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譯者: Inder Peng(彭)
審譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai
00:15
Today I want to talk about design,
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今天我想談談設計,
00:17
but not design as we usually think about it.
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但不是我們通常以為的設計。
00:20
I want to talk about what is happening now
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我想談談現在我們的
00:22
in our scientific, biotechnological culture,
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科學,生物技術文化領域上所發展的事件
00:25
where, for really the first time in history,
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在這些領域裡,第一次在歷史上,
00:28
we have the power to design bodies,
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我們有能力能設計身體,
00:30
to design animal bodies,
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設計動物身體,
00:32
to design human bodies.
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設計人的身體。
00:35
In the history of our planet,
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在這個星球的歷史上,
00:39
there have been three great waves of evolution.
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出現了三波大進化潮流。
00:42
The first wave of evolution
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第一波的進化
00:44
is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
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是所謂的達爾文的進化論。
00:47
So, as you all know,
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嗯,就如大家知道的,
00:49
species lived in particular ecological niches
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物種生活在特定生態裡
00:51
and particular environments,
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特殊環境下
00:53
and the pressures of those environments
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還有在環境所造成壓力下,
00:55
selected which changes,
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透過隨機突變,
00:57
through random mutation in species,
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有些突變就
00:59
were going to be preserved.
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被選擇保留。
01:01
Then human beings stepped out
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然後,人類走出
01:04
of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history
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達爾文的進化論歷史的潮流,
01:07
and created the second great wave of evolution,
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並且創造了第二次大潮流的演變,
01:11
which was we changed the environment
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也就是我們改變了我們
01:14
in which we evolved.
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進化所處的環境。
01:16
We altered our ecological niche
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通過創建文明,
01:19
by creating civilization.
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我們改變了我們的生態立場.
01:21
And that has been the second great --
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那就是第二次大進化-
01:23
couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --
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大約二十萬年前,十五萬年前 -
01:26
flow of our evolution.
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大量的進化演進.
01:28
By changing our environment,
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由於改變我們的環境,
01:30
we put new pressures
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也為我們的身體創造了
01:32
on our bodies to evolve.
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新的壓力去演化來適應新環境。
01:34
Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,
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無論是從建立農業社區
01:37
all the way through modern medicine,
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一路到日新月異的現代醫學,
01:40
we have changed our own evolution.
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我們改變了我們自己的進化。
01:43
Now we're entering a third great wave
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現在我們正邁向第三個
01:46
of evolutionary history,
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歷史大進化中,
01:48
which has been called many things:
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這次的進化有很多別號:
01:50
"intentional evolution,"
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處心積慮的進化,
01:52
"evolution by design" --
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設計過的演變-
01:54
very different than intelligent design --
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非常不同於聰明設計-
01:56
whereby we are actually now
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即現在我們實際上是
01:59
intentionally designing and altering
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對於居住在我們的星球的生物
02:03
the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.
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故意設計和改變他們生理的形式。
02:06
So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that
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我想給你們一個旋風式的震撼簡介,
02:09
and then at the end talk a little bit
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讓你們能在我演講結束時將有些概念:
02:11
about what some of the implications are for us
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透過這次進化將對我們,
02:14
and for our species, as well as our cultures,
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我們的物種,以及我們的文化
02:17
because of this change.
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產生的影響.
02:19
Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.
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實際上我們已經做了很長的時間了.
02:24
We started selectively breeding animals
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幾千年前我們就開始
02:27
many, many thousands of years ago.
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選擇性地繁殖動物
02:30
And if you think of dogs for example,
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拿狗來說,
02:32
dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.
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狗就是現在有意設計下的生物。
02:36
There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.
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這個世界沒有一隻狗是自然產生的物種.
02:39
Dogs are the result
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狗是通過我們留下喜歡的基因下
02:41
of selectively breeding traits that we like.
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選擇性育種的結果.
02:44
But we had to do it the hard way in the old days
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但是,在以前,保留某些特定的品種
02:47
by choosing offspring that looked a particular way
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然後繁殖它們,
02:49
and then breeding them.
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這可不是容易的事。
02:51
We don't have to do it that way anymore.
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現在,我們不必再這樣做了.
02:53
This is a beefalo.
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這是一隻 beefalo。
02:56
A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.
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beefalo是水牛,黃牛的混合體。
03:00
And they are now making them,
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現在科學家正在生產beefalo,
03:02
and someday, perhaps pretty soon,
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有一天,也許不用多久,
03:04
you will have beefalo patties
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你就會在本地超市
03:06
in your local supermarket.
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可以買到beefalo肉餅.
03:09
This is a geep,
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這是一隻 geep,
03:11
a goat-sheep hybrid.
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山羊,綿羊混合體.
03:14
The scientists that made this cute little creature
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做出這個可愛小動物的科學家們
03:17
ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.
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之後殺了它且吃了它.
03:20
I think they said it tasted like chicken.
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我記得他們說吃起來味道像雞肉.
03:23
This is a cama.
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這是隻cama,
03:25
A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,
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是駱駝,美洲駝雜交體.
03:29
created to try to get the hardiness of a camel
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為了獲得具有駱駝的堅韌
03:32
with some of the personality traits
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與一些美洲駝的特質
03:34
of a llama.
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被創造出來的生物.
03:36
And they are now using these in certain cultures.
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某些地區的農民已經開始飼養cama.
03:40
Then there's the liger.
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然後還有獅虎,
03:42
This is the largest cat in the world --
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這是世界上最大的貓科動物-
03:45
the lion-tiger hybrid.
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獅子,老虎的混合體
03:47
It's bigger than a tiger.
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體形比老虎還大.
03:49
And in the case of the liger,
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就獅虎這產物而言,
03:51
there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.
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在野外早已經出現過一個或兩個案例
03:54
But these were created by scientists
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但以上提到的是指科學家使用
03:57
using both selective breeding and genetic technology.
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選擇育種和基因技術這兩種來創造新生物
04:00
And then finally, everybody's favorite,
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最後這張,大家最喜愛的
04:03
the zorse.
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zorse。
04:05
None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
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沒有任何一張照片是和合成的,全是真的
04:08
And so one of the things we've been doing
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我們只做一件事
04:10
is using genetic enhancement,
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就是促進增強某基因
04:13
or genetic manipulation,
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或遺傳操縱
04:15
of normal selective breeding
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在正常選育過程中
04:18
pushed a little bit through genetics.
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對基因做一些手腳
04:20
And if that were all this was about,
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如果只是這樣,
04:23
then it would be an interesting thing.
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那應該是一件有趣的事情
04:25
But something much, much more powerful
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可是,現在隨之發生的事
04:28
is happening now.
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是非常具影響力的
04:31
These are normal mammalian cells
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這些是正常哺乳動物的細胞
04:34
genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene
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利用基因工程
04:37
taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.
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從深海水母取出來的一發光基因結合
04:39
We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.
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我們都知道,一些深海生物會發光
04:43
Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,
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所以科學家採取它們的發光基因
04:46
and put it into mammal cells.
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並把它放入哺乳動物細胞內
04:48
These are normal cells.
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這些都是正常的細胞
04:50
And what you see here
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然而在這裡你可看到
04:52
is these cells glowing in the dark
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這些細胞在黑暗中
04:54
under certain wavelengths of light.
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在某些波長的光下發光
04:57
Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.
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一旦他們可使細胞發光,他們就使生物體發光
05:00
So they did it with mouse pups,
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因此,他們就用在小老鼠
05:04
kittens.
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小貓身上
05:06
And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green
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小貓在這裡是橙色,而那些是綠色的原因
05:10
is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,
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是因為橙色發光基因是從珊瑚而來
05:13
while this is from jellyfish.
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而另一個是從水母而來的
05:16
They did it with pigs.
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科學家也把這技術用於豬身上
05:19
They did it with puppies.
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也用於小狗身上
05:21
And, in fact,
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而且其實
05:23
they did it with monkeys.
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他們還用在猴子身上
05:25
And if you can do it with monkeys --
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如果他們能用在猴子--
05:27
though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate
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雖然基因操縱從猴子到人猿之間
05:30
is actually between monkeys and apes --
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實際上是很大的挑戰--
05:32
if they can do it in monkeys,
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如果他們能改變猴子的基因
05:34
they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,
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那麼很有可能會發現去應用在到人猿身上的方法
05:36
which means they can do it in human beings.
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這意味著也可以應用到人類身上
05:40
In other words, it is theoretically possible
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換句話說,理論上在不久的將來
05:43
that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable
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我們有能力用生物科技工程來該造人類
05:46
of creating human beings
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使人類在黑暗中
05:49
that glow in the dark.
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可以發光
05:54
Be easier to find us at night.
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在黑暗處更容易找到我們
05:56
And in fact, right now in many states,
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而事實上,目前在許多州,
05:59
you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.
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你可以去寵物店買發光寵物
06:02
These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.
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這是斑馬魚,他們通常是黑色和白銀色
06:05
These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered
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這是經過基因工程改造的斑馬魚
06:08
to be yellow, green, red,
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變成黃色、綠色、紅色
06:10
and they are actually available now in certain states.
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這在某些州現在可被任意買賣
06:13
Other states have banned them.
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但在某些州是被禁止販賣的
06:15
Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.
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沒有人知道應該如何處置這些生物
06:18
There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --
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在政府內,不管是環保署(EPA)或食品藥物管理署(FDA)
06:21
that controls genetically-engineered pets.
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沒有任何部門去監督控制這些被基因工程改造的寵物
06:25
And so some states have decided to allow them,
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因此有些州決定允許販賣
06:28
some states have decided to ban them.
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有些州不容許
06:32
Some of you may have read
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你們有些人可能已經知道了
06:34
about the FDA's consideration right now
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FDA現在考慮通過
06:36
of genetically-engineered salmon.
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基因工程鮭魚的上市
06:39
The salmon on top
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在上面的鮭魚
06:41
is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,
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是一種經過基因工程的Chinook鮭魚,
06:43
using a gene from these salmon
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是利用鮭魚的基因,
06:45
and from one other fish that we eat,
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和另外一個我們吃的魚的基因結合,
06:47
to make it grow much faster
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使用更少飼料
06:49
using a lot less feed.
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而能成長更快
06:51
And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision
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目前,FDA正在作最後決定
06:54
on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --
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短時間内你就能知道,這種魚能不能在普通商店中賣
06:57
it'll be sold in the stores.
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你是否能吃到這種魚
06:59
And before you get too worried about it,
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在你太擔心此事之前,
07:01
here in the United States,
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事實上在美國,
07:03
the majority of food you buy in the supermarket
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大多數在超市販賣的食品
07:05
already has genetically-modified components to it.
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已是經過基因改造過
07:09
So even as we worry about it,
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因此即使我們擔心
07:11
we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --
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我們已經允許這些產品在這裡販賣
07:14
without any regulation,
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即使沒有任何監管
07:16
and even without any identification on the package.
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也不需在包裝上標示,而這跟歐洲是不同的
07:20
These are all the first cloned animals
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這些都是第一隻複製(cloned)的
07:23
of their type.
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各種動物。
07:25
So in the lower right here,
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在右下角
07:27
you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --
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朵麗,第一隻複製羊
07:29
now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;
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現在幸福地成為標本被存放在愛丁堡的一間博物館内
07:32
Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;
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拉爾夫,第一隻複製老鼠
07:35
CC the cat, for cloned cat;
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CC,第一隻複製貓
07:38
Snuppy, the first cloned dog --
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史努比,第一隻複製狗
07:40
Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --
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第一隻複製狗是
07:43
created in South Korea
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漢城國立大學
07:45
by the very same man that some of you may remember
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由南韓造假醜聞同一人所創造的
07:47
had to end up resigning in disgrace
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他最後身敗名裂而辭職
07:49
because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.
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因為他聲稱他已經複製出人類胚胎但是他並未成功
07:53
He actually was the first person
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他實際上是第一個複製狗的人
07:55
to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,
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複製狗是一個非常困難的事情
07:58
because dog genomes are very plastic.
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因為狗的基因組很不穩定
08:01
This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.
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這是Prometea,第一匹複製馬
08:04
It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,
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這是被意大利複製出的Haflinger馬
08:06
a real "gold ring" of cloning,
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基因複製的真正好處
08:08
because there are many horses that win important races
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因為有許多贏得重要比賽的馬匹
08:11
who are geldings.
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都是閹馬
08:13
In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud
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換句話說,它們生產下一代的器官
08:16
has been removed.
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已經被移除
08:18
But if you can clone that horse,
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但如果能複製馬
08:20
you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race
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就可以同時擁有兩個好處:一隻閹馬在賽馬
08:23
and his identical genetic duplicate
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和一匹擁有相同遺傳基因的馬
08:26
can then be put out to stud.
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來繁殖後代
08:29
These were the first cloned calves,
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這些都是第一批複製小牛
08:31
the first cloned grey wolves,
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第一隻複製的灰狼
08:33
and then, finally,
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然後,最後,
08:35
the first cloned piglets:
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第一批複製小豬:
08:37
Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.
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Alexis,Chista,Carrel,Janie和 Dotcom
08:41
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
08:45
In addition, we've started to use cloning technology
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此外,我們開始使用複製技術
08:48
to try to save endangered species.
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來試圖挽救瀕臨絕種物種
08:51
This is the use of animals now
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這些動物是現在被使用來
08:53
to create drugs and other things in their bodies
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製造藥品或在他們的身體中創造
08:56
that we want to create.
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我們想要的其他的東西
08:58
So with antithrombin in that goat --
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這山羊產生抗凝血酶
09:00
that goat has been genetically modified
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這山羊已被基因改造
09:02
so that the molecules of its milk
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所以它產生的奶
09:05
actually include the molecule of antithrombin
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包含了抗凝血酶的分子
09:08
that GTC Genetics wants to create.
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這是遺傳基因工程想要創造的
09:11
And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,
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然後還有基因轉殖豬,無排斥基因豬(為器官移植用)
09:14
from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,
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是由南韓國立動物研究所產生
09:18
are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,
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事實上,他們努力創造從豬身上
09:21
to try to create all kinds of drugs
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能產生他們所要的各種藥物
09:25
and other industrial types of chemicals
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和其他類型的工業化學品
09:29
that they want the blood and the milk
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希望在豬的血液裏
09:31
of these animals
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和豬奶中
09:33
to produce for them,
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能產生這些藥品
09:35
instead of producing them in an industrial way.
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來取代工業生產的方式
09:39
These are two creatures
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這兩個生物
09:41
that were created
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是爲了拯救瀕危臨絕跡物種
09:44
in order to save endangered species.
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而被創造出來的
09:46
The guar
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這是印度野牛(gaur)
09:48
is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.
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是東南亞瀕危臨絕跡的有蹄動物
09:52
A somatic cell, a body cell,
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只要一個體細胞(somatic cell)
09:54
was taken from its body,
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從水牛的身體中取出
09:56
gestated in the ovum of a cow,
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孕育在一頭其他牛的卵子中
09:58
and then that cow gave birth to a guar.
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然後,那牛就可生下一頭印度水牛
10:02
Same thing happened with the mouflon,
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同樣的事情發生在歐洲磐羊(mouflon)身上,
10:04
where it's an endangered species of sheep.
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它是瀕危臨絕跡的一種羊。
10:07
It was gestated in a regular sheep body,
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這是利用普通綿羊體內孕育的
10:13
which actually raises an interesting biological problem.
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實際上,由於這樣複製引起一個有趣的生物學困擾
10:16
We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.
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我們有兩副不同DNA基因在體內
10:18
We have our nucleic DNA
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一副是我們所認為的
10:20
that everybody thinks of as our DNA,
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我們自己的核酸DNA.
10:22
but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,
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但在我們的線粒體中有另一副 DNA
10:24
which are the energy packets of the cell.
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線粒體是我們身體細胞中產生能量的地方.
10:27
That DNA is passed down through our mothers.
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這副在線粒體中的DNA是由我們的母親傳下來的
10:30
So really, what you end up having here
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所以,真的,最終我們有的
10:33
is not a guar and not a mouflon,
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這動物不是印度水牛,也不是一 隻歐洲磐羊
10:35
but a guar
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而是一隻
10:37
with cow mitochondria,
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有牛的線粒體的印度水牛
10:39
and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,
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也同時擁有牛線粒體DNA
10:41
and a mouflon with another species of sheep's
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還有一隻同時擁有綿羊的
10:44
mitochondrial DNA.
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線粒體DNA的歐洲磐羊
10:46
These are really hybrids, not pure animals.
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這些都是混種,都不是純種的動物
10:49
And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species
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由此引出的問題是我們如何在生物技術時代
10:52
in the age of biotechnology --
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去定義動物物種-
10:54
a question that we're not really sure yet
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這是一個我們目前還不知道
10:57
how to solve.
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如何解決的問題
10:59
This lovely creature
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這個可愛的生物
11:01
is an Asian cockroach.
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是亞洲蟑螂
11:04
And what they've done here
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把電極植入
11:06
is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain
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它們的神經節和大腦中
11:10
and then a transmitter on top,
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然後在其頭上安置發射機
11:12
and it's on a big computer tracking ball.
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發射信號給電腦
11:14
And now, using a joystick,
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之後只要使用操縱桿
11:16
they can send this creature
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他們可以發送命令給蟑螂
11:18
around the lab
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在實驗室中
11:20
and control whether it goes left or right,
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命令蟑螂去向左或向右
11:22
forwards or backwards.
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向前或向後移動
11:24
They've created a kind of insect bot,
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他們已經創建了一種昆蟲機器人
11:26
or bugbot.
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或飛蟲機器人
11:28
It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.
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更糟的是,或者說更好的是
11:31
This actually is one of DARPA's very important --
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這實際上是一項 DARPA的
11:34
DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --
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DARP就是國防研究機構
11:36
one of their projects.
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的一個重要的研究項目
11:38
These goliath beetles
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這些巨人甲蟲
11:40
are wired in their wings.
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翅膀中埋有電線
11:42
They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,
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而一個電腦晶片綁在其背上
11:44
and they can fly these creatures around the lab.
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科學家可以控制這些動物圍繞實驗室飛
11:48
They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.
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他們可以讓他們飛左、飛右、起飛
11:50
They can't actually make them land.
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但卻無法命令它們著地
11:52
They put them about one inch above the ground,
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科學家把它們放在距地面一英寸的地方
11:54
and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.
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然後關閉所有的控制信號,甲蟲就摔掉到地上.
11:56
But it's the closest they can get to a landing.
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在著地上這是他們唯一可以作到的
12:00
And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed
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而事實上,這一技術已經被發展得非常卓越
12:03
that this creature --
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這生物-
12:05
this is a moth --
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這是一隻飛蛾
12:07
this is the moth in its pupa stage,
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這是在其蛾蛹的階段
12:09
and that's when they put the wires in
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科學家在這時候把天線放入蛾蛹體內
12:11
and they put in the computer technology,
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再放入電腦技術
12:14
so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,
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所以,當蛾脫蛹後
12:17
it is already prewired.
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這隻蛾已經預接天線
12:20
The wires are already in its body,
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天線已經在它身體內
12:23
and they can just hook it up to their technology,
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他們只要聯接上電腦
12:26
and now they've got these bugbots
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就可以有這些飛蟲機器人
12:28
that they can send out for surveillance.
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出發去監視環境
12:30
They can put little cameras on them
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他們可以在蟲體上放小型相機
12:32
and perhaps someday deliver
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也許有一天
12:34
other kinds of ordinance
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這些蟲還可以傳送
12:36
to warzones.
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其他的武器去戰區
12:39
It's not just insects.
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不是只有昆蟲而已
12:41
This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat
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這是老鼠機器人,或者機器人老鼠
12:43
by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.
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由美國紐約州SUNY Downstate醫學中心的Sanjiv Talwar所創造
12:46
Again, it's got technology --
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真的,這背後是有科技的
12:48
it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;
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把電極埋進入老鼠的左、右腦半球內
12:51
it's got a camera on top of its head.
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再把一個攝影鏡頭安置在老鼠的頭頂
12:54
The scientists can make this creature
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科學家就可以左右這個生物
12:56
go left, right.
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向任何方向前進
12:58
They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.
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帶領老鼠走出迷宮,讓老鼠按照指示移動
13:01
They've now created an organic robot.
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科學家現在已經創建了一個活體的機器人
13:05
The graduate students
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一些在Sanjiv Talwar
13:07
in Sanjiv Talwar's lab
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實驗室的研究生問道
13:09
said, "Is this ethical?
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“我們奪走了這生物的的獨立自主權,
13:11
We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."
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這樣是否合乎道德?"
13:14
I'll get back to that in a minute.
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我稍候一會兒就會再回到這問題上
13:16
There's also been work done with monkeys.
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在猴子身上也有完成了不少研究
13:19
This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.
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這是杜克大學的 Miguel Nicolelis
13:22
He took owl monkeys,
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他在貓頭鷹猴的
13:24
wired them up
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腦內埋設天線
13:26
so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,
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當猴子移動時,可利用電腦去觀看他們的大腦的情況
13:28
especially looking at the movement of their right arm.
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特別是觀察猴子右臂的動作
13:30
The computer learned what the monkey brain did
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電腦記錄了猴子移動手臂時
13:32
to move its arm in various ways.
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大腦裏的變化
13:34
They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,
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然後他們幫電腦接上了義肢
13:37
which you see here in the picture,
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像這張的照片那樣
13:39
put the arm in another room.
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把手臂放在另一個房間
13:41
Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,
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很快的,通過閱讀猴子的腦電波,電腦學會操縱
13:44
to make that arm in the other room
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在另一個房間的義肢
13:46
do whatever the monkey's arm did.
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同時做猴子移動手臂一模一樣的動作
13:49
Then he put a video monitor
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然後Miguel Nicolelis猴子的籠子中
13:51
in the monkey's cage
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放了錄影監測熒幕
13:53
that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,
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使猴子能看到假肢的活動
13:55
and the monkey got fascinated.
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猴子變得很興奮著迷
13:57
The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,
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猴子很快發現當牠移動手臂時
13:59
this prosthetic arm would do.
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義肢會同時做同樣的動作
14:01
And eventually she was moving it and moving it,
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一次又再一次地轉動手臂
14:04
and eventually stopped moving her right arm
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然後最終停止移動右胳膊
14:06
and, staring at the screen,
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目不轉睛盯著屏幕看
14:08
could move the prosthetic arm in the other room
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只用腦波就可以
14:11
only with her brainwaves --
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支配假肢的活動
14:13
which means that monkey
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這意味著那隻猴子
14:15
became the first primate in the history of the world
327
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在世界歷史上是第一隻
14:18
to have three independent functional arms.
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有三支獨立功能手臂的靈長類動物
14:22
And it's not just technology
329
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被應用到動物身上的
14:24
that we're putting into animals.
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不是只有這樣的科技
14:26
This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.
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這是佛羅里達大學的Thomas DeMarse
14:29
He took 20,000 and then 60,000
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他取20,000 然後60,000個
14:31
disaggregated rat neurons --
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獨立分離的老鼠神經元--
14:34
so these are just individual neurons from rats --
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這些都只是單一個老鼠神經元-
14:37
put them on a chip.
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把它們放在一個晶片上
14:39
They self-aggregated into a network,
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他們自我聚合成一個網絡
14:42
became an integrated chip.
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成為一個集成整體晶片
14:45
And he used that
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然後他用這個晶片
14:47
as the IT piece
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當成一個
14:49
of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.
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飛行模擬器內運行機制的IT板
14:52
So now we have organic computer chips
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現在我們擁有由自我活存聚集神經元所製成的
14:55
made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.
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"器質性電腦晶片"(有生命的晶片)
15:00
Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern
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最後,西北大學的Mussa-Ivaldi
15:03
took a completely intact,
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完成了完整的、獨立的
15:05
independent lamprey eel brain.
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鰻魚的大腦
15:08
This is a brain from a lamprey eel.
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這是一個從鰻魚取出的大腦
15:10
It is living --
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它是活的
15:12
fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium
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完整無缺的鰻魚腦存活在一種營養培養基中
15:15
with these electrodes going off to the sides,
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電極線從培養基四周伸出
15:18
attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,
350
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連接光源敏感傳接器到鰻魚大腦
15:21
put it into a cart --
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然後將鰻魚腦放在一個有輪的小車上
15:23
here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --
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像這樣子的車,而鰻魚大腦放在中間
15:26
and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,
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鰻魚大腦是車中唯一的處理器(控制器)
15:29
when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,
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當你打開燈
15:31
the cart moves toward the light;
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車會移向光源
15:33
when you turn it off, it moves away.
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當你把它燈關掉,小車會自己移走
15:35
It's photophilic.
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小車有趨光性
15:37
So now we have a complete
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所以,現在我們有一個完整
15:40
living lamprey eel brain.
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活著的鰻魚大腦
15:42
Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,
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是否小車正在執行
15:44
sitting there in its nutrient medium?
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存在培養基中的鰻魚大腦的想法呢?
15:46
I don't know,
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我不知道
15:48
but in fact it is a fully living brain
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但毫無疑問這是個我們成功地
15:52
that we have managed to keep alive
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保持其完全存活
15:55
to do our bidding.
365
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能完成我們的命令的大腦
15:58
So, we are now at the stage
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所以,在我們現在的階段
16:01
where we are creating creatures
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我們創建的生物是為
16:03
for our own purposes.
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我們自己的目的
16:05
This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti
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這隻老鼠是麻省州立大學
16:08
of the University of Massachusetts.
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Charles Vacanti 所製造的
16:11
He altered this mouse
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他改變了這鼠的DNA
16:14
so that it was genetically engineered
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由於基因工程所以移植這老鼠的皮膚
16:16
to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,
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比較不會引起排斥
16:19
put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it
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把聚合物耳朵支架放置在老鼠皮下
16:23
and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse
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然後製造一個耳朵後
16:26
and transplanted onto a human being.
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可以被取下來移植到人體上
16:28
Genetic engineering
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基因工程
16:30
coupled with polymer physiotechnology
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加上聚合物生物工程学
16:32
coupled with xenotransplantation.
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再加上異種生物(此處是老鼠)器官移植
16:34
This is where we are in this process.
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這整個過程就是這樣
16:37
Finally, not that long ago,
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最後,就是不久前,
16:40
Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,
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Craig Venter創造了第一個人工細胞
16:43
where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,
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他用了一個細胞
16:45
which is a machine,
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一台機器(DNA合成器)
16:47
created an artificial genome,
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創造了一組人造的基因組
16:49
put it in a different cell --
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把基因組放在一個不同細胞內
16:52
the genome was not of the cell he put it in --
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這基因組並不是細胞原有的基因組
16:55
and that cell then reproduced
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然後這細胞生長分裂成長
16:57
as the other cell.
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成不同種細胞
16:59
In other words,
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換言之
17:01
that was the first creature in the history of the world
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這種細胞是世界生物史上第一個電腦製造的生物
17:03
that had a computer as its parent --
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電腦是它們的母親
17:05
it did not have an organic parent.
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該細胞的母親並不是一個確實的生物體
17:08
And so, asks The Economist:
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因此,經濟學家雜誌對此問道:
17:11
"The first artificial organism and its consequences."
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"這種人造生物體及其造成的後果"
17:14
So you may have thought
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所以,你可能會想
17:16
that the creation of life
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創造生命看起來
17:18
was going to happen in something that looked like that.
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就像這樣子(圖片:科學怪人的實驗室裡的樣子)
17:21
(Laughter)
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(眾笑)
17:23
But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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但事實上,並不是像照片中科學怪人的實驗室裡的樣子
17:26
This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
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這才是真正科學怪人實驗室裡的樣子(圖片)
17:28
This is a DNA synthesizer,
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這是一個DNA合成器,
17:30
and here at the bottom
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圖片下方的瓶瓶罐罐
17:32
are just bottles of A, T, C and G --
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是A,T,C和G -
17:34
the four chemicals
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四種化學品
17:36
that make up our DNA chain.
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用來創造我們的DNA鏈
17:38
And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.
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因此,我們需要反問自己一些問題
17:41
For the first time in the history of this planet,
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第一次在這個星球的歷史中,
17:44
we are able to directly design organisms.
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我們可以直接參與設計生物體
17:47
We can manipulate the plasmas of life
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我們擁有前所未有的能力
17:49
with unprecedented power,
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去操縱生命
17:52
and it confers on us a responsibility.
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但如果我們被賦予這樣的責任
17:54
Is everything okay?
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每件事都可以去做嗎?
17:56
Is it okay to manipulate and create
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是不是可以任意去操縱和製造出
17:58
whatever creatures we want?
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任何我們想要的生物嗎?
18:00
Do we have free reign
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我們是否有自由支配設計
18:02
to design animals?
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動物的權力?
18:04
Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us
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是否有一天我們可以去“寵物反斗城”
18:07
and say, "Look, I want a dog.
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說:“聽好,我要一隻狗
18:09
I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,
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要有一個臘腸犬的頭部
18:12
the body of a retriever,
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獵犬的身體
18:14
maybe some pink fur,
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也許放一些粉紅色的皮毛上去
18:16
and let's make it glow in the dark"?
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讓這狗在黑暗中能發光。"
18:18
Does industry get to create creatures
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是不是可以大量生產用那些基因工程動物
18:20
who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva
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在它們的乳汁中、血液中、唾液
18:23
and other bodily fluids,
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和其體液中
18:25
create the drugs and industrial molecules we want
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製造藥物和工商業分子來滿足
18:28
and then warehouse them
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我們的希望並大量製造
18:30
as organic manufacturing machines?
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用它們來成為有機(活生生)生產機器呢?
18:33
Do we get to create organic robots,
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難道我們可以去創造有機(動物)機器人,
18:36
where we remove the autonomy from these animals
431
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褫奪了這些動物的獨立自主權,
18:39
and turn them just into our playthings?
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而把牠們轉變成我們的玩具?
18:42
And then the final step of this,
433
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然後最後的一步是,
18:45
once we perfect these technologies in animals
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一旦我們有完善技術用在動物身上
18:47
and we start using them in human beings,
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我們會開始使用這些技術在人類身上
18:49
what are the ethical guidelines
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那麼我們將界定
18:51
that we will use then?
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什麼樣的道德準則呢?
18:54
It's already happening. It's not science fiction.
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這已經是正在發生的事情,不是科幻小說
18:57
We are not only already using these things in animals,
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我們不僅已經使用這些技術在動物身上,
19:00
some of them we're already beginning to use
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一些技術我們已經開始使用
19:03
on our own bodies.
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在我們自己的身體上了
19:05
We are now taking control of our own evolution.
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我們現在正在控制我們自己的進化
19:08
We are directly designing
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我們直接參與設計
19:10
the future of the species of this planet.
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未來在的這個星球的物種
19:13
It confers upon us an enormous responsibility
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這賦予我們每個人一個巨大的責任
19:16
that is not just the responsibility
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而不是僅僅是
19:18
of the scientists and the ethicists
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現在正在思考這問題科學家
19:20
who are thinking about it and writing about it now.
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或正在寫書昭告世人的倫理學家的責任
19:22
It is the responsibility of everybody
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這是每個人的責任,
19:25
because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies
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因為這將決定未來是什麼樣的星球
19:28
we will have in the future.
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什麼樣的生物能存活在未來
19:30
Thanks.
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謝謝
19:32
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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