Paul Root Wolpe: It's time to question bio-engineering

94,747 views ・ 2011-03-24

TED


請雙擊下方英文字幕播放視頻。

譯者: Inder Peng(彭) 審譯者: Wang-Ju Tsai
00:15
Today I want to talk about design,
0
15260
2000
今天我想談談設計,
00:17
but not design as we usually think about it.
1
17260
3000
但不是我們通常以為的設計。
00:20
I want to talk about what is happening now
2
20260
2000
我想談談現在我們的
00:22
in our scientific, biotechnological culture,
3
22260
3000
科學,生物技術文化領域上所發展的事件
00:25
where, for really the first time in history,
4
25260
3000
在這些領域裡,第一次在歷史上,
00:28
we have the power to design bodies,
5
28260
2000
我們有能力能設計身體,
00:30
to design animal bodies,
6
30260
2000
設計動物身體,
00:32
to design human bodies.
7
32260
3000
設計人的身體。
00:35
In the history of our planet,
8
35260
4000
在這個星球的歷史上,
00:39
there have been three great waves of evolution.
9
39260
3000
出現了三波大進化潮流。
00:42
The first wave of evolution
10
42260
2000
第一波的進化
00:44
is what we think of as Darwinian evolution.
11
44260
3000
是所謂的達爾文的進化論。
00:47
So, as you all know,
12
47260
2000
嗯,就如大家知道的,
00:49
species lived in particular ecological niches
13
49260
2000
物種生活在特定生態裡
00:51
and particular environments,
14
51260
2000
特殊環境下
00:53
and the pressures of those environments
15
53260
2000
還有在環境所造成壓力下,
00:55
selected which changes,
16
55260
2000
透過隨機突變,
00:57
through random mutation in species,
17
57260
2000
有些突變就
00:59
were going to be preserved.
18
59260
2000
被選擇保留。
01:01
Then human beings stepped out
19
61260
3000
然後,人類走出
01:04
of the Darwinian flow of evolutionary history
20
64260
3000
達爾文的進化論歷史的潮流,
01:07
and created the second great wave of evolution,
21
67260
4000
並且創造了第二次大潮流的演變,
01:11
which was we changed the environment
22
71260
3000
也就是我們改變了我們
01:14
in which we evolved.
23
74260
2000
進化所處的環境。
01:16
We altered our ecological niche
24
76260
3000
通過創建文明,
01:19
by creating civilization.
25
79260
2000
我們改變了我們的生態立場.
01:21
And that has been the second great --
26
81260
2000
那就是第二次大進化-
01:23
couple 100,000 years, 150,000 years --
27
83260
3000
大約二十萬年前,十五萬年前 -
01:26
flow of our evolution.
28
86260
2000
大量的進化演進.
01:28
By changing our environment,
29
88260
2000
由於改變我們的環境,
01:30
we put new pressures
30
90260
2000
也為我們的身體創造了
01:32
on our bodies to evolve.
31
92260
2000
新的壓力去演化來適應新環境。
01:34
Whether it was through settling down in agricultural communities,
32
94260
3000
無論是從建立農業社區
01:37
all the way through modern medicine,
33
97260
3000
一路到日新月異的現代醫學,
01:40
we have changed our own evolution.
34
100260
3000
我們改變了我們自己的進化。
01:43
Now we're entering a third great wave
35
103260
3000
現在我們正邁向第三個
01:46
of evolutionary history,
36
106260
2000
歷史大進化中,
01:48
which has been called many things:
37
108260
2000
這次的進化有很多別號:
01:50
"intentional evolution,"
38
110260
2000
處心積慮的進化,
01:52
"evolution by design" --
39
112260
2000
設計過的演變-
01:54
very different than intelligent design --
40
114260
2000
非常不同於聰明設計-
01:56
whereby we are actually now
41
116260
3000
即現在我們實際上是
01:59
intentionally designing and altering
42
119260
4000
對於居住在我們的星球的生物
02:03
the physiological forms that inhabit our planet.
43
123260
3000
故意設計和改變他們生理的形式。
02:06
So I want to take you through a kind of whirlwind tour of that
44
126260
3000
我想給你們一個旋風式的震撼簡介,
02:09
and then at the end talk a little bit
45
129260
2000
讓你們能在我演講結束時將有些概念:
02:11
about what some of the implications are for us
46
131260
3000
透過這次進化將對我們,
02:14
and for our species, as well as our cultures,
47
134260
3000
我們的物種,以及我們的文化
02:17
because of this change.
48
137260
2000
產生的影響.
02:19
Now we actually have been doing it for a long time.
49
139260
3000
實際上我們已經做了很長的時間了.
02:24
We started selectively breeding animals
50
144260
3000
幾千年前我們就開始
02:27
many, many thousands of years ago.
51
147260
3000
選擇性地繁殖動物
02:30
And if you think of dogs for example,
52
150260
2000
拿狗來說,
02:32
dogs are now intentionally-designed creatures.
53
152260
4000
狗就是現在有意設計下的生物。
02:36
There isn't a dog on this earth that's a natural creature.
54
156260
3000
這個世界沒有一隻狗是自然產生的物種.
02:39
Dogs are the result
55
159260
2000
狗是通過我們留下喜歡的基因下
02:41
of selectively breeding traits that we like.
56
161260
3000
選擇性育種的結果.
02:44
But we had to do it the hard way in the old days
57
164260
3000
但是,在以前,保留某些特定的品種
02:47
by choosing offspring that looked a particular way
58
167260
2000
然後繁殖它們,
02:49
and then breeding them.
59
169260
2000
這可不是容易的事。
02:51
We don't have to do it that way anymore.
60
171260
2000
現在,我們不必再這樣做了.
02:53
This is a beefalo.
61
173260
3000
這是一隻 beefalo。
02:56
A beefalo is a buffalo-cattle hybrid.
62
176260
4000
beefalo是水牛,黃牛的混合體。
03:00
And they are now making them,
63
180260
2000
現在科學家正在生產beefalo,
03:02
and someday, perhaps pretty soon,
64
182260
2000
有一天,也許不用多久,
03:04
you will have beefalo patties
65
184260
2000
你就會在本地超市
03:06
in your local supermarket.
66
186260
3000
可以買到beefalo肉餅.
03:09
This is a geep,
67
189260
2000
這是一隻 geep,
03:11
a goat-sheep hybrid.
68
191260
3000
山羊,綿羊混合體.
03:14
The scientists that made this cute little creature
69
194260
3000
做出這個可愛小動物的科學家們
03:17
ended up slaughtering it and eating it afterwards.
70
197260
3000
之後殺了它且吃了它.
03:20
I think they said it tasted like chicken.
71
200260
3000
我記得他們說吃起來味道像雞肉.
03:23
This is a cama.
72
203260
2000
這是隻cama,
03:25
A cama is a camel-llama hybrid,
73
205260
4000
是駱駝,美洲駝雜交體.
03:29
created to try to get the hardiness of a camel
74
209260
3000
為了獲得具有駱駝的堅韌
03:32
with some of the personality traits
75
212260
2000
與一些美洲駝的特質
03:34
of a llama.
76
214260
2000
被創造出來的生物.
03:36
And they are now using these in certain cultures.
77
216260
3000
某些地區的農民已經開始飼養cama.
03:40
Then there's the liger.
78
220260
2000
然後還有獅虎,
03:42
This is the largest cat in the world --
79
222260
3000
這是世界上最大的貓科動物-
03:45
the lion-tiger hybrid.
80
225260
2000
獅子,老虎的混合體
03:47
It's bigger than a tiger.
81
227260
2000
體形比老虎還大.
03:49
And in the case of the liger,
82
229260
2000
就獅虎這產物而言,
03:51
there actually have been one or two that have been seen in the wild.
83
231260
3000
在野外早已經出現過一個或兩個案例
03:54
But these were created by scientists
84
234260
3000
但以上提到的是指科學家使用
03:57
using both selective breeding and genetic technology.
85
237260
3000
選擇育種和基因技術這兩種來創造新生物
04:00
And then finally, everybody's favorite,
86
240260
3000
最後這張,大家最喜愛的
04:03
the zorse.
87
243260
2000
zorse。
04:05
None of this is Photoshopped. These are real creatures.
88
245260
3000
沒有任何一張照片是和合成的,全是真的
04:08
And so one of the things we've been doing
89
248260
2000
我們只做一件事
04:10
is using genetic enhancement,
90
250260
3000
就是促進增強某基因
04:13
or genetic manipulation,
91
253260
2000
或遺傳操縱
04:15
of normal selective breeding
92
255260
3000
在正常選育過程中
04:18
pushed a little bit through genetics.
93
258260
2000
對基因做一些手腳
04:20
And if that were all this was about,
94
260260
3000
如果只是這樣,
04:23
then it would be an interesting thing.
95
263260
2000
那應該是一件有趣的事情
04:25
But something much, much more powerful
96
265260
3000
可是,現在隨之發生的事
04:28
is happening now.
97
268260
3000
是非常具影響力的
04:31
These are normal mammalian cells
98
271260
3000
這些是正常哺乳動物的細胞
04:34
genetically engineered with a bioluminescent gene
99
274260
3000
利用基因工程
04:37
taken out of deep-sea jellyfish.
100
277260
2000
從深海水母取出來的一發光基因結合
04:39
We all know that some deep-sea creatures glow.
101
279260
4000
我們都知道,一些深海生物會發光
04:43
Well, they've now taken that gene, that bioluminescent gene,
102
283260
3000
所以科學家採取它們的發光基因
04:46
and put it into mammal cells.
103
286260
2000
並把它放入哺乳動物細胞內
04:48
These are normal cells.
104
288260
2000
這些都是正常的細胞
04:50
And what you see here
105
290260
2000
然而在這裡你可看到
04:52
is these cells glowing in the dark
106
292260
2000
這些細胞在黑暗中
04:54
under certain wavelengths of light.
107
294260
3000
在某些波長的光下發光
04:57
Once they could do that with cells, they could do it with organisms.
108
297260
3000
一旦他們可使細胞發光,他們就使生物體發光
05:00
So they did it with mouse pups,
109
300260
4000
因此,他們就用在小老鼠
05:04
kittens.
110
304260
2000
小貓身上
05:06
And by the way, the reason the kittens here are orange and these are green
111
306260
4000
小貓在這裡是橙色,而那些是綠色的原因
05:10
is because that's a bioluminescent gene from coral,
112
310260
3000
是因為橙色發光基因是從珊瑚而來
05:13
while this is from jellyfish.
113
313260
3000
而另一個是從水母而來的
05:16
They did it with pigs.
114
316260
3000
科學家也把這技術用於豬身上
05:19
They did it with puppies.
115
319260
2000
也用於小狗身上
05:21
And, in fact,
116
321260
2000
而且其實
05:23
they did it with monkeys.
117
323260
2000
他們還用在猴子身上
05:25
And if you can do it with monkeys --
118
325260
2000
如果他們能用在猴子--
05:27
though the great leap in trying to genetically manipulate
119
327260
3000
雖然基因操縱從猴子到人猿之間
05:30
is actually between monkeys and apes --
120
330260
2000
實際上是很大的挑戰--
05:32
if they can do it in monkeys,
121
332260
2000
如果他們能改變猴子的基因
05:34
they can probably figure out how to do it in apes,
122
334260
2000
那麼很有可能會發現去應用在到人猿身上的方法
05:36
which means they can do it in human beings.
123
336260
4000
這意味著也可以應用到人類身上
05:40
In other words, it is theoretically possible
124
340260
3000
換句話說,理論上在不久的將來
05:43
that before too long we will be biotechnologically capable
125
343260
3000
我們有能力用生物科技工程來該造人類
05:46
of creating human beings
126
346260
3000
使人類在黑暗中
05:49
that glow in the dark.
127
349260
3000
可以發光
05:54
Be easier to find us at night.
128
354260
2000
在黑暗處更容易找到我們
05:56
And in fact, right now in many states,
129
356260
3000
而事實上,目前在許多州,
05:59
you can go out and you can buy bioluminescent pets.
130
359260
3000
你可以去寵物店買發光寵物
06:02
These are zebra fish. They're normally black and silver.
131
362260
3000
這是斑馬魚,他們通常是黑色和白銀色
06:05
These are zebra fish that have been genetically engineered
132
365260
3000
這是經過基因工程改造的斑馬魚
06:08
to be yellow, green, red,
133
368260
2000
變成黃色、綠色、紅色
06:10
and they are actually available now in certain states.
134
370260
3000
這在某些州現在可被任意買賣
06:13
Other states have banned them.
135
373260
2000
但在某些州是被禁止販賣的
06:15
Nobody knows what to do with these kinds of creatures.
136
375260
3000
沒有人知道應該如何處置這些生物
06:18
There is no area of the government -- not the EPA or the FDA --
137
378260
3000
在政府內,不管是環保署(EPA)或食品藥物管理署(FDA)
06:21
that controls genetically-engineered pets.
138
381260
4000
沒有任何部門去監督控制這些被基因工程改造的寵物
06:25
And so some states have decided to allow them,
139
385260
3000
因此有些州決定允許販賣
06:28
some states have decided to ban them.
140
388260
4000
有些州不容許
06:32
Some of you may have read
141
392260
2000
你們有些人可能已經知道了
06:34
about the FDA's consideration right now
142
394260
2000
FDA現在考慮通過
06:36
of genetically-engineered salmon.
143
396260
3000
基因工程鮭魚的上市
06:39
The salmon on top
144
399260
2000
在上面的鮭魚
06:41
is a genetically engineered Chinook salmon,
145
401260
2000
是一種經過基因工程的Chinook鮭魚,
06:43
using a gene from these salmon
146
403260
2000
是利用鮭魚的基因,
06:45
and from one other fish that we eat,
147
405260
2000
和另外一個我們吃的魚的基因結合,
06:47
to make it grow much faster
148
407260
2000
使用更少飼料
06:49
using a lot less feed.
149
409260
2000
而能成長更快
06:51
And right now the FDA is trying to make a final decision
150
411260
3000
目前,FDA正在作最後決定
06:54
on whether, pretty soon, you could be eating this fish --
151
414260
3000
短時間内你就能知道,這種魚能不能在普通商店中賣
06:57
it'll be sold in the stores.
152
417260
2000
你是否能吃到這種魚
06:59
And before you get too worried about it,
153
419260
2000
在你太擔心此事之前,
07:01
here in the United States,
154
421260
2000
事實上在美國,
07:03
the majority of food you buy in the supermarket
155
423260
2000
大多數在超市販賣的食品
07:05
already has genetically-modified components to it.
156
425260
4000
已是經過基因改造過
07:09
So even as we worry about it,
157
429260
2000
因此即使我們擔心
07:11
we have allowed it to go on in this country -- much different in Europe --
158
431260
3000
我們已經允許這些產品在這裡販賣
07:14
without any regulation,
159
434260
2000
即使沒有任何監管
07:16
and even without any identification on the package.
160
436260
3000
也不需在包裝上標示,而這跟歐洲是不同的
07:20
These are all the first cloned animals
161
440260
3000
這些都是第一隻複製(cloned)的
07:23
of their type.
162
443260
2000
各種動物。
07:25
So in the lower right here,
163
445260
2000
在右下角
07:27
you have Dolly, the first cloned sheep --
164
447260
2000
朵麗,第一隻複製羊
07:29
now happily stuffed in a museum in Edinburgh;
165
449260
3000
現在幸福地成為標本被存放在愛丁堡的一間博物館内
07:32
Ralph the rat, the first cloned rat;
166
452260
3000
拉爾夫,第一隻複製老鼠
07:35
CC the cat, for cloned cat;
167
455260
3000
CC,第一隻複製貓
07:38
Snuppy, the first cloned dog --
168
458260
2000
史努比,第一隻複製狗
07:40
Snuppy for Seoul National University puppy --
169
460260
3000
第一隻複製狗是
07:43
created in South Korea
170
463260
2000
漢城國立大學
07:45
by the very same man that some of you may remember
171
465260
2000
由南韓造假醜聞同一人所創造的
07:47
had to end up resigning in disgrace
172
467260
2000
他最後身敗名裂而辭職
07:49
because he claimed he had cloned a human embryo, which he had not.
173
469260
4000
因為他聲稱他已經複製出人類胚胎但是他並未成功
07:53
He actually was the first person
174
473260
2000
他實際上是第一個複製狗的人
07:55
to clone a dog, which is a very difficult thing to do,
175
475260
3000
複製狗是一個非常困難的事情
07:58
because dog genomes are very plastic.
176
478260
3000
因為狗的基因組很不穩定
08:01
This is Prometea, the first cloned horse.
177
481260
3000
這是Prometea,第一匹複製馬
08:04
It's a Haflinger horse cloned in Italy,
178
484260
2000
這是被意大利複製出的Haflinger馬
08:06
a real "gold ring" of cloning,
179
486260
2000
基因複製的真正好處
08:08
because there are many horses that win important races
180
488260
3000
因為有許多贏得重要比賽的馬匹
08:11
who are geldings.
181
491260
2000
都是閹馬
08:13
In other words, the equipment to put them out to stud
182
493260
3000
換句話說,它們生產下一代的器官
08:16
has been removed.
183
496260
2000
已經被移除
08:18
But if you can clone that horse,
184
498260
2000
但如果能複製馬
08:20
you can have both the advantage of having a gelding run in the race
185
500260
3000
就可以同時擁有兩個好處:一隻閹馬在賽馬
08:23
and his identical genetic duplicate
186
503260
3000
和一匹擁有相同遺傳基因的馬
08:26
can then be put out to stud.
187
506260
3000
來繁殖後代
08:29
These were the first cloned calves,
188
509260
2000
這些都是第一批複製小牛
08:31
the first cloned grey wolves,
189
511260
2000
第一隻複製的灰狼
08:33
and then, finally,
190
513260
2000
然後,最後,
08:35
the first cloned piglets:
191
515260
2000
第一批複製小豬:
08:37
Alexis, Chista, Carrel, Janie and Dotcom.
192
517260
4000
Alexis,Chista,Carrel,Janie和 Dotcom
08:41
(Laughter)
193
521260
2000
(眾笑)
08:45
In addition, we've started to use cloning technology
194
525260
3000
此外,我們開始使用複製技術
08:48
to try to save endangered species.
195
528260
3000
來試圖挽救瀕臨絕種物種
08:51
This is the use of animals now
196
531260
2000
這些動物是現在被使用來
08:53
to create drugs and other things in their bodies
197
533260
3000
製造藥品或在他們的身體中創造
08:56
that we want to create.
198
536260
2000
我們想要的其他的東西
08:58
So with antithrombin in that goat --
199
538260
2000
這山羊產生抗凝血酶
09:00
that goat has been genetically modified
200
540260
2000
這山羊已被基因改造
09:02
so that the molecules of its milk
201
542260
3000
所以它產生的奶
09:05
actually include the molecule of antithrombin
202
545260
3000
包含了抗凝血酶的分子
09:08
that GTC Genetics wants to create.
203
548260
3000
這是遺傳基因工程想要創造的
09:11
And then in addition, transgenic pigs, knockout pigs,
204
551260
3000
然後還有基因轉殖豬,無排斥基因豬(為器官移植用)
09:14
from the National Institute of Animal Science in South Korea,
205
554260
4000
是由南韓國立動物研究所產生
09:18
are pigs that they are going to use, in fact,
206
558260
3000
事實上,他們努力創造從豬身上
09:21
to try to create all kinds of drugs
207
561260
4000
能產生他們所要的各種藥物
09:25
and other industrial types of chemicals
208
565260
4000
和其他類型的工業化學品
09:29
that they want the blood and the milk
209
569260
2000
希望在豬的血液裏
09:31
of these animals
210
571260
2000
和豬奶中
09:33
to produce for them,
211
573260
2000
能產生這些藥品
09:35
instead of producing them in an industrial way.
212
575260
3000
來取代工業生產的方式
09:39
These are two creatures
213
579260
2000
這兩個生物
09:41
that were created
214
581260
3000
是爲了拯救瀕危臨絕跡物種
09:44
in order to save endangered species.
215
584260
2000
而被創造出來的
09:46
The guar
216
586260
2000
這是印度野牛(gaur)
09:48
is an endangered Southeast Asian ungulate.
217
588260
4000
是東南亞瀕危臨絕跡的有蹄動物
09:52
A somatic cell, a body cell,
218
592260
2000
只要一個體細胞(somatic cell)
09:54
was taken from its body,
219
594260
2000
從水牛的身體中取出
09:56
gestated in the ovum of a cow,
220
596260
2000
孕育在一頭其他牛的卵子中
09:58
and then that cow gave birth to a guar.
221
598260
4000
然後,那牛就可生下一頭印度水牛
10:02
Same thing happened with the mouflon,
222
602260
2000
同樣的事情發生在歐洲磐羊(mouflon)身上,
10:04
where it's an endangered species of sheep.
223
604260
3000
它是瀕危臨絕跡的一種羊。
10:07
It was gestated in a regular sheep body,
224
607260
6000
這是利用普通綿羊體內孕育的
10:13
which actually raises an interesting biological problem.
225
613260
3000
實際上,由於這樣複製引起一個有趣的生物學困擾
10:16
We have two kinds of DNA in our bodies.
226
616260
2000
我們有兩副不同DNA基因在體內
10:18
We have our nucleic DNA
227
618260
2000
一副是我們所認為的
10:20
that everybody thinks of as our DNA,
228
620260
2000
我們自己的核酸DNA.
10:22
but we also have DNA in our mitochondria,
229
622260
2000
但在我們的線粒體中有另一副 DNA
10:24
which are the energy packets of the cell.
230
624260
3000
線粒體是我們身體細胞中產生能量的地方.
10:27
That DNA is passed down through our mothers.
231
627260
3000
這副在線粒體中的DNA是由我們的母親傳下來的
10:30
So really, what you end up having here
232
630260
3000
所以,真的,最終我們有的
10:33
is not a guar and not a mouflon,
233
633260
2000
這動物不是印度水牛,也不是一 隻歐洲磐羊
10:35
but a guar
234
635260
2000
而是一隻
10:37
with cow mitochondria,
235
637260
2000
有牛的線粒體的印度水牛
10:39
and therefore cow mitochondrial DNA,
236
639260
2000
也同時擁有牛線粒體DNA
10:41
and a mouflon with another species of sheep's
237
641260
3000
還有一隻同時擁有綿羊的
10:44
mitochondrial DNA.
238
644260
2000
線粒體DNA的歐洲磐羊
10:46
These are really hybrids, not pure animals.
239
646260
3000
這些都是混種,都不是純種的動物
10:49
And it raises the question of how we're going to define animal species
240
649260
3000
由此引出的問題是我們如何在生物技術時代
10:52
in the age of biotechnology --
241
652260
2000
去定義動物物種-
10:54
a question that we're not really sure yet
242
654260
3000
這是一個我們目前還不知道
10:57
how to solve.
243
657260
2000
如何解決的問題
10:59
This lovely creature
244
659260
2000
這個可愛的生物
11:01
is an Asian cockroach.
245
661260
3000
是亞洲蟑螂
11:04
And what they've done here
246
664260
2000
把電極植入
11:06
is they've put electrodes in its ganglia and its brain
247
666260
4000
它們的神經節和大腦中
11:10
and then a transmitter on top,
248
670260
2000
然後在其頭上安置發射機
11:12
and it's on a big computer tracking ball.
249
672260
2000
發射信號給電腦
11:14
And now, using a joystick,
250
674260
2000
之後只要使用操縱桿
11:16
they can send this creature
251
676260
2000
他們可以發送命令給蟑螂
11:18
around the lab
252
678260
2000
在實驗室中
11:20
and control whether it goes left or right,
253
680260
2000
命令蟑螂去向左或向右
11:22
forwards or backwards.
254
682260
2000
向前或向後移動
11:24
They've created a kind of insect bot,
255
684260
2000
他們已經創建了一種昆蟲機器人
11:26
or bugbot.
256
686260
2000
或飛蟲機器人
11:28
It gets worse than that -- or perhaps better than that.
257
688260
3000
更糟的是,或者說更好的是
11:31
This actually is one of DARPA's very important --
258
691260
3000
這實際上是一項 DARPA的
11:34
DARPA is the Defense Research Agency --
259
694260
2000
DARP就是國防研究機構
11:36
one of their projects.
260
696260
2000
的一個重要的研究項目
11:38
These goliath beetles
261
698260
2000
這些巨人甲蟲
11:40
are wired in their wings.
262
700260
2000
翅膀中埋有電線
11:42
They have a computer chip strapped to their backs,
263
702260
2000
而一個電腦晶片綁在其背上
11:44
and they can fly these creatures around the lab.
264
704260
4000
科學家可以控制這些動物圍繞實驗室飛
11:48
They can make them go left, right. They can make them take off.
265
708260
2000
他們可以讓他們飛左、飛右、起飛
11:50
They can't actually make them land.
266
710260
2000
但卻無法命令它們著地
11:52
They put them about one inch above the ground,
267
712260
2000
科學家把它們放在距地面一英寸的地方
11:54
and then they shut everything off and they go pfft.
268
714260
2000
然後關閉所有的控制信號,甲蟲就摔掉到地上.
11:56
But it's the closest they can get to a landing.
269
716260
3000
在著地上這是他們唯一可以作到的
12:00
And in fact, this technology has gotten so developed
270
720260
3000
而事實上,這一技術已經被發展得非常卓越
12:03
that this creature --
271
723260
2000
這生物-
12:05
this is a moth --
272
725260
2000
這是一隻飛蛾
12:07
this is the moth in its pupa stage,
273
727260
2000
這是在其蛾蛹的階段
12:09
and that's when they put the wires in
274
729260
2000
科學家在這時候把天線放入蛾蛹體內
12:11
and they put in the computer technology,
275
731260
3000
再放入電腦技術
12:14
so that when the moth actually emerges as a moth,
276
734260
3000
所以,當蛾脫蛹後
12:17
it is already prewired.
277
737260
3000
這隻蛾已經預接天線
12:20
The wires are already in its body,
278
740260
3000
天線已經在它身體內
12:23
and they can just hook it up to their technology,
279
743260
3000
他們只要聯接上電腦
12:26
and now they've got these bugbots
280
746260
2000
就可以有這些飛蟲機器人
12:28
that they can send out for surveillance.
281
748260
2000
出發去監視環境
12:30
They can put little cameras on them
282
750260
2000
他們可以在蟲體上放小型相機
12:32
and perhaps someday deliver
283
752260
2000
也許有一天
12:34
other kinds of ordinance
284
754260
2000
這些蟲還可以傳送
12:36
to warzones.
285
756260
3000
其他的武器去戰區
12:39
It's not just insects.
286
759260
2000
不是只有昆蟲而已
12:41
This is the ratbot, or the robo-rat
287
761260
2000
這是老鼠機器人,或者機器人老鼠
12:43
by Sanjiv Talwar at SUNY Downstate.
288
763260
3000
由美國紐約州SUNY Downstate醫學中心的Sanjiv Talwar所創造
12:46
Again, it's got technology --
289
766260
2000
真的,這背後是有科技的
12:48
it's got electrodes going into its left and right hemispheres;
290
768260
3000
把電極埋進入老鼠的左、右腦半球內
12:51
it's got a camera on top of its head.
291
771260
3000
再把一個攝影鏡頭安置在老鼠的頭頂
12:54
The scientists can make this creature
292
774260
2000
科學家就可以左右這個生物
12:56
go left, right.
293
776260
2000
向任何方向前進
12:58
They have it running through mazes, controlling where it's going.
294
778260
3000
帶領老鼠走出迷宮,讓老鼠按照指示移動
13:01
They've now created an organic robot.
295
781260
4000
科學家現在已經創建了一個活體的機器人
13:05
The graduate students
296
785260
2000
一些在Sanjiv Talwar
13:07
in Sanjiv Talwar's lab
297
787260
2000
實驗室的研究生問道
13:09
said, "Is this ethical?
298
789260
2000
“我們奪走了這生物的的獨立自主權,
13:11
We've taken away the autonomy of this animal."
299
791260
3000
這樣是否合乎道德?"
13:14
I'll get back to that in a minute.
300
794260
2000
我稍候一會兒就會再回到這問題上
13:16
There's also been work done with monkeys.
301
796260
3000
在猴子身上也有完成了不少研究
13:19
This is Miguel Nicolelis of Duke.
302
799260
3000
這是杜克大學的 Miguel Nicolelis
13:22
He took owl monkeys,
303
802260
2000
他在貓頭鷹猴的
13:24
wired them up
304
804260
2000
腦內埋設天線
13:26
so that a computer watched their brains while they moved,
305
806260
2000
當猴子移動時,可利用電腦去觀看他們的大腦的情況
13:28
especially looking at the movement of their right arm.
306
808260
2000
特別是觀察猴子右臂的動作
13:30
The computer learned what the monkey brain did
307
810260
2000
電腦記錄了猴子移動手臂時
13:32
to move its arm in various ways.
308
812260
2000
大腦裏的變化
13:34
They then hooked it up to a prosthetic arm,
309
814260
3000
然後他們幫電腦接上了義肢
13:37
which you see here in the picture,
310
817260
2000
像這張的照片那樣
13:39
put the arm in another room.
311
819260
2000
把手臂放在另一個房間
13:41
Pretty soon, the computer learned, by reading the monkey's brainwaves,
312
821260
3000
很快的,通過閱讀猴子的腦電波,電腦學會操縱
13:44
to make that arm in the other room
313
824260
2000
在另一個房間的義肢
13:46
do whatever the monkey's arm did.
314
826260
3000
同時做猴子移動手臂一模一樣的動作
13:49
Then he put a video monitor
315
829260
2000
然後Miguel Nicolelis猴子的籠子中
13:51
in the monkey's cage
316
831260
2000
放了錄影監測熒幕
13:53
that showed the monkey this prosthetic arm,
317
833260
2000
使猴子能看到假肢的活動
13:55
and the monkey got fascinated.
318
835260
2000
猴子變得很興奮著迷
13:57
The monkey recognized that whatever she did with her arm,
319
837260
2000
猴子很快發現當牠移動手臂時
13:59
this prosthetic arm would do.
320
839260
2000
義肢會同時做同樣的動作
14:01
And eventually she was moving it and moving it,
321
841260
3000
一次又再一次地轉動手臂
14:04
and eventually stopped moving her right arm
322
844260
2000
然後最終停止移動右胳膊
14:06
and, staring at the screen,
323
846260
2000
目不轉睛盯著屏幕看
14:08
could move the prosthetic arm in the other room
324
848260
3000
只用腦波就可以
14:11
only with her brainwaves --
325
851260
2000
支配假肢的活動
14:13
which means that monkey
326
853260
2000
這意味著那隻猴子
14:15
became the first primate in the history of the world
327
855260
3000
在世界歷史上是第一隻
14:18
to have three independent functional arms.
328
858260
3000
有三支獨立功能手臂的靈長類動物
14:22
And it's not just technology
329
862260
2000
被應用到動物身上的
14:24
that we're putting into animals.
330
864260
2000
不是只有這樣的科技
14:26
This is Thomas DeMarse at the University of Florida.
331
866260
3000
這是佛羅里達大學的Thomas DeMarse
14:29
He took 20,000 and then 60,000
332
869260
2000
他取20,000 然後60,000個
14:31
disaggregated rat neurons --
333
871260
3000
獨立分離的老鼠神經元--
14:34
so these are just individual neurons from rats --
334
874260
3000
這些都只是單一個老鼠神經元-
14:37
put them on a chip.
335
877260
2000
把它們放在一個晶片上
14:39
They self-aggregated into a network,
336
879260
3000
他們自我聚合成一個網絡
14:42
became an integrated chip.
337
882260
3000
成為一個集成整體晶片
14:45
And he used that
338
885260
2000
然後他用這個晶片
14:47
as the IT piece
339
887260
2000
當成一個
14:49
of a mechanism which ran a flight simulator.
340
889260
3000
飛行模擬器內運行機制的IT板
14:52
So now we have organic computer chips
341
892260
3000
現在我們擁有由自我活存聚集神經元所製成的
14:55
made out of living, self-aggregating neurons.
342
895260
3000
"器質性電腦晶片"(有生命的晶片)
15:00
Finally, Mussa-Ivaldi of Northwestern
343
900260
3000
最後,西北大學的Mussa-Ivaldi
15:03
took a completely intact,
344
903260
2000
完成了完整的、獨立的
15:05
independent lamprey eel brain.
345
905260
3000
鰻魚的大腦
15:08
This is a brain from a lamprey eel.
346
908260
2000
這是一個從鰻魚取出的大腦
15:10
It is living --
347
910260
2000
它是活的
15:12
fully-intact brain in a nutrient medium
348
912260
3000
完整無缺的鰻魚腦存活在一種營養培養基中
15:15
with these electrodes going off to the sides,
349
915260
3000
電極線從培養基四周伸出
15:18
attached photosensitive sensors to the brain,
350
918260
3000
連接光源敏感傳接器到鰻魚大腦
15:21
put it into a cart --
351
921260
2000
然後將鰻魚腦放在一個有輪的小車上
15:23
here's the cart, the brain is sitting there in the middle --
352
923260
3000
像這樣子的車,而鰻魚大腦放在中間
15:26
and using this brain as the sole processor for this cart,
353
926260
3000
鰻魚大腦是車中唯一的處理器(控制器)
15:29
when you turn on a light and shine it at the cart,
354
929260
2000
當你打開燈
15:31
the cart moves toward the light;
355
931260
2000
車會移向光源
15:33
when you turn it off, it moves away.
356
933260
2000
當你把它燈關掉,小車會自己移走
15:35
It's photophilic.
357
935260
2000
小車有趨光性
15:37
So now we have a complete
358
937260
3000
所以,現在我們有一個完整
15:40
living lamprey eel brain.
359
940260
2000
活著的鰻魚大腦
15:42
Is it thinking lamprey eel thoughts,
360
942260
2000
是否小車正在執行
15:44
sitting there in its nutrient medium?
361
944260
2000
存在培養基中的鰻魚大腦的想法呢?
15:46
I don't know,
362
946260
2000
我不知道
15:48
but in fact it is a fully living brain
363
948260
4000
但毫無疑問這是個我們成功地
15:52
that we have managed to keep alive
364
952260
3000
保持其完全存活
15:55
to do our bidding.
365
955260
3000
能完成我們的命令的大腦
15:58
So, we are now at the stage
366
958260
3000
所以,在我們現在的階段
16:01
where we are creating creatures
367
961260
2000
我們創建的生物是為
16:03
for our own purposes.
368
963260
2000
我們自己的目的
16:05
This is a mouse created by Charles Vacanti
369
965260
3000
這隻老鼠是麻省州立大學
16:08
of the University of Massachusetts.
370
968260
3000
Charles Vacanti 所製造的
16:11
He altered this mouse
371
971260
3000
他改變了這鼠的DNA
16:14
so that it was genetically engineered
372
974260
2000
由於基因工程所以移植這老鼠的皮膚
16:16
to have skin that was less immunoreactive to human skin,
373
976260
3000
比較不會引起排斥
16:19
put a polymer scaffolding of an ear under it
374
979260
4000
把聚合物耳朵支架放置在老鼠皮下
16:23
and created an ear that could then be taken off the mouse
375
983260
3000
然後製造一個耳朵後
16:26
and transplanted onto a human being.
376
986260
2000
可以被取下來移植到人體上
16:28
Genetic engineering
377
988260
2000
基因工程
16:30
coupled with polymer physiotechnology
378
990260
2000
加上聚合物生物工程学
16:32
coupled with xenotransplantation.
379
992260
2000
再加上異種生物(此處是老鼠)器官移植
16:34
This is where we are in this process.
380
994260
3000
這整個過程就是這樣
16:37
Finally, not that long ago,
381
997260
3000
最後,就是不久前,
16:40
Craig Venter created the first artificial cell,
382
1000260
3000
Craig Venter創造了第一個人工細胞
16:43
where he took a cell, took a DNA synthesizer,
383
1003260
2000
他用了一個細胞
16:45
which is a machine,
384
1005260
2000
一台機器(DNA合成器)
16:47
created an artificial genome,
385
1007260
2000
創造了一組人造的基因組
16:49
put it in a different cell --
386
1009260
3000
把基因組放在一個不同細胞內
16:52
the genome was not of the cell he put it in --
387
1012260
3000
這基因組並不是細胞原有的基因組
16:55
and that cell then reproduced
388
1015260
2000
然後這細胞生長分裂成長
16:57
as the other cell.
389
1017260
2000
成不同種細胞
16:59
In other words,
390
1019260
2000
換言之
17:01
that was the first creature in the history of the world
391
1021260
2000
這種細胞是世界生物史上第一個電腦製造的生物
17:03
that had a computer as its parent --
392
1023260
2000
電腦是它們的母親
17:05
it did not have an organic parent.
393
1025260
3000
該細胞的母親並不是一個確實的生物體
17:08
And so, asks The Economist:
394
1028260
3000
因此,經濟學家雜誌對此問道:
17:11
"The first artificial organism and its consequences."
395
1031260
3000
"這種人造生物體及其造成的後果"
17:14
So you may have thought
396
1034260
2000
所以,你可能會想
17:16
that the creation of life
397
1036260
2000
創造生命看起來
17:18
was going to happen in something that looked like that.
398
1038260
3000
就像這樣子(圖片:科學怪人的實驗室裡的樣子)
17:21
(Laughter)
399
1041260
2000
(眾笑)
17:23
But in fact, that's not what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
400
1043260
3000
但事實上,並不是像照片中科學怪人的實驗室裡的樣子
17:26
This is what Frankenstein's lab looks like.
401
1046260
2000
這才是真正科學怪人實驗室裡的樣子(圖片)
17:28
This is a DNA synthesizer,
402
1048260
2000
這是一個DNA合成器,
17:30
and here at the bottom
403
1050260
2000
圖片下方的瓶瓶罐罐
17:32
are just bottles of A, T, C and G --
404
1052260
2000
是A,T,C和G -
17:34
the four chemicals
405
1054260
2000
四種化學品
17:36
that make up our DNA chain.
406
1056260
2000
用來創造我們的DNA鏈
17:38
And so, we need to ask ourselves some questions.
407
1058260
3000
因此,我們需要反問自己一些問題
17:41
For the first time in the history of this planet,
408
1061260
3000
第一次在這個星球的歷史中,
17:44
we are able to directly design organisms.
409
1064260
3000
我們可以直接參與設計生物體
17:47
We can manipulate the plasmas of life
410
1067260
2000
我們擁有前所未有的能力
17:49
with unprecedented power,
411
1069260
3000
去操縱生命
17:52
and it confers on us a responsibility.
412
1072260
2000
但如果我們被賦予這樣的責任
17:54
Is everything okay?
413
1074260
2000
每件事都可以去做嗎?
17:56
Is it okay to manipulate and create
414
1076260
2000
是不是可以任意去操縱和製造出
17:58
whatever creatures we want?
415
1078260
2000
任何我們想要的生物嗎?
18:00
Do we have free reign
416
1080260
2000
我們是否有自由支配設計
18:02
to design animals?
417
1082260
2000
動物的權力?
18:04
Do we get to go someday to Pets 'R' Us
418
1084260
3000
是否有一天我們可以去“寵物反斗城”
18:07
and say, "Look, I want a dog.
419
1087260
2000
說:“聽好,我要一隻狗
18:09
I'd like it to have the head of a Dachshund,
420
1089260
3000
要有一個臘腸犬的頭部
18:12
the body of a retriever,
421
1092260
2000
獵犬的身體
18:14
maybe some pink fur,
422
1094260
2000
也許放一些粉紅色的皮毛上去
18:16
and let's make it glow in the dark"?
423
1096260
2000
讓這狗在黑暗中能發光。"
18:18
Does industry get to create creatures
424
1098260
2000
是不是可以大量生產用那些基因工程動物
18:20
who, in their milk, in their blood, and in their saliva
425
1100260
3000
在它們的乳汁中、血液中、唾液
18:23
and other bodily fluids,
426
1103260
2000
和其體液中
18:25
create the drugs and industrial molecules we want
427
1105260
3000
製造藥物和工商業分子來滿足
18:28
and then warehouse them
428
1108260
2000
我們的希望並大量製造
18:30
as organic manufacturing machines?
429
1110260
3000
用它們來成為有機(活生生)生產機器呢?
18:33
Do we get to create organic robots,
430
1113260
3000
難道我們可以去創造有機(動物)機器人,
18:36
where we remove the autonomy from these animals
431
1116260
3000
褫奪了這些動物的獨立自主權,
18:39
and turn them just into our playthings?
432
1119260
3000
而把牠們轉變成我們的玩具?
18:42
And then the final step of this,
433
1122260
3000
然後最後的一步是,
18:45
once we perfect these technologies in animals
434
1125260
2000
一旦我們有完善技術用在動物身上
18:47
and we start using them in human beings,
435
1127260
2000
我們會開始使用這些技術在人類身上
18:49
what are the ethical guidelines
436
1129260
2000
那麼我們將界定
18:51
that we will use then?
437
1131260
3000
什麼樣的道德準則呢?
18:54
It's already happening. It's not science fiction.
438
1134260
3000
這已經是正在發生的事情,不是科幻小說
18:57
We are not only already using these things in animals,
439
1137260
3000
我們不僅已經使用這些技術在動物身上,
19:00
some of them we're already beginning to use
440
1140260
3000
一些技術我們已經開始使用
19:03
on our own bodies.
441
1143260
2000
在我們自己的身體上了
19:05
We are now taking control of our own evolution.
442
1145260
3000
我們現在正在控制我們自己的進化
19:08
We are directly designing
443
1148260
2000
我們直接參與設計
19:10
the future of the species of this planet.
444
1150260
3000
未來在的這個星球的物種
19:13
It confers upon us an enormous responsibility
445
1153260
3000
這賦予我們每個人一個巨大的責任
19:16
that is not just the responsibility
446
1156260
2000
而不是僅僅是
19:18
of the scientists and the ethicists
447
1158260
2000
現在正在思考這問題科學家
19:20
who are thinking about it and writing about it now.
448
1160260
2000
或正在寫書昭告世人的倫理學家的責任
19:22
It is the responsibility of everybody
449
1162260
3000
這是每個人的責任,
19:25
because it will determine what kind of planet and what kind of bodies
450
1165260
3000
因為這將決定未來是什麼樣的星球
19:28
we will have in the future.
451
1168260
2000
什麼樣的生物能存活在未來
19:30
Thanks.
452
1170260
2000
謝謝
19:32
(Applause)
453
1172260
4000
(鼓掌)
關於本網站

本網站將向您介紹對學習英語有用的 YouTube 視頻。 您將看到來自世界各地的一流教師教授的英語課程。 雙擊每個視頻頁面上顯示的英文字幕,從那裡播放視頻。 字幕與視頻播放同步滾動。 如果您有任何意見或要求,請使用此聯繫表與我們聯繫。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7