arm in the other room
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ณต ํŒ”์ด
13:46
do whatever the monkey's arm did.
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์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ํŒ”์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
Then he put a video monitor
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„๋””์˜ค ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€
13:51
in the monkey's cage
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์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์— ๋†“์•„์„œ
13:53
that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,
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์›์ˆญ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ณต ํŒ”์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ 
13:55
and the monkey got fascinated.
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์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ณต ํŒ”์— ๋งค๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:57
The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,
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๊ทธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ํŒ”์— ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ 
13:59
this prosthetic arm would do.
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๊ทธ ์ธ๊ณต ํŒ”์ด ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:01
And eventually she was moving it and moving it,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ  ์›€์ง์—ฌ์„œ,
14:04
and eventually stopped moving her right arm
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ž๊ธฐ ์˜ค๋ฅธ ํŒ”์€ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
14:06
and, staring at the screen,
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์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
14:08
could move the prosthetic arm in the other room
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์˜ค์ง ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋‡ŒํŒŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ , ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต ํŒ”์„
14:11
only with her brainwaves --
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์›€์ง์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ --
14:13
which means that monkey
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:15
became the first primate in the history of the world
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๊ทธ ์›์ˆญ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ”๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„
14:18
to have three independent functional arms.
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:22
And it's not just technology
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
14:24
that we're putting into animals.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.
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ํ”Œ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ•™(University of Florida)์˜ ํ† ๋งˆ์Šค ๋“œ๋งˆ๋ฅด์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
He took 20,000 and then 60,000
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๊ทธ๋Š” 2๋งŒ ๊ฐœ, ๋‚˜์ค‘์—๋Š” 6๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜
14:31
disaggregated rat neurons --
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์ฅ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ --
14:34
so these are just individual neurons from rats --
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์ฆ‰ ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ฅ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ป์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค-
14:37
put them on a chip.
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์นฉ์— ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:39
They self-aggregated into a network,
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๊ทธ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
14:42
became an integrated chip.
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์ง‘์  ํšŒ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:45
And he used that
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ง‘์  ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ
14:47
as the IT piece
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๋น„ํ–‰ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”
14:49
of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.
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๋ฉ”์นด๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ IT ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:52
So now we have organic computer chips
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋“ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
14:55
made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.
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์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์นฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:00
Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern
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๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์Šค์›จ์Šคํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ๋ฌด์‚ฌ-์ด๋ฐœ๋””๋Š”
15:03
took a completely intact,
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์น ์„ฑ์žฅ์–ด์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ
15:05
independent lamprey eel brain.
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์˜จ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„์ง‘์–ด๋‚ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:08
This is a brain from a lamprey eel.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์น ์„ฑ์žฅ์–ด์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
It is living --
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์ด๊ฑด ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์†์ƒ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋กœ
15:12
fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium
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๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
15:15
with these electrodes going off to the sides,
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์˜†์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „๊ทน๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:18
attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,
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๋‡Œ์—๋Š” ๋น›์— ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ด‘์„ฑ ์„ผ์„œ์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ์ฑ„๋กœ
15:21
put it into a cart --
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์นดํŠธ์•ˆ์— ์žฅ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:23
here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์นดํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์ค‘์•™์—๋Š” ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ์นดํŠธ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ „๋“ฑ์„ ์ผ  ๋‹ค์Œ, ์นดํŠธ์— ๋น„์ถ”๋ฉด,
15:31
the cart moves toward the light;
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์นดํŠธ๋Š” ๋น› ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:33
when you turn it off, it moves away.
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์ „๋“ฑ์„ ๋„๋ฉด, ์นดํŠธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:35
It's photophilic.
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์ฆ‰, ๋น›์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
So now we have a complete
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์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์˜จ์ „ํ•œ
15:40
living lamprey eel brain.
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์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์น ์„ฑ์žฅ์–ด์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
15:44
sitting there in its nutrient medium?
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์น ์„ฑ์žฅ์–ด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
15:46
I don't know,
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์ €๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:48
but in fact it is a fully living brain
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋กœ
15:52
that we have managed to keep alive
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
15:55
to do our bidding.
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:58
So, we are now at the stage
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์ฆ‰, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
16:01
where we are creating creatures
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์ƒ๋ฌผ๋“ค์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ•˜๋Š”
16:03
for our own purposes.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:05
This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฉ”์‚ฌ์ถ”์„ธ์ธ  ๋Œ€ํ•™(University of Massachusetts)์˜ ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ปจํ‹ฐ์— ์˜ํ•ด
16:08
of the University of Massachusetts.
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์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ์ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:11
He altered this mouse
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฅ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:14
so that it was genetically engineered
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์ฅ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ „์ž ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
16:16
to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋œ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
16:19
put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it
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๊ทธ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ‘์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ท€์˜ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฐœํŒ์„ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๊ณ ,
16:23
and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse
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๊ทธ๋กœ์จ ์ฅ์—์„œ ๋œฏ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ท€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ƒˆ๊ณ ,
16:26
and transplanted onto a human being.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:28
Genetic engineering
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์œ ์ „ ๊ณตํ•™์ด
16:30
coupled with polymer physiotechnology
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๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ํ…Œํฌ๋†€๋กœ์ง€์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜๊ณ 
16:32
coupled with xenotransplantation.
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๋™๋ฌผ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฒด์— ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ข… ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ด์‹๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:34
This is where we are in this process.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:37
Finally, not that long ago,
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๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „์—,
16:40
Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,
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ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด๊ทธ ๋ฒคํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์กฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:43
where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์™€ DNA ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:45
which is a machine,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ๋Š”
16:47
created an artificial genome,
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ธ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
16:49
put it in a different cell --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋„ฃ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:52
the genome was not of the cell he put it in --
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๊ทธ ๊ฒŒ๋†ˆ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์€ ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:55
and that cell then reproduced
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
16:57
as the other cell.
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์„ธํฌ๋ถ„์—ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:59
In other words,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ,
17:01
that was the first creature in the history of the world
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ์ƒ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋กœ ๋‘”
17:03
that had a computer as its parent --
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:05
it did not have an organic parent.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋ถ€๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:08
And so, asks The Economist:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ด์ฝ”๋…ธ๋ฏธ์ŠคํŠธ์ง€๋Š”
17:11
"The first artificial organism and its consequences."
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"์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค"์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์กŒ์ฃ .
17:14
So you may have thought
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
17:16
that the creation of life
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์ด
17:18
was going to happen in something that looked like that.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ์˜ค์…จ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:21
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
17:23
But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ด๊ฑด ํ”„๋ž‘์ผ„์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:26
This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ํ”„๋ž‘์ผ„์Šˆํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:28
This is a DNA synthesizer,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ ์š”.
17:30
and here at the bottom
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์—
17:32
are just bottles of A, T, C and G --
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A, T, C, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  G ์˜ ์•ฝ๋ณ‘๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:34
the four chemicals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ DNA ์ฒด์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”
17:36
that make up our DNA chain.
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๋„ค ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:38
And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:41
For the first time in the history of this planet,
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์ด ํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ
17:44
we are able to directly design organisms.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:47
We can manipulate the plasmas of life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:49
with unprecedented power,
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๋ฏธ์ฆ์œ ์˜ ์ „๋ก€ ์—†๋Š” ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
17:52
and it confers on us a responsibility.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:54
Is everything okay?
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹ค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
17:56
Is it okay to manipulate and create
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๊ฑด
17:58
whatever creatures we want?
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:00
Do we have free reign
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์„ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•  ์ž์œ  ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„
18:02
to design animals?
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๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:04
Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” Pets"R"Us์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:07
and say, "Look, I want a dog.
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"์ €, ๊ฐœ ํ•œ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐ,
18:09
I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,
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๋‹ฅ์Šคํ›ˆํŠธ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์—๋‹ค
18:12
the body of a retriever,
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๋ฆฌํŠธ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ„์˜ ๋ชธํ†ต์—
18:14
maybe some pink fur,
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ํ•‘ํฌ์ƒ‰ ํ„ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ ,
18:16
and let's make it glow in the dark"?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ผ๊ด‘์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์„ธ์š”"
18:18
Does industry get to create creatures
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์‚ฐ์—…๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
18:20
who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ –์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํƒ€์•ก
18:23
and other bodily fluids,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฒด๋‚ด์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
18:25
create the drugs and industrial molecules we want
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์—…์šฉ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
18:28
and then warehouse them
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์œ ๊ธฐ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ
18:30
as organic manufacturing machines?
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์ €์žฅํ•ด๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:33
Do we get to create organic robots,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ์ž์ฃผ์„ฑ์„ ์—†์• ๊ณ 
18:36
where we remove the autonomy from these animals
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ๋กœ๋ด‡์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
18:39
and turn them just into our playthings?
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
18:42
And then the final step of this,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด,
18:45
once we perfect these technologies in animals
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์ผ๋‹จ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
18:47
and we start using them in human beings,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:49
what are the ethical guidelines
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์„
18:51
that we will use then?
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
18:54
It's already happening. It's not science fiction.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต์ƒ ๊ณผํ•™ ์†Œ์„ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:57
We are not only already using these things in animals,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
19:00
some of them we're already beginning to use
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ, ์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชธ์—
19:03
on our own bodies.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:05
We are now taking control of our own evolution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:08
We are directly designing
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ข…๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ
19:10
the future of the species of this planet.
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์ง์ ‘ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:13
It confers upon us an enormous responsibility
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:16
that is not just the responsibility
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์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๋‹จ์ง€
19:18
of the scientists and the ethicists
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๋Š”
19:20
who are thinking about it and writing about it now.
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๊ณผํ•™์ž์™€ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์ž์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:22
It is the responsibility of everybody
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:25
because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชธํ†ต๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ์ง€๋ฅผ
19:28
we will have in the future.
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๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:30
Thanks.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:32
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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